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The gut microbiota plays an important role in intestinal immune system development and in driving inflammation. Antibiotic administration for therapeutic purposes causes an imbalance in the gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides can regulate the gut microbiota and maintain intestinal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of the gut microbiota by the orally administered antimicrobial peptide mastoparan X (MPX). In this study, Escherichia coli was used to induce intestinal inflammation, and the results showed that MPX+ E. coli alleviated weight loss and intestinal pathological changes in necropsy specimens of E. coli-infected mice. MPX+ E. coli reduced the serum levels of the inflammation-related proteins interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, myeloperoxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase on days 7 and 28. Furthermore, MPX+ E. coli increased the length of villi and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the jejunum and colon post infection. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that MPX could improve the morphology of jejunum villi and microvilli and increase tight junction protein levels. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of caecal content samples showed that the species diversity and richness were lower in the E. coli-infected group. At the genus level, MPX+ E. coli significantly reduced the abundance of Bacteroidales and Alistipes and enhanced the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae. Alpha-diversity analyses (Shannon index) showed that MPX significantly increased the microbial diversity of mice. Overall, this study is the first to investigate the effects of oral administration of MPX on intestinal inflammation and the gut microbiota, providing a new perspective regarding the prevention of enteritis and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.

Background: study aimed to modify the ZEN molecule and conjugate the carrier protein to prepare a complete antigen. To lay the foundation for the preparation of ZEN monoclonal antibodies. Methods: The carbonyl group at the 7 position of ZEN molecule was modified by deuteration reaction. The immunogen and antigen were synthesized by EDC method and mixed acid anhydride method, and the complete antigen was identified by UV, IR and electrophoresis. Antisera were obtained after immunization of animals, and an antiserum was designed by ELISA. Results: The immunogens were identified by UV, IR and electrophoresis, ZEN-BSA was successfully synthesized. The ratio of ZEN-BAS to ZEN was calculated to be 1 : 13. When the antibody serum was detected, the titer of the antibody reached 1:(6.4×103). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the OAE method is preferable in preparing the ZEN. These findings lay the material and technical foundation for the preparation of anti-ZEN monoclonal antibody

Dairy cow mastitis is one of most seriously diseases affecting dairy herds. The prevention and treatment of this pathology is especially done through antimicrobials, but the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens to this disease may affect the efficiency of conventional drugs. Plant extracts are increasingly being valued by livestock producers because of their wide sources, low toxic and side effects, and high environmental affinity. Thereby, a lot of research has been conducted on the control of dairy cow mastitis by plant-derived drugs in recent years. This review summarizes the current of the plant types, main active ingredients, and the mechanism of action of plant extracts for preventing and treating dairy cow mastitis. Finally, a review was carried out to prospect the future development of plant extracts in the treatment of dairy cow mastitis.

Excessive use and abuse of disinfectants over the past century has created problems associated with the emergence of resistant microorganisms. In addition, there is always a potential risk to human and animal health, as the use of aggressive disinfectants can lead to diseases. The purpose of the study was to investigate the toxicity of an ex perimental disinfectant to determine the possibility of its use in the presence of humans and animals. Study material – an experimental product (water-soluble disinfection powder). Experimental studies were conducted at the premises of a certified vivarium of the ECOMEDCHIM regional centre of Sumy State University and Sumy National Agrarian University. Acute toxicity of the preparation was studied on 30 white mice weighing 19.5±1.0 and 15 white rats weighing 200±15.0 g. Determination of toxicity by prolonged oral administration was studied in two analogous groups of white rats, 6 animals each with a bodyweight of 185±10.0 g. The effect of the preparation on the state of internal organs was evaluated by comparing relative mass coefficients. The local irritating effect of the preparation was determined by skin applications on 10 rabbits weighing 2.97±0.3 kg. The disinfectant, when administered orally once at doses of 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg of body weight, did not cause the death of experimental mice and rats. When administered orally for 30 days at a dose of 2,500 mg/kg of body weight, the disinfectant did not cause any negative and toxic effects on the body of experimental rats, did not affect the growth and development of rats, and did not cause changes in the relative mass of internal organs. It was found that the average manifestation of erythema in rabbits is 2.46. According to the study results, it was found that the disinfectant can be classified as Hazard Class 4 according to the international standard GOST 12.1.007-76, or Category 5 according to the international global classification Global Harmonised System (GHS) (LD50 with oral administration exceeds 5,000 mg/kg of body weight). The results obtained give grounds to assert the possibility of using an experimental disinfectant in the presence of humans and animals

The aim of this study was to prepare B-group aflatoxins(BGAFs) antibody with strong specificity and good eurytopicity. According to the molecular structure and active site of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the BGAFs artificial antigen AFB1-BSA was prepared by 6 methods such as oxime active ester(OAE)，methylation of ammonia(MOA)，mixed anhydride(MA)，semi acetal(SA)，epoxide(EP) and enol ether derivative(EED) and identified by UV and SDS-PAGE. Polyclonal antibodies against AFB1(AFB1 pAb) were prepared by immunizing New Zealand rabbits with AFB1-BSA, and the titers of AFB1 pAb was detected by indirect ELISA, the sensitivity of AFB1 pAb was analyzed by indirect competitive ELISA(icELISA) and the specificity and eurytopicity of AFB1 pAb was analyzed by cross-reactivity(CR) test. The results showed that AFB1-BSA was synthesized successfully and the best one was OAE method among 6 synthesis methods of BGAFs artificial antigen and its conjugation ratio of AFB1 to BSA was about 8.46∶1. The immune efficacy of OAE method was the best, its AFB1 pAb had high titers of 1∶（1.28×104） by indirect ELISA, a good sensitivity with the 50% inhibition concentration(IC50) of 10.32 μg/L to AFB1 by icELISA and a high CR to AFB2 of 75.21%, AFG1 of 44.13%, AFG2 of 14.72%, AFM1 of 16.36% and AFM2 of 1.44%, respectively. In this study, AFB1 pAbs with high titer, sensitivity, specificity and eurytopicity were prepared, which laid a matter and technical foundation for the establishment of BGAFs immunoassay.

The mammary gland of the cow is particularly susceptible to infections of a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxins of these pathogenic bacteria include peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and they are the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to induce mastitis. Cow mastitis is a detrimental factor in dairy farming industry. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is the main component of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall and the key cytotoxic factor causing inflammation. The aims of our work was to establish inflammatory model of study procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Sumy National Agricultural University, Sumy, Ukraine, and the Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China, and performed in accordance with the animal welfare and ethics guidelines. The BMECs harvested from mid-lactation dairy cow milk were isolated by our laboratory. Briefly, the base medium for this cell is DMEM/F-12 (Gibco, USA, cat.12400-024). The complete growth medium included 10% fetal bovine serum (Biological Industries, Israel, cat.04-011-1A/B), DMEM/F-12, and 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (Sigma, USA, cat. E4127). Cells were maintained at 37℃in an incubator containing 5% CO2. When cells grew to 80% confluency, the cells were rinsed twice with PBS, and then the primary mammary epithelial cells were trypsinized with 0.25% trypsin plus 0.02% EDTA and passaged. In this study, one inflammatory bovine mammary epithelial cell (BMEC) model was established by infecting the cells with LTA. The BMEC viability induced by LTA were evaluated. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were measured by ELISA and RT- qPCR. The results showed that the treatment of BMECs with LTA at 20 ng/μL for 24 h obviously improved TNF-α and IL-6 protein and gene expression levels. The establishment of the model will play an important role in the screening of anti-inflammatory drugs and the study of the mechanism of action in the future.

The purpose of our research was to study the effects of dietary addition of Clostridium butyricum (CB) on performance, immunocompetence and digestive function of poultry. Using single factor experiment design, 720 one-day-old and healthy AA broilers were divided into 6 groups with 6 replicates in each group and 20 broilers in each replicate. Broilers in control group were fed a basal diet, while broilers of other experimental group were fed the basal diet supplemented with CB 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 1250 mg/kg. The results showed as follows: The 1000mg/mg group had the best effect on immunity enhancement, with the thymus index, spleen index and bursa index increased by 18.38 % (P < 0.05), 16.00 % (P 0.05) in 1–21 days, and 6.45 % (P < 0.05), 12.92 % (P < 0.05) and 13.94 % (P

Amac: Arastirmanin amaci, potasyum 2-((4-amino-5-(morfolinometil)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-il)tiyo)asetat (PKR-173) bilesiginin farkli antibiyotikler ile birlikte Pseudomonas aeruginosa ile enfekte edilmis civcivlerin karacigerine duzeltici etkisinin histolojik olarak incelenmesidir. Gerec ve Yontem: Histolojik arastirma, saglam civcivler (kontrol), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ile enfekte edilmis civcivler (kontrol edilen patoloji), (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ile enfekte edilmeden once) PKR-173 bilesigi ile Enrofloxacin veya Saroflox gibi klasik antibiyotik yada tiotiazolin ile Enrofloxacin antibiyotigi verilen civcivlerin karacigeri uzerinde yapilmistir. Sonuc ve Tartisma: Arastirmalarin sonucunda; arastirilan antibiyotik olan Saroflox ile PKR-173 bilesiginin ve onleyici bir sekilde Pseudomonas aeruginosa ile enfekte edilmis civcivlere uygulanan Enrofloxacin ve Thiotriazolin- Enrofloxacin gibi klasik antibiyotiklein, nonspesifik reaktif hepatite ozgu olan karacigerdeki standart morfolojik degisiklikleri onledigi tespit edilmistir. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ile enfekte edilmis civcivlerin karacigerinde gelisen patolojik surecin kantitatif ozelliklerinin analizi ve duzeltici etkisi arastirilan metot, Saroflox antibiyotigi ile PKR-173 bilesiginin, kontroldeki patolojiye kiyasla patolojinin butun belirtilerini azalttigini gostermistir.

The using of antibiotics in poultry has some disadvantages. The problem of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is recognized globally and is currently one of the strategic goals worldwide. Fluoroquinolones are an important and large group of synthetic antimicrobials that have great importance in the treatment of infectious-inflammatory poultry diseases of different etiologies. Fluoroquinolones have high bactericidal activity against a number of bacterial pathogens that infect poultry including E. coli, Hebsiell spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococoeus spp. and Chlamydia spp. Enrofloxacin (ENR) is an antimicrobial agent belonging to the group of third-generation fluoroquinolones. ENR has been historically used as veterinary medicine for treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in several animal species, including poultrys cursing diseases caused by gram-positive and negative bacteria. Enrofloxacin presents 1,4-dihydro-1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-3-quinoli;3-quinoline carboxylic acid. A further synthesis allowed the reaching of active substances of cyclopropyl, as an antibacterial action to get further extension. A crystalline active substance with faint yellow color that was obtained to develop in high purity, is hardly soluble in water at pH 7, but as the molecule contains acidic and basic groups, it is easily dissolved at both alkaline and acid pH. The goal of the work. The purpose of our study was to investigate the sperm of male chicken after the use of enrofloxacin and to identify metabolites. Materials and methods of research. The researches were conducted in the conditions of vivarium clinics of the veterinary faculty and laboratories of the department of epizootology and parasitology of Sumy National Agrarian University. 80 male chickens were placed for research, which were kept in metal cages for 5–6 individuals. The use, care and transportation of birds for toxicological research were with all applicable animal welfare laws. All reasonable steps were taken to avoid or minimize discomfort, distress or pain of birds. Results of research and discussion. The differences between normal motility and defect sperm in control and enrofloxacin treated birds were not founded. Weight of testes, wattles and combs was not affected by drug. Ascorbic acid, total protein, testosterone and cholesterol concentration were similar in control and enrofloxacin treated groups. It is suggested that enrofloxacin at doses used were safe for male chicken. The administration of the drug “Enzin 10%” to the male chicken did not affect the concentration of ascorbic acid in the testicles, total protein and cholesterol. These indicators are actively involved in spermatogenesis. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the drug “Enzin 10%” at therapeutic doses for 10 days had no negative effect on spermatogenesis of the male chicken.

An important element in ensuring the epizootic well-being of the poultry industry is disinfection. Modern poultry farming requires a large number of effective disinfectants. It is known that the resistance of microorganisms to the effects of disinfectants is based on a genotypic mechanism. The nature of the formation of resistance to disinfectants and antiseptics is different than antibiotics. With regard to disinfectants, resistance is formed more slowly and the proportion of resistant strains in the population of microorganisms may not be high for a long time. This is due to different mechanisms of formation of resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, in the first case – plasmid mechanism, in the second – chromosomal. However, increasing the resistance to the active substance in disinfectants can be widespread, so it is necessary to periodically rotate disinfectants. The goal of the work – to investigate the parameters of acute toxicity of the disinfectant biocide “Zodizin”. The studies were conducted in the laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacy and the Vivarium of Sumy National Agrarian University. The drug “Zodizine” contains: polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride – 21.0 %, alkylldimethylbenzylammonium chloride – 3.0 %. For toxicological examination of the disinfectant, healthy white male rats and white female rats weighing 200 ± 10 g 1.5 years of age were used. In the study of acute toxicity of animals observed daily, noted the general condition of the animals, features of their behavior. Studies have found that the toxic effect of the disinfectant “Zodizin” clinically manifested almost equally in both males and females. The average lethal dose for the rat female was 1000.0 ± 35.0 mg/kg body weight, males 1033.0 ± 34.3 mg/kg. Therefore, according to the classification of substances by toxicity, the drug by intragastric administration can be attributed to low-toxic substances. Observations on animals revealed that 1–3 hours after oral administration of the drug in a subtoxic dose in laboratory animals, shortness of breath and inhibition of the central nervous system were noted. Most of them died during the first day. Subsequent observations of the surviving animals indicated that their motor response was suppressed over the next 24–72 hours. Conclusions and prospects for further research: 1. It was found that the average lethal dose of the drug “Zodizin” with oral administration to rats-females was 1000.0 ± 35.0 mg/kg body weight, males – 1033.0 ± 34.3 mg/kg. 2. Experimental studies have proved that the disinfectant “Zodizin” according to GOST 12.1.007-76, belongs to the IV class of danger, that is, to the low-dangerous compounds, and according to GOST 12.1.07 – to the III class of hazard of substances and can be used for disinfection premises where animals and poultry are kept. Further, the sporoсide and corrosion properties of the “Zoodizin” biocide will be studied.

The article provides data on monthly monitoring of breast pathologies for lactating cows during 2019. Observations were made on a herd of cows of Holstein breed, the cows were kept free during all season. Cows were kept n premises with a workshop structure of industrial milk production. In this farm, milking of cows was carried out three times in milking rooms with the equipment of the company GEA Farm Technologies models “Yalinka” and “Parallel”. The following six issues were addressed during the monthly monitoring: determination of the dynamics of indicators characterizing the reproductive status of cows; - finding out the effect of seasonality on the number of average monthly cow disease for mastitis during the year; - tracking the degree of disease of cows with mastitis by months after calving lactation; - determination of the degree of disease of cows with mastitis, depending on the number of their lactation in the farm; - manifestation of the average monthly number of cow disease for clinical and subclinical mastitis; - tracking the frequency of each of the four proportion of udders of lactating cows. The data obtained are summarized in the relevant tables and discussed in the results section of the research, on which the main conclusions are drawn: - manifestation of breast pathologies in cows varied by season. The highest was in winter – 14.37%; slightly lower – in summer and autumn (respectively 12.16 and 10.32%); and the lowest (6.41%) – in spring months; - the highest percentage of udders pathologies of lactating cows was noted in the first, fourth and fifth months of lactation (14.9, 13.7 and 11.43%, respectively); - the highest percentage of mastitis was observed in young cows from the first to the third lactation (respectively 18.0; 26.4 and 20.7%); - the clinical form of mastitis most often was observed in winter months (92.1%). In spring, its percentage decreased (up to 72.2%) and increased slightly in summer (up to 83.1%), while in autumn there was a significant reduction of this pathology to 49.9%; - сonsideration of frequency of impression of each share of udder of cows, shows that the majority of pathologies (57.1%) were found on the posterior lobes.

Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and is a major cause of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. The current serious problem of antibiotic abuse has prompted the search for new substitutes for antibiotics. JH-3 is a small antimicrobial peptide with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. In this study, we showed that JH-3 has good bactericidal activity towards the clinical isolate Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain CVCC541. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of JH-3 against this bacterium was determined to be 100 μg/mL, which could decrease the number of CVCC541 cells by 1000-fold in vitro within 5 h. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that JH-3 can damage the cell wall and membrane of CVCC541, leading to the leakage of cell contents and subsequent cell death. To measure the bactericidal activity of CVCC541-infected mice were treated intraperitoneally 40 or 10 mg/kg JH-3 at 2 h or 3 days postinfection. Our results showed that treatment with 40 mg/kg JH-3 at 2 h postinfection had the best therapeutic effect and could significantly protect mice from a lethal dose of CVCC541. Furthermore, the clinical symptoms, bacterial burden in blood and organs, and intestinal pathological changes were all decreased and were close to normal. This study examined the therapeutic effect of the antimicrobial peptide JH-3 against S. enterica CVCC541 infection for the first time and determined the therapeutic effect of different JH-3 doses and treatment times, laying the foundation for studies of new antimicrobial agents.

An epizootiology of infectious diseases/conditions of dog in some veterinary clinics from Benue, Plateau states and the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria were assessed from 2015 to 2018. This study revealed about seventeen (17) infectious clinical cases/conditions from 1865 cases recorded within the period of four (4) years. These comprised of helminthoses (17.8%) having the highest prevalence followed by babesiosis (17.5%), parvovirosis (15.9%), ectoparasitism (11.3%), scepticemia (6.9%), Mange (5.7%), urinary tract infections (4.7%), canine distemper (4.2%), colitis (3.9%), myiasis (2.7%), trypanosomosis (2.1%), leptospirosis and transmissible venereal tumor (1.9%), respiratory infections (1.7%), otitis (1.0%) and orchitis (0.7%). Puppies (0–6 months old) 50.2% were mostly affected. Incidences of diseases were more in Alsatians (23.7%), Cross (22.9%), Nigerian indigenous breed (20.5%), Caucasian (9.6%) and Rottweiler (8.9%). More cases of vaccinated (68.7%) were recorded against the unvaccinated (31.3%) dogs while male (57.1%) dogs had a higher frequency of cases as compared with their female (42.9%) counterpart. Disease incidence was highest in dry season (54.3%) especially in the months of December (13.3%), January (11.1%) and February (10.6%).The highest frequency of disease incidence was recorded in 2015 (36.4%). Most the infectious clinical cases/conditions recorded from this study were preventable cases demanding veterinary care in order to prevent the risk of zoonosis.

This study aimed to detect and monitor total Zearalenone (ZEN) and its five homologs (ZENs) in cereals and feed. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with a high affinity and broad class specificity against ZENs were prepared, and the conditions of a heterologous indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) were preliminarily optimized based on the ZEN mAbs. The immunogen ZEN-BSA was synthesized using the oxime active ester method (OAE) and identified using infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). The coating antigen ZEN-OVA was obtained via the 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether method (BDE). Balb/c mice were immunized using a high ZEN-BSA dose with long intervals and at multiple sites. A heterologous indirect non-competitive ELISA (inELISA) and an icELISA were used to screen the suitable cell fusion mice and positive hybridoma cell lines. The ZEN mAbs were prepared by inducing ascites in vivo. The standard curve was established, and the sensitivity and specificity of the ZEN mAbs were determined under the optimized icELISA conditions. ZEN-BSA was successfully synthesized at a conjugation ratio of 17.2:1 (ZEN: BSA). Three hybridoma cell lines, 2D7, 3C2, and 4A10, were filtered, and their mAbs corresponded to an IgG1 isotype with a κ light chain. The mAbs titers were between (2.56 to 5.12) × 102 in supernatants and (1.28 to 5.12) × 105 in the ascites. Besides, the 50% inhibitive concentration (IC50) values were from 18.65 to 31.92 μg/L in the supernatants and 18.12 to 31.46 μg/L in the ascites. The affinity constant (Ka) of all of the mAbs was between 4.15 × 109 and 6.54 × 109 L/mol. The IC50 values of mAb 2D7 for ZEN, α-ZEL, β-ZEL, α-ZAL, β-ZAL and ZAN were 17.23, 16.71, 18.27, 16.39, 20.36 and 15.01 μg/L, and their cross-reactivities (CRs, %) were 100%, 103.11%, 94.31%, 105.13%, 84.63%, and 114.79%, respectively, under the optimized icELISA conditions. The limit of detection (LOD) for ZEN was 0.64 μg/L, and its linear working range was between 1.03 and 288.55 μg/L. The mAbs preparation and the optimization of icELISA conditions promote the potential development of a rapid test ELISA kit, providing an alternative method for detecting ZEN and its homologs in cereals and feed.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a fast-evolving single-stranded DNA virus that causes severe and fatal gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Lately, several mutations affecting viral protein (VP) capsid resulting in highly pathogenic variants with distinctive immunological and clinicopathological characteristics abound. This study involved screening stools of 44 randomly selected clinical cases of canine gastroenteritis from 4 cities (Ibadan, Jos, Makurdi, and Zaria) in Nigeria for CPV antigen using an on-the-spot immunoassay test kit, as well as, molecular detection of viral nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction. Subsequently, nucleic acid sequencing of 1195-bp amplicons encompassing the VP2 encoding region was done. The resultant 40 high-quality amino acid sequences obtained were analysed for the identification and grouping of the viruses into their discrete variants - CPV-2a, CPV-2b, or CPV-2c, using key amino acids substitutions - Asn, Asp, or Glu respectively at position 426 of the VP2 gene. One-third (11/40; 27.5%) of the analysed sequences were identified as CPV-2a and two-third (29/40; 72.5%) as CPV-2c. The original CPV and CPV-2b were not detected. Also, the "new CPV-2a variant" with mutation S297A identified had two additional mutations (Y324I and T440A) associated with selective pressure and vaccination failure in their sequences. Similarly, unique CPV-2c mutants carrying genetic markers (S297A, Y324I, and Q370R) that are highly related to CPVs of Asian origin were observed. These findings revealed a high level of divergence of existing CPVs in circulation; suggesting that CPV is rapidly evolving in Nigeria lately.

Background: Escherichia coli can cause intestinal diseases in humans and livestock, destroy the intestinal barrier, exacerbate systemic inflammation, and seriously threaten human health and animal husbandry development. The antimicrobial peptide MPX is extracted from venom and possesses good antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate whether MPX could be effective against E. coli infection. Results: In this study, the CCK-8 and lactic dehydrogenase results showed that MPX exhibited no toxicity in IPEC-J2 cells even at a concentration of 128 µg/mL. Furthermore, MPX notably suppressed the levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase and LDH induced by E. coli and reduced inflammation by inhibiting the p-p38-, TLR4- and p-p65-dependent pathways. In addition, MPX improved the expression of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin and enhanced the wound healing ability of IPEC-J2 cells. The therapeutic effect of MPX was evaluated in a murine model, and the results showed that MPX could protect mice against lethal infection with E. coli, improve the survival rate of the mice, and reduce the colonization of E. coli in organs and feces. H&E staining showed that MPX increased the length of villi and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the jejunum, and the effect of MPX was better than that of enrofloxacin. The SEM and TEM results showed that MPX effectively ameliorated the damage caused by E. coli to the jejunum and increased the number and length of microvilli. In addition, real-time PCR revealed that MPX decreased the expression of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α in the jejunum and colon. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence studies revealed that MPX could reduce the expression of p-p38 and p-p65 in the jejunum, thereby reducing the secretion of inflammatory factors. Moreover, MPX increased the mRNA and protein expression of ZO-1, occludin and MUC2 in the jejunum and colon, improved the function of the intestinal barrier and promoted the absorption of nutrients. Conclusion: This study suggests that MPX may be an effective therapeutic agent against E. coli infection and other intestinal diseases, laying the foundation for the development of new drugs for bacterial infections.

Halofuginone (HF) is an extract from the widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Dichroa febrifuga that facilitates the recovery of wounds and attenuates hepatic fibrosis. However, the role of HF in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of IPEC-J2 cells remains unclear. The current study explored the anti-EMT effect of HF in IPEC-J2 cells and illustrates its molecular mechanism. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), as a recognized profibrogenic cytokine, decreased the level of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased the level of the mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, fibronectin (FN), vimentin (Vim), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), in IPEC-J2 cells depending on the exposure time and dose. HF markedly prevented the EMT induced by TGF-β1. Dissection of the mechanism revealed that HF inhibited IPEC-J2 cell EMT via modulating the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and the SMAD2/3-SMAD4 complex nuclear translocation. Furthermore, HF could promote the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), which modulates the SMAD signaling pathway. These results suggested that HF inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT in IPEC-J2 cells through the eIF2α/SMAD signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that HF can serve as a potential anti-EMT agent in intestinal fibrosis therapy.

Because of increasing incidence of resistance to infectious microorganisms, immunotherapy has been considered as an alternative/complementary to chemotherapy. More so Abrus precatorius leaf extract has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in animals. In view of this, comparative haematology and biochemistry of cocktail vaccine (DHLPPi) and Abrus precatorius seed extract (APSE) was studied in rats. Sixteen (16) Nigerian local dogs of both sexes weighing 7.19 ± 0.46 kg, aged 15.44 ± 0.76 weeks old were divided into four groups of 4 each. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was administered 1 ml of normal saline (0.9%), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg)+DHLPPi (1 ml) and DHLPPi (1 ml) respectively. Fourteen days after administration of the extract and vaccine, 3 ml of blood sample was collected from each of the dogs for haematology and serum biochemistry. The findings revealed significantly (P < 0.05)decreased packed cell volume, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, neutrophils, leucocytes, platelets and increased monocytes, decreased total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the group administered extract and extract/vaccine. Hence, the extract and extract/DHLPPi vaccine can be used in prevention chronic viral infection of dogs.

The most vulnerable place in poultry farms is incubation, microorganisms are able to survive the entire period of incubation and penetrate through the eggshell, to be the source of infection with embryos, to affect the reduction of the percentage of conditional young birds, growth and development in the early days of cultivation. The accumulated pathogenic microflora negatively affects the state of the immune system of the bird. Contaminated with conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microflora egg is the main link in the transmission of all bacterial infections. In Ukraine, for the pre-incubation treatment of eggs, sodium hydroxide, formalin, chloramine, persicum C. are used. These agents exhibit bactericidal properties, but are toxic, have corrosive activity and are carcinogens. The «SunTime» kit consists of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride and a mixture of organic acid salts (lemon, amber, and apple). These substances provide an effective bactericidal action against a wide range of bacteria, are safe for poultry embryos and personnel, have a stimulating effect on the growth and development of the embryo, provide a prolonged bactericidal action. The purpose of the study of the effectiveness of a complex ecologically safe sanitizers set «SunSim», its application for pre-incubation processing of chicken eggs. In experimental studies, two groups were formed, each with n = 250. In order to disinfect the surface of the shell of the incubation egg, two times aerosol treatment of the experimental group using 0.3% of SunStim was carried out, the first time the sanitation of the incubation eggs was carried out before the laying on the incubation cabinet, the exposure was 40 minutes, the second final treatment was carried out on the 18th day of incubation, to extract, a working solution of organic acids (amber, lemon and apple) to stimulate embryonic viability and increase the natural resistance of the embryos. For the control group, formalin was used. After two times of the sanation of the incubation eggs with the SunStim set, the percentage of decontamination of the shell surface of the incubation eggs was 99.1 ± 0.5%. While analyzing the results of the incubation waste category of «dead and drowning» by 3,6% less compared with the control, and the category of «crippled» was not observed. The use of the SunStim set improves the quality of surface treatment of the shell of incubation eggs, increases the incubation eggs output by 4.5-5.0%, the average body weight of the received young animals in experimental groups exceeds control by 4%.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of highly contagious and fatal respiratory infections, causing substantial economic losses to the global pig industry. Due to increased antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotic alternatives for treating A. pleuropneumoniae infections. MPX is obtained from wasp venom and has a killing effect on various bacteria. This study found that MPX had a good killing effect on A. pleuropneumoniae and that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 16 μg/mL. The bacterial density of A. pleuropneumoniae decreased 1000 times after MPX (1 × MIC) treatment for 1 h, and the antibacterial activity was not affected by pH or temperature. Fluorescence microscopy showed that MPX (1 × MIC) destroyed the bacterial cell membrane after treatment for 0.5 h, increasing membrane permeability and releasing bacterial proteins and Ca2+, Na+ and other cations. In addition, MPX (1 × MIC) treatment significantly reduced the formation of bacterial biofilms. Quantitative RT-PCR results showed that MPX treatment significantly upregulated the expression of the PurC virulence gene and downregulated that of ApxI, ApxII, and Apa1. In addition, the Sap A gene was found to play an important role in the tolerance of A. pleuropneumoniae to antimicrobial peptides. Therapeutic evaluation in a murine model showed that MPX protects mice from a lethal dose of A. pleuropneumoniae and relieves lung inflammation. This study reports the use of MPX to treat A. pleuropneumonia infections, laying the foundation for the development of new drugs for bacterial infections.

Animal rights in recent years occupy a significant place among the themes of general national discourse in Ukraine. This year, under the pressure of the public in Ukraine, a law according to the humane attitude towards the "younger brothers" was adopted. But which rights do animals have? And what’s really going on? Legislation on animal protection is not executed even at the level where it is. How often do people who cause animal suffering in my country have the appropriate punishment? The report provides an analysis of the preconditions for reforming the attitude towards animals and their rights. The complexity of solving problem of humane attitude towards animals lies in the fact that it can not be regulated just based on the data of scientific experiments. Evaluation of the ability of animals to consciously feel pain, suffer, think, speak, understand themselves and the events around them is a difficult issue for many people. So, what is Animal Law? And what is Animal Ethic? Do we understand and recognize such concepts in my country?

The purpose of the work was to study the antimicrobial activity of 2-((4-R-3-(morfolinomethylene)-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)thio) acetic acid salts by "hanging drop" and “serial dilution” methods in broth (limiting concentration option) and establish some patterns of "structure – action" depending. Materials and methods. The objects of research were 9 new compounds of 2-((4-R-3-(morfolinomethylene)-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)thio) acetic acid salts. These compounds are the crystal substances which are odorless, soluble in water and organic solvents. To achieve a more objective picture of the research we applied two methods: "hanging drop" and “serial dilution” in broth (limiting concentration option). To study the effectiveness of substances we used the test cultures of E. coli , Salmonella typhymurium , Staphylococcus epidermidis, P. aeruginosa . Results and discussion. In the study we have found that 2-((4-R-3-(morfolinomethylene)-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)thio) acetic acid salts can differently inhibit the growth of test cultures. The results show that the data obtained by two methods correlated with each other. Thus, the 2-((4-R-3-(morfolinomethylene)-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)thio) acetic acid salts are active against most strains of E. Coli . and Salmonella typhymurium . Analyzing the impact of 2-((4-R-3-(morfolinomethylene)-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-5-yl)thio) acetic acid salts we have noted that the replacement of the phenyl radical (PKR-135, 139) on the free amino group at N4 nitrogen of 1,2,4- triazole cycle (PKR-173, 177) leads to the disappearance of antimicrobial activity against the studied strains. It was established that the transition from morfolin cation (PKR-133) to the piperydyn cation (PKR-134) in the molecules of 2-((4-phenyl-3-(morfolinometylen)-4 H -1,2,4-triazole-5-yl) thio) acetic acid is accompanied by a significant increase in antimicrobial effect. It was interesting that among all the cations in the molecules of 2-((4-amino-3-(morfolinometylen)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-5-yl) thio) acetic acid salt (PKR-173, 174, 177, 234) only the presence of sodium cation (PKR-174) leads to a pronounced antimicrobial effect against studied strains. Conclusions. The study had found that the most effective in relation to the main groups of pathogenic bacteria are substances PKR-134, 135, 136, 139 and 174. Certain regularities based on "structure-action" have been established, this information can be integrated into future targeted search of substances with antimicrobial properties.