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Introduction High mountain climbing has surged in popularity over the past few decades, attracting a diverse range of participants from professional athletes to even recreational enthusiasts, given that this sport has become commercial and more accessible. While high mountain climbing offers numerous mental and physical benefits, it also presents significant risks, among them one of the most dangerous is acute mountain sickness (AMS). Correct techniques of prevention are absolutely vital for the success of the expedition. To be able to read correctly the symptoms is essential for making the right decision during hike and knowing how to act once AMS occurs is necessary to ensure safety for all climbers. Aim of the study The purpose of this narrative is to comprehensively describe information about the prevention, symptoms and instructions concerning further procedure while dealing with acute mountain sickness (AMS). Materials and methods The methodology of the literature search involved using the keywords “acute mountain sickness” and adding terms such as “prevention”, “symptoms”, “diagnosis”, “risk factors” and “treatment”. The search terms were entered into the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The review works and clinical trials were taken into account. Conclusion Acute mountain climbing occurs above 2500 m. The most important aspects of prevention and treatment is controlled ascent, rapid diagnosis and instant initiation of treatment, meaning descent. The pharmacologic prophylaxis and therapy is not recommended in every case, all of the decisions must be taken individually according to severity of symptoms and general situation in the mountains.

Introduction Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a group of connective tissue disorders, the essence of which are abnormalities in the function of collagen. One type of EDS with an unknown genetic basis is the hypermobile form of EDS (hEDS). hEDS manifests mainly in musculoskeletal defects, as well as chronic pain. There is extremely high need to correctly diagnose and then correctly treat patients with hEDS. Initially conservative treatment is used, but if patients fail to achieve relief, surgical treatment is considered. Aim of the study The purpose of the authors was to gather all the information regarding hEDS in terms of surgical treatment. The authors focused mainly on finding the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods and also on collecting information on the indications for choosing the given surgical methods. Materials and methods The methodology of the literature search involved using the keywords: „hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome”, „shoulder instability”, „joint hypermobility”, „chronic pain” and „Latarjet”. The search terms were entered into the PubMed database. References include systematic reviews, but also clinical trials, as well as case reports. Conclusion Currently available literature does not offer enough information to undertake standardized management of patients with hEDS. Not only is there a lack of studies on groups of patients with hEDS, but also on large groups of patients without hEDS, making it impossible to choose the best method based on the available clinical trials. Moreover, through the lack of such studies, it becomes impossible to truly assess whether patients with hEDS have a higher rate of surgical failure and thus a higher risk of inappropriate management of a specific patient with hEDS.

Introduction Nicotine addiction poses a significant public health concern in Poland, exacerbated by smoking, e-cigarettes, and heated tobacco products. While tobacco companies claim their alternatives aid cessation, their vested interests warrant cautious scrutiny. This study examines tobacco harm reduction strategies. Aim of the Study This study examines IQOS tobacco heaters as a potential harm reduction alternative for smokers. Analyzing health data and regulatory findings, particularly from the FDA, it evaluates the effectiveness and public health impact of heated tobacco products within broader harm reduction strategies. Materials and Methods This study examined literature and data to assess IQOS and heated tobacco products' chemical and health risks. It analyzed findings to compare IQOS aerosol and cigarette smoke toxicant exposures, clarifying IQOS's nicotine profile and smoking cessation potential. Conclusion The findings indicate IQOS may reduce certain toxin exposures compared to cigarettes, but long-term health impacts are unclear. Further research is needed on IQOS's effects, including disease, addiction, and population-level consequences. Cautious regulation is warranted due to youth risks and ethical concerns surrounding nicotine alternatives.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect, characterized by the presence of two cusps of the valve instead of three. This defect leads to hemodynamic and morphological disturbances, potentially resulting in serious health complications. BAV often remains asymptomatic for a long time, with symptoms eventually arising from valve degeneration along with the remodeling of the heart and aortic root, which are consequences of the initial condition. The aim of this study is to compile information regarding the defect, current treatment options, and potential new therapeutic directions. The classical approach for treatment is surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR), which involves replacing the abnormal valve with either a mechanical or biological prosthesis through access via sternotomy. Mechanical valves are characterized by their longer lifespan but require ongoing anticoagulant therapy, whereas biological valves do not necessitate anticoagulation, although they tend to have a shorter durability. An alternative to SAVR is minimally invasive transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), which offers a shorter recovery time but limited long-term durability data restricts its use in younger patients. Other treatment options include the Ross procedure and valvuloplasty procedures, which may serve as viable solutions for pediatric patients. Despite the availability of different treatment methods, the selection of an appropriate therapeutic strategy remains a challenge, as each option carries distinct benefits and risks. Patient education plays a crucial role in the decision-making process, helping to alleviate anxiety and improve treatment outcomes. Emerging fields such as medical bioengineering might offer promising solutions in the future for patients with BAV.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors among women worldwide. HER2 receptor is a protein that plays a role in cell growth, division, and repair. Approximately 50% of HER2 –negative breast cancers express low levels of HER2 receptors. HER2-low breast cancer is a newly characterized subtype of breast cancers that express low levels of HER2 receptor but do not meet the criteria for HER2 positivity and HER2 negative with SCORE - 0 in immunohistochemistry. Recent studies have discovered that HER2-targeted therapies can be effective even at low HER2 expression levels. Aim of study: The purpose of this review was to increase awareness of HER2- low breast cancer. The objective was also to underscore the importance of detecting low and very low expression of HER2 receptors. The other goal of this project is to raise awareness of potential new directions in oncological treatments including antibody–drug conjugates. Materials and methods: The review was based on the analysis of materials collected in the „Pubmed” and Google Scholar databases. The search was performed using the keywords: „HER2-low breast cancer”, trastuzumab deruxtecan antibody–drug conjugates”, „HER2-low diagnostic algorithm”. Conclusion: The results of the DESTINY - Breast04 study shows that trastuzumab-deruxtecan significantly improved both progression-free survival and overall survival among all patients including hormone-positive patients cohort compared to chemotherapy. While trastuzumab-deruxtecan is highly effective, it does come with specific safety considerations that necessitate close monitoring.

Introduction Urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women, seriously impacting their sexual health and quality of life. In the postmenopausal period, multiple hormonal and structural changes occur in female body. These conditions can lead to psychosomatic disorders, causing shame, social withdrawal, and negatively affecting sexual health. Loss of bladder control creates discomfort during sex, reducing satisfaction for both women and their partners. Management strategies for UI in postmenopausal women include pelvic floor training, medications, and surgical options. Addressing the psychosocial aspects of urinary incontinence through counseling and education is essential for empowering women to seek support. Aim of the study The article discusses urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women, highlighting its impact on sexual health. It discusses the hormonal and physiological changes related to this condition and aims to present effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Materials and methods We searched the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, clinical trial registry platforms, and Google Scholar, using key terms such as "urinary incontinence," "postmenopausal women," "sexual health," "lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).” Conclusion UI is a serious problem affecting many postmenopausal women. It is crucial to elevate the understanding of both patients and medical staff about diagnosis, effective treatment options, and the importance of mental support. By taking this approach, we can create a healthcare environment that is more informed and compassionate.

Introduction Left ventricular (LV) pseudoaneurysm is a rare but life-threatening complication following myocardial infarction (MI). Unlike true aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms lack myocardial elements in their structure, which increases the risk of rupture and sudden death. The diagnosis is challenging due to its often subtle and nonspecific symptoms. The high mortality rate associated with untreated pseudoaneurysms highlights the importance of awareness and prompt diagnosis. All patients after MI should receive specialized care and follow-up examinations to prevent unattended states of emergency. Purpose of research This systematic review aims to discuss a rare complication of MI in a form of LV pseudoaneurysm. Due to its potential asymptomatic course, it is important to highlight the importance of a meticulous clinical and echocardiographic follow-up in all patients with a history of MI. Materials and methods The study was conducted through search across PubMed and Google Scholar databases, using keywords such as “left ventricular pseudoaneurysm”, “myocardial infarction”, “post-infarction imagining”, “surgical treatment of pseudoaneurysms”. The analysis focused on scientific literature with validated insights into the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of the MI complication in a form of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Results and conclusions The potentially fatal consequences of pseudoaneurysm dictate proactive approach in the treatment of patients with a history of MI. Routine follow-up examinations, comprehensive cardiac imaging and a high clinical alertness are essential for early diagnosis. By providing meticulous post-MI care, healthcare professionals can improve patients outcomes and reduce mortality.

Introduction Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound widely used in producing consumer plastics like polycarbonate and epoxy resins. Recognized as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), BPA has been linked to various adverse health effects, including impacts on human fertility. Exposure to BPA has been associated with infertility risks not only through direct mechanisms but also by causing transgenerational effects, potentially compromising fertility in future generations. Aim of the Study This review aims to summarize recent evidence identifying BPA as an environmental contributor to infertility in humans. We explore mechanisms through which BPA disrupts the endocrine system, focusing on its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, and embryo implantation. Additionally, we discuss research on BPA’s potential long-term reproductive risks across generations and assess strategies for reducing BPA exposure. Materials and Methods We reviewed epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies published over the past decade, with a search conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Both human and animal model studies were considered to provide a comprehensive perspective. Search terms included "Bisphenol A," "fertility," "endocrine disruptors," "spermatogenesis," "oogenesis," and "transgenerational effects." Conclusions BPA, an EDC ubiquitous in the environment, is shown to disrupt male and female fertility. Expanding research and regulatory measures are needed to reduce the reproductive health risks posed by BPA exposure to protect current and future generations.