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Context Fish and seafood consumption makes an important but often under-recognized contribution to dietary patterns and nutrition, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Therefore, valid, and reliable dietary assessment tools (DATs) and methods to measure seafood consumption in resource-poor settings are needed. Objective To review the available DATs that have been used to measure fish and seafood consumption in LMICs and to assess their quality. Data sources A systematic search of the electronic databases Scopus, Embase, and Medline was conducted, identifying 1541 initial articles, of which 122 eligible full-text articles were reviewed. Data extraction Data extraction focused on the purpose of dietary assessment, setting, target population group, DAT type, administration mode, type of fish and seafood assessed, specific measure of food intake, use of a portion-size-estimation aid, and details of validity, reliability, and pilot testing of the DATs. Data analysis The most common DATs used were food frequency questionnaires (n = 80; 58%), of which 36 (25%) were semi-quantitative. The majority of tools (n = 107; 78%) included measurement of consumption frequency; only 41 studies (30%) measured frequency, quantity, and type of seafood consumed. Only 41 DATs (30%) solely focused on fish or seafood intake. Most DATs were interviewer administered (n = 80; 58%), 23 (16%) mentioned the use of a portion-size-estimation aid, and validity was tested for only 13% of DATs (n = 18). Conclusion This systematic review reveals a lack of sufficient detail in the use of standard DATs to fully capture the contribution of fish and seafood to diets in LMICs. Consequently, the need to develop or adapt existing DATs to capture frequency, quantity, and type of fish and seafood intake with consideration of cultural eating practices has been highlighted. This is essential for informing appropriate interventions to leverage the nutritional benefits of seafood consumption in LMICs. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021253607. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Diet quality indices (DQIs) were developed to score and rank adherence to dietary patterns in observational studies, but their use to measure changes in diet quality in intervention trials is becoming common in the literature. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the effectiveness of DQIs to measure change in diet quality in intervention trials. Data Sources MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from January 1994 to June 2020. Two reviewers independently completed full-text screening. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that used validated a priori DQIs to measure change in diet quality in adults. Data Extraction Data were extracted by an independent reviewer and reviewed by the research team. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Data Analysis The 34 included studies (52% of reviewed studies, 0.6% of initially identified studies) used 10 different DQIs, 7 of which were able to measure significant change in diet quality. Meta-analyses of pooled results demonstrated change in the Healthy Eating Index (MD 5.35; 95%CI, 2.74–7.97; P  < 0.001) and the Mediterranean Dietary Adherence Screener (MD 1.61; 95%CI, 1.00–2.23; P  < 0.001) scores. DQIs were more likely to measure change in diet quality if they reflected the diet pattern being implemented, if the intervention was significantly different from the baseline and control diets, and if the study was adequately powered to detect change. Conclusion DQIs are responsive to change in diet quality in intervention trials when the index used reflects the dietary changes made and the study is adequately powered. The appropriate selection of a DQI to suitably match dietary changes and study populations is important for future dietary intervention trials. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020181357. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: (i) To examine demographic and health characteristics of women of reproductive age on a vegan diet in Australia and compare these to the general population; (ii) to identify sources and intake of vitamin B12 and compare intake to current recommendations and (iii) examine associations between participant characteristics and adequacy of vitamin B12 intake.Design: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected via an online survey. Demographic and health characteristics of women on a vegan diet were compared with women in the general population (using Australian Bureau of Statistics data). Intake of vitamin B12 was estimated using a FFQ and estimation of supplemental intake.Setting: Australia.Participants: Participants (n 1530) were women aged 18-44 years who had been on a vegan diet for at least 6 months.Results: While BMI, smoking habits and intakes of fruit and vegetables compared favourably with the general population, 26 % of respondents had estimated intakes of vitamin B12 below recommendations. Analyses of relationships between vitamin B12 intake and participant characteristics revealed that the strongest predictor of intake was supplementation (P < 0·001); however, 25 % had not supplemented with vitamin B12 in the past 3 months.Conclusions: The vitamin B12 intakes of a substantial proportion of Australian women of reproductive age consuming a vegan diet do not meet the recommended intake, which could adversely affect their health, and, if they are pregnant or lactating, that of their infants too. There is a need for further research in this area to identify effective strategies to address this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: (i) To examine demographic and health characteristics of women of reproductive age on a vegan diet in Australia and compare these to the general population; (ii) to identify sources and intake of vitamin B12 and compare intake to current recommendations and (iii) examine associations between participant characteristics and adequacy of vitamin B12 intake., Design: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected via an online survey. Demographic and health characteristics of women on a vegan diet were compared with women in the general population (using Australian Bureau of Statistics data). Intake of vitamin B12 was estimated using a FFQ and estimation of supplemental intake., Setting: Australia., Participants: Participants (n 1530) were women aged 18-44 years who had been on a vegan diet for at least 6 months., Results: While BMI, smoking habits and intakes of fruit and vegetables compared favourably with the general population, 26 % of respondents had estimated intakes of vitamin B12 below recommendations. Analyses of relationships between vitamin B12 intake and participant characteristics revealed that the strongest predictor of intake was supplementation (P < 0·001); however, 25 % had not supplemented with vitamin B12 in the past 3 months., Conclusions: The vitamin B12 intakes of a substantial proportion of Australian women of reproductive age consuming a vegan diet do not meet the recommended intake, which could adversely affect their health, and, if they are pregnant or lactating, that of their infants too. There is a need for further research in this area to identify effective strategies to address this situation.