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‘Child first’ principles have become increasingly prevalent within youth justice policy in England and Wales. In parallel, the concept of ‘child criminal exploitation’ (CCE) has also emerged. On the surface, CCE compliments ‘child first’ principles by reconceptualising ‘young offenders’, who would previously have been criminalised, as children who are victims of exploitation. However, this article identifies two areas of conflict: rather than being diversionary, current responses to CCE further entrench children in the justice system; and, rather than responding holistically to unmet need among all children involved in offending, the concept of CCE functions to exclude some children from support.

Crime scene examination is uniquely positioned at the nexus of policing and forensic science. Although women are under-represented in policing organizations and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers, they are reportedly well-represented in certain forensic disciplines. As a forensic discipline located within policing organizations, crime scene examination offers an interesting case study for an exploration of gender in the organizational context. In this exploratory study, in-depth interviews were undertaken with five male and four female crime scene examiners (CSEs) from two Australian policing organizations. Participants provided insights on various aspects of their work. Gender differences were evident in nuanced ways in some of these aspects. Female CSEs reported the importance of rank in circumventing differential treatment by colleagues outside the crime scene team. The uptake of part-time and flexible work arrangements differed in ways that reflect broader social trends, with negative impacts on careers borne by women with caring responsibilities. The findings highlight the gendered nature of organizations. Although some important steps have been made, gender equity is yet to be achieved. The article contributes to understanding the complexity of CSEs’ role and the impacts of gendered organizations. It identifies areas in need of further research.

The author examines the discursive creative practice of the conceptual performance art group Collective Actions (Kollektivnye deistviia, abbreviated “KD”) during the post-Stalinist Soviet e...

This chapter uses an intersectional approach to explore the perspectives of young men based in one English county, who were involved in county lines drug distribution, and who had been identified by the professionals in their lives as potential victims of child criminal exploitation. Drawing on observations and semi-structured interviews, this chapter engages with intersectional scholarship to develop two key themes. Firstly, it conveys young men’s descriptions of their involvement in county lines as shaped by intersecting pressures of economic hardship and their expectations of their familial roles. Secondly, the chapter engages with the ways in which young men’s conceptualizations of their involvement in county lines, specifically, their rejection of the term ‘victim of exploitation’ and identification with the idea of involvement as a ‘constrained choice’, were informed by intersecting experiences of masculinity, socioeconomic marginalization and working-class identity.

This article advances research on the practice of youth justice in rural contexts. Drawing on Ingold’s dwelling perspective, and empirical research with youth justice practitioners in rural England, we explore how practitioners develop their practice through their relationships to their rural working environments. We find that through these relationships, practitioners develop themselves as ‘connectors’, aiming to reduce the impact of Fordshire’s remoteness and isolation on young people; as ‘horizon stretchers’, seeking to raise aspirations and broaden imaginations; but often find themselves to be ‘outsiders’ in relation to rural communities. Accordingly, we argue that youth justice work is infused with the lived realities of the contexts in which it is practised and that ongoing debates over the localization of youth justice must take this into account.

Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Water transport and local (airway) hydration are critical for the normal functioning of lungs and airways. Currently, there is uncertainty regarding the effects of systemic dehydration on pulmonary function. Our aims were 1) to clarify the impact of exercise- or fluid restriction-induced dehydration on pulmonary function in healthy adults; and 2) to establish whether systemic or local rehydration can reverse dehydration-induced alterations in pulmonary function. Ten healthy participants performed four experimental trials in a randomized order (2 h exercise in the heat twice and 28 h fluid restriction twice). Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry and whole body plethysmography in the euhydrated, dehydrated, and rehydrated states. Oral fluid consumption was used for systemic rehydration and nebulized isotonic saline inhalation for local rehydration. Both exercise and fluid restriction induced mild dehydration (2.7 ± 0.7% and 2.5 ± 0.4% body mass loss, respectively; P < 0.001) and elevated plasma osmolality (P < 0.001). Dehydration across all four trials was accompanied by a reduction in forced vital capacity (152 ± 143 mL, P < 0.01) and concomitant increases in residual volume (216 ± 177 mL, P < 0.01) and functional residual capacity (130 ± 144 mL, P < 0.01), with no statistical differences between modes of dehydration. These changes were normalized by fluid consumption but not nebulization. Our results suggest that, in healthy adults: 1) mild systemic dehydration induced by exercise or fluid restriction leads to pulmonary function impairment, primarily localized to small airways; and 2) systemic, but not local, rehydration reverses these potentially deleterious alterations.

This article explores the divergences between ex†prisoners' use of entrepreneurship as a tool for rebuilding social ties and the vision of entrepreneurship provided by Mission Forward, a European†funded, Ugandan†run nongovernmental organization that provides ex†prisoners with entrepreneurship training. Forty†six interviews were conducted over two months with Mission Forward staff and with ex†prisoners participating in the entrepreneurship training program in Gulu, northern Uganda. These interviews found that Mission Forward's official position, like that of many providers of criminal justice services, was to view crime as resulting from one primary deficiency in personhood: idleness. To rectify this, their policy was to fashion prototypical neoliberal entrepreneurs: self†motivated and self†reliant individualists whose primary concern is making money and who could achieve this goal no matter what the circumstances. In contrast, ex†prisoners experienced a loss of personhood when they became marked as criminals by their friends and neighbors. To address this, ex†prisoners were concerned with using the contracts, exchanges, and interactions associated with their entrepreneurial ventures to rebuild the social ties that their crimes and subsequent incarceration had damaged and thereby reclaim personhood. This article argues that these divergent uses of entrepreneurship as a rehabilitative and reintegrative tool provide new insights into the nature of entrepreneurship and into the establishment and reestablishment of both personhood and social ties through economic exchange.

The term post-truth became the 2016 Oxford Dictionary word of the year, yet many scholars question whether the term signals anything new, or whether post-truth is just lying, which has always been a part of politics and media. This paper contributes to this discussion by critically evaluating the extent to which the Brexit referendum, the UK's vote to exit the European Union, was based on post-truth politics. The paper develops the argument that Brexit is a key example of post-truth politics, and that two key factors ushered in this new form of politics into the UK: 1) technological changes associated with social media, which lead to a situation in which a significant portion of the population acquire their news online, while anybody can post anything online without checks on the accuracy of the claims; 2) a growing distrust in democratic institutions, political elites, expertise, and traditional media gatekeepers which leads, in turn, to a loss of trust in established expert knowledge, leaving the population willing to rely on information originating from questionable sources. This combination of a decline in trust of politicians and experts with social media reliance, drove the British public to emotionally charged, value-based decision making to a greater extent than before, which thus supports the claim that post-truth politics is indeed a novel phenomenon. Our analysis of the Brexit referendum raises the need for scholars to study the daily activities of the population and focus on its role as an active regime shaper.

Action observation activates brain areas involved in performing the same action and has been shown to increase motor learning, with potential implications for neurorehabilitation. Recent work indicates that the effects of action observation on movement can be increased by motor imagery or by directing attention to observed actions. In voluntary imitation, activation of the motor system during action observation is already increased. We therefore explored whether imitation could be further enhanced by imagery or attention. Healthy participants observed and then immediately imitated videos of human hand movement sequences, while movement kinematics were recorded. Two blocks of trials were completed, and after the first block participants were instructed to imagine performing the observed movement (Imagery group, N = 18) or attend closely to the characteristics of the movement (Attention group, N = 15), or received no further instructions (Control group, N = 17). Kinematics of the imitated movements were modulated by instructions, with both Imagery and Attention groups being closer in duration, peak velocity and amplitude to the observed model compared with controls. These findings show that both attention and motor imagery can increase the accuracy of imitation and have implications for motor learning and rehabilitation. Future work is required to understand the mechanisms by which these two strategies influence imitation accuracy.

CONTEXT \ud Globally, primary health care is facing workforce shortages. Longer and higher-quality placements in primary care increase the likelihood of medical students choosing this specialty. However, the recruitment and retention of community primary care teachers are challenging. Relevant research was predominantly carried out in the 1990s. We seek to understand contemporary facilitators and barriers to general practitioner (GP) engagement with undergraduate education. Communities of practice (CoP) theory offers a novel conceptualisation, which may be pertinent in other community-based teaching settings.\ud \ud METHODS \ud Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 24 GP teachers at four UK medical schools. We purposively sampled GPs new to teaching, established GP teachers and GPs who had recently stopped teaching. We undertook NVivo-assisted deductive and inductive thematic analysis of transcripts. We used CoP theory to interpret data. RESULTS Communities of practice theory illustrated that teachers negotiate membership of three CoPs: (i) clinical practice; (ii) the medical school, and (iii) teaching. The delivery of clinical care and teaching may be integrated or exist in tension. This can depend upon the positioning of the teaching and teacher as central or peripheral to the clinical CoP. Remuneration, workload, space and the expansion of GP trainee numbers impact on this. Teachers did not identify strongly as members of the medical school or a teaching community. Perceptions of membership were affected by medical school communication and support. The findings demonstrate gaps in medical school recruitment. \ud \ud CONCLUSIONS \ud This research demonstrates the marginalisation of primary care-based teaching and proposes a novel explanation rooted in CoP theory. Concepts including identity and membership may be pertinent to other community-based teaching settings. We recommend that medical schools review and broaden recruitment methods. Teacher retention may be improved by optimising the interface between medical schools and teachers, fostering a teaching community, increasing professional rewards for teaching involvement and altering medical school expectations of learning in primary care.

Objective To evaluate bacterial isolates, antimicrobial drug susceptibility, and change in resistance among pre- and post-lavage culture samples in dogs with septic peritonitis. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Private practice referral hospital. Animals Forty client-owned dogs with confirmed septic peritonitis requiring surgical intervention. Interventions All dogs had perioperative abdominal lavage following source control with 200 to 300 mL/kg 0.9% sterile saline. Pre- and post-lavage aerobic and anaerobic culture samples were evaluated. Measurements and main results Thirty-five of 40 dogs (87.5%) survived to hospital discharge. The likelihood of an aerobic organism to have multidrug resistance (resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) post-lavage was a third of that pre-lavage (odds ratio [OR] 0.34, 95% CI [0.17-0.68], P = 0.01). Thirty-nine of 40 dogs (97.5%) received appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy based on pre- and post-lavage culture results, of which 5 (12.8%) did not survive to discharge. The single dog with inappropriate antimicrobial therapy survived to discharge. The most frequent isolates detected included Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Enterococcus faecalis. The same organism based on species was isolated in pre- and post-lavage cultures in 32 dogs, accounting for 59 anaerobic and aerobic isolates. There was a new bacterial isolate detected in 20 dogs, accounting for 46 isolates and an overall total decrease of 14 isolates between pre- and post-lavage culture (P = 0.09). Conclusions This study suggests that there is a significant decrease in the likelihood of isolating a multidrug resistant organism following peritoneal lavage, and aerobic and anaerobic culture results have the potential to change following peritoneal lavage, although this cannot be confirmed without further studies. Overall survival rates were higher than previously reported in the literature for septic peritonitis.

Probiotic and glutamine supplementation increases tissue Hsp72, but their influence on extracellular Hsp72 (eHsp72) has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic probiotic supplementation, with or without glutamine, on eHsp72 concentration before and after an ultramarathon. Thirty-two participants were split into 3 independent groups, where they ingested probiotic capsules (PRO; n = 11), probiotic + glutamine powder (PGLn; n = 10), or no supplementation (CON; n = 11), over a 12-week period prior to commencement of the Marathon des Sables (MDS). eHsp72 concentration in the plasma was measured at baseline, 7 days pre-race, 6–8 h post-race, and 7 days post-race. The MDS increased eHsp72 concentrations by 124% (F[1,3] = 22.716, p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the response between groups. Additionally, PRO or PGLn supplementation did not modify pre- or post-MDS eHsp72 concentrations compared with CON (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the MDS caused a substantial increase in eHsp72 concentration, indicating high levels of systemic stress. However, chronic PRO or PGLn supplementation did not affect eHsp72 compared with control pre- or post-MDS. Given the role of eHsp72 in immune activation, the commercially available supplements used in this study are unlikely to influence this cascade.

A healthy woman presented with an antepartum haemorrhage at 35/40 during a low-risk pregnancy with normal antenatal bloods and anomaly scan at 20/40 gestation. Following an abnormal ultrasound (USS), the baby was delivered by emergency C-section. A male infant was born in good condition but admitted to the neonatal unit for monitoring. Examination revealed global hypotonia, a weak uncoordinated suck and absent Moro reflex. He had widened sagittal sutures and a large posterior fontanelle. The remainder of the examination was unremarkable. Abnormal bloods are shown in table 1. View this table: Table 1 Initial newborn blood results He was treated for suspected sepsis due to jaundice and temperature instability. Cranial USS was performed immediately (figure 1). Urgent MRI of the brain further characterised these abnormalities (figures 2–3). Figure 1 Coronal section of cranial ultrasound obtained on day 1 of life. Figure 2 Coronal section from MRI …

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Pediatric Pulmonary Center (UW PPC) provides interdisciplinary leadership training for graduate students and postgraduate professionals. The training includes a three-credit on-line course entitled Interdisciplinary Care of Children with Special Health Care Needs. This paper describes the course, the content and organization of which was guided by the life course perspective (LCP). The UW PPC team used the LCP to guide course organization, content development, and evaluation approaches. UW PPC trainees took responsibility for content areas, performed literature reviews and reviews of resources, and suggested student activities. Course content was focused on the child with special health care needs (CSHCN) embedded in contextual environments of family, community, culture, and larger social and public policy arenas. The content included three case-study videos that followed a child with cystic fibrosis from birth to age 18. Key concepts of the LCP were woven in throughout the videos and other course materials. Emphasis was on representing development of the individual during critical/sensitive periods and on social determinants of health. At semester's end, qualitative and quantitative student evaluation results were very positive for all areas of the course. The final course paper, organized similarly to course modules, synthesized all aspects of the course. A successful paper included LCP concepts woven throughout to show integration of course content. The LCP provided a useful framework for course organization and content, and served as a lens through which students came to understand the care needs of CSHCN and their families. A course such as this can serve the important goal of educating future maternal child health professionals in using the LCP to understand how multiple determinants of health interact across the life span to produce health outcomes in this population.

This study evaluated the inclusion of butorphanol to an acepromazine maleate (ACP) premedication in 20 healthy bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy to determine whether this was beneficial in improving the practice's premedication protocol. Ten bitches were administered ACP (0.04 mg/kg) and ten bitches were administered ACP (0.01 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg); both groups received carprofen (4 mg/kg). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) to effect and was maintained on isoflurane. The time of extubation, sternal recumbency and standing was recorded, and pain scores were completed at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 24 hours. The volume of propofol required to induce anaesthesia was also recorded. Owners completed a questionnaire regarding the bitch's behaviour post operatively. It was concluded that the addition of butorphanol to an ACP premedication significantly increases the time for the bitch to regain sternal recumbency and to stand (p=0.017); all other differences in effects and observations between the two groups were statistically insignificant.

We would like to draw your readers’ attention to the issue of GP trainees teaching medical students. Developing the skills required to teach is part of the RCGP curriculum for GP trainees [1] and t...

Cognitive function defines performance in objective tasks that require conscious mental effort. Extreme environments, namely heat, hypoxia, and cold can all alter human cognitive function due to a variety of psychological and/or biological processes. The aims of this Focused Review were to discuss; (1) the current state of knowledge on the effects of heat, hypoxic and cold stress on cognitive function, (2) the potential mechanisms underpinning these alterations, and (3) plausible interventions that may maintain cognitive function upon exposure to each of these environmental stressors. The available evidence suggests that the effects of heat, hypoxia, and cold stress on cognitive function are both task and severity dependent. Complex tasks are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat stress, whereas both simple and complex task performance appear to be vulnerable at even at moderate altitudes. Cold stress also appears to negatively impact both simple and complex task performance, however, the research in this area is sparse in comparison to heat and hypoxia. In summary, this focused review provides updated knowledge regarding the effects of extreme environmental stressors on cognitive function and their biological underpinnings. Tyrosine supplementation may help individuals maintain cognitive function in very hot, hypoxic, and/or cold conditions. However, more research is needed to clarify these and other postulated interventions.

Inhibition of return (IOR) is an attentional effect that has been much researched in the spatial domain, whereby people are slower to respond to stimuli presented in a previously attended location. Recently, Chao (2010) reported that participants were slower to respond to a negative schematic facial target compared with a positive facial target if they had previously viewed a cue with a negative expression, which he interpreted as IOR in the purely emotional domain. That is, once their attention is drawn away, people are slower to reattend to negative emotions. Here, we investigated whether this effect could be observed when controlling for the valence of the target and when using a more naturalistic human facial expression as a cue. We replicated Chao's findings using real face cues, observing slower responses for negative cues followed by negative versus positive targets, and faster responses for positive cues followed by positive versus negative targets. However, our reanalysis indicates that these effects are better accounted for by the valence (positive/negative) of the target, with responses being slower to negative compared with positive facial expressions regardless of the preceding cue. In conclusion, orienting in the emotional domain could not be measured using a cue-target task, as the effect of responding to emotional targets eclipsed any potential emotional cuing effect.

In financial services, creating and implementing an appropriate and effective compliance-monitoring programme is a challenge, which differs according to the company. All aspects must be considered - compliance, risk, internal audit, management. Essentially, senior management must be wholly committed to supporting the programme and must totally guarantee its accuracy and integrity to the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in accordance with the FSA Handbook. Compliance staff must be fully expert in monitoring and it is essential that staff generally receive extensive and dedicated training. Emphasizes that there is no such thing as one-size-fits-all and that senior management involvement, a robust monitoring programme and a highly effective team are a sine qua non.

Letting trainees split their time between general practice and another specialty can encourage recruitment, say Hannah Marshall and colleagues