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Microplastics (MP) are recognised as emerging anthropogenic contaminants and have been observed in biota including commercial produced bivalve species, however only a few studies assess the efficacy of MP depuration in species from aquaculture production. This preliminary study assessed MP depuration efficacy in Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas, n=50) and European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis, n=50). Four depuration times (24, 48, 72 and 96-h) were considered, with 10 individuals per treatment, and an additional 10 control organisms. Organic tissues were digested using a 10% KOH solution (40 ᵒC for 24-hours). Digested tissue was filtered to be subsequently observed for MP isolation. A subsample (109/539) was used for FTIR polymer identification. A forensic approach to cross-contamination was applied to minimise potential sources. Environmental MP concentrations in edible tissue of M. gigas were 0.6 MP g-1 and 0.4 MP g-1 for O. edulis. These were significantly reduced after a 96-hour depuration for both species: 0.2 MP g -1 for M. gigas and 0.1 MP g-1 for O. edulis, respectively. No statistically significant correlation between MP concentration and weight of edible tissue of oysters were identified. MP isolation retrieved mainly fibres and polymer identification revealed that 51.6% of these were natural. Main outputs of this research showed that increasing depuration time to 96-hour can significantly reduce MP concentrations in edible tissues of farmed oysters. These findings aligned with similar depuration studies that show reduction; however, this is the first trial to demonstrate a significant decrease in MP concentrations over 96-h. These results provide important industry advice and can contribute to policy design, by providing valuable baseline information to stakeholders on MP reduction in bivalves intended for human consumption. Also see: https://micro2022.sciencesconf.org/426370/document, In MICRO 2022, Online Atlas Edition: Plastic Pollution from MACRO to nano

This report gives a brief introduction to the URCHIN project, funded by the Northern Peripheries and Arctic Programme (NPA). This is followed by a summary (based on the Nofima report Number 15/2016, Activity A3.1.1 of the NPA URCHIN project) describing the main fishing techniques that are used in sea urchin fisheries around the world. The factors that contribute to define the optimal sea urchin fishing techniques for any given country and company are outlined. The efficacy of a fishing technique will depend on a number of these factors and the interactions between them. They will vary significantly in each NPA country, depending on where the venture is within the country (e.g. proximity to major airports, climatic differences), the size of the company carrying out the fishing and the size and scale of the fishing venture. Included in this report are recommendations for optimal fishing techniques for each of the participating NPA countries to define what method of fishing is likely to be most effective in each. Kostnad-nytte-analyse av fangstteknikker brukt i fangst av kråkeboller. Aktivitet A3.2.2 av NPA URCHIN prosjekt

This report introduces the URCHIN project, funded by the Northern Peripheries and Arctic Programme (NPA). It then describes the main techniques used for stock monitoring in sea urchin fisheries around the world, including techniques used in the NPA. Trials in Norway and Iceland run with the aim to develop cheap, effective and reliable methods of stock monitoring suitable for the environmental conditions found in the NPA are described. These include methods for both surveying new fishing areas as well as scientific monitoring. This report describes suitable sea urchin stock assessment techniques for both scenarios and describes the methodology to all participating NPA countries. It also makes recommendations for the most suitable methods for each of the participating NPA countries (Norway, Iceland, Ireland and Greenland). Denne rapporten omtaler URCHIN prosjektet, finansiert av Northern Peripheres and Arctic Programme (NPA). Rapporten beskriver de viktigste metodene som brukes for bestandsovervåking av kråkebollefiskeriene rundt om i verden, inkludert metoder som brukes i NPA-området. Den beskriver også forsøk i Norge og på Island som er gjennomført med sikte på å utvikle billige, effektive og pålitelige metoder for bestandsovervåking som samtidig er egnet for de miljømessige forholdene som finnes i NPA. Disse omfatter både metoder for oppmåling av nye fiskeområder og metoder for vitenskapelig overvåking. For begge scenariene gis det en beskrivelse av egnede metoder for vurdering av kråkebollebestandene og metodene som benyttes av de deltakende NPA-land. Til slutt presenteres anbefalinger for de mest egnede metodene for hver av de deltakende NPA-landene (Norge, Island, Irland og Grønland).

This report gives a brief introduction to the URCHIN project, funded by the Northern Peripheries and Arctic Programme (NPA), followed by a summary of the fishing techniques that are used in sea urchin fisheries around the world. The main sea urchin fisheries around the world are then briefly described, together with the fishing techniques that are used in each fishery. This gives some indication of the frequency of use for the different techniques in various countries around the world. The current status of the fishery and fishing methods utilized in participating NPA countries (Norway, Iceland, Greenland and Ireland) are described. A brief description of the history of roe enhancement in Norway is also included. Finally, the factors that contribute to define the optimal sea urchin fishing techniques for any given country and company are outlined. The efficacy of a fishing technique will depend on a number of these factors and the interactions between them. In the following NPA report a cost/benefit analysis will be conducted for each of the participating NPA countries on what method of fishing is most effective. Finally, Nofima and Pure Arctic AS undertook a trial testing a new and novel collection system in 2017. The results from this trial are included as an Appendix in this report. Report 15/2018 - Amended Version - Norwegian summary

This report gives a brief introduction to the URCHIN project, funded by the Northern Peripheries and Arctic Programme (NPA). The scope of the report is also outlined. This is followed by a summary of the sea urchin fishery management techniques that are used in sea urchin fisheries around the world. These are listed in order of size of the fisheries and include a brief description of the history of the fishery and what management practices have led to the current state of the fishery. There are three more detailed case studies of Fisheries Management from Chile, the world’s largest fishery, New Zealand, a small but sustainably managed fishery and Canada, a fishery that has substantial management in place and a sustainable fishery that experiences similar environmental conditions to countries in the NPA. The report then summarises the management practices, or lack of, that have been in place in the participating NPA countries (Ireland, Iceland, Greenland and Norway). Finally, conclusions are made on the history of sea urchin fisheries management in the NPA countries and the impacts that a lack of fisheries management and regulation has had in these countries. Denne rapporten gir en kortfattet innføring i prosjektet URCHIN, finansiert av Northern Periphery og Arctic Programme (NPA). Dette etterfølges av et sammendrag av metoder som brukes i kråkebollefiskerier verden rundt. Disse er listet etter størrelse og inneholder en kort historisk beskrivelse av fiskeriene, og hvordan praksis har påvirket den nåværende tilstanden av fisket. Det er tre mer detaljerte studier av fiskemetoder fra Chile, verdens største fiskeri, New Zealand, et lite, men bærekraftig forvaltet fiskeri og Canada, et fiskeri som har betydelig forvaltning på plass og et bærekraftig fiskeri som har lignende miljøforhold som land innenfor NPA-ordningen. Rapporten oppsummer forvaltningspraksis, eller mangel på, som har vært på plass i NPA-land. Disse inkluderer Irland, Island, Grønland og Norge. Avslutningsvis er det gitt en rekke konklusjoner på hvordan kråkebollefiskeriene har vært forvaltet og betydningen manglende forvaltning og regulering har hatt i de ulike NPA-landene.

Increased demand for abalone and sea urchins globally has resulted in increased production of these commercially important invertebrates in aquaculture. Transfer of aquaculture technology from established producing countries to Europe has resulted in the application and implementation of new technologies by farm operators in Ireland. The industry-based research presented in this thesis addresses key industry barriers in invertebrate aquaculture, focusing on production and on-growing methods for the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata and the commercially important native sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. To resolve knowledge gaps in the production of algivorous invertebrates in Ireland four main issues were investigated: 1- Industry, market and production constraints for the non-endemic species of abalone H. tuberculata and H. discus hannai were reviewed and evaluated. Findings indicated the current status and direction of the culture of abalone in Europe. 2- New culture methods were developed for the green encrusting macroalgae Ulvella lens as it is known to increase settlement rates of swimming abalone and sea urchin larvae. Both abalone and sea urchins have similar preferences to settlement cues and the technology for settlement is common to both industries. Ulvella lens has been used and implemented successfully into the abalone industry in producing countries such as Japan and Australia. 3- Culture methods developed for U. lens were applied to the P. lividus culture with the aim of implementing this developed technology into sea urchin aquaculture in Ireland. Due to the decline of the commercial P. lividus fishery in Ireland, increased interest has developed in the commercial culture of this species. The findings of this industry-based research indicate the need for increased commercial scale research addressing the production constraints that hamper the industry as a whole. 4- Novel mixed macroalgal-meal diets enriched with bioavailable phosphorus were investigated for increased growth in the diet of H. tuberculata, and compared against Palmaria palmata. Weaning diets for juvenile abalone normally incorporate some form of animal protein, which does not belong in the natural diet of juvenile abalone as they are algivorous by nature. Phosphorus is limiting in the diets of abalone, and may not be available as it is bound in an indigestible form such as phytate.