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Health behaviour are human actions which directly or indirectly influence our health. The elderly are a group of people who should especially take care of their health. Taking up this issue is justified by the rising life expectancy of the society and the related increasing costs of social care. Considering the current situation, it seems required to provide the older generation with education in the field of health promotion and health behaviour. The study involved 689 individuals over 60 years of age from Poland. A diagnostic survey was applied in the research. A survey technique was used including the Health Behaviour Inventory (HBI) and own questionnaire. Elderly people have more health behaviour associated with prophylactic measures and a positive mental attitude, but least related to eating habits. Women, people over 75 years of age and better educated people with good financial standing adopt significantly more health behaviour. The subject concerning health behaviour of elderly people needs to be further explored and completed. This study may contribute to better quality of life in elderly population.

The purpose of this article was to demonstrate dimorphism in the motor skills of 17-19-year-old students from schools in Bydgoszcz measured using MTSF. The research was conducted among 2,832 students of both sexes (1,686 boys and 1,146 girls) from schools in Bydgoszcz. Dimorphic differences were determined using the Student’s t-Test, Mollison’s indicators and the T-score. The study results were presented in the graphical and tabular form. The following conclusions were drawn: 1. The older the boys were the better results were achieved in tests including standing long jump, hand-grip dynamometer, pull-ups, 50m sprint, 4 x 10m shuttle run and 1000m sprint, whereas in the case of girls it was hanging on a pull-up bar and 50m sprint. The remaining results were different in terms of the age of respondents. 2. Boys were reported to have better results than girls in all tests and age groups (except for flexibility at the age of 19). Statistical significance at the confidence level of 1% was reported in almost all tests. 3. The largest differences measured by means of Mollison’s ratio were observed in the hand-grip test. 4. The results of the students involved in the study expressed in points after calculation according to the T-scale revealed bigger motor skills in girls in all age groups being compared in relation to their peers and only in the group of 19-year-old boys the results proved to be better.

Abstract Introduction and purpose of the study: Physical activity is the key element of a healthy lifestyle. It is hard to associate it only with meeting the biological needs (Osiński, 1996). As hypokinesis is growing with age, it is becoming the cause of regress observed in physical fitness and efficiency of young generations (Woynarowska, 2008). The purpose of the study was to illustrate the condition of somatic development and motor skills in 17-19-year-old boys from the rural and urban areas of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship. The correlations between the studied somatic characteristics and motor skills considering the age of respondents were identified using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Material and methods: The study involved 1,147 boys aged 17-19 years from the areas of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodeship in 2015. The research was diagnostic and cross-sectional (transversal) in nature. The somatic parameters (body height and weight) were calculated in accordance with the guidelines adopted in anthropology whereas motor skills by means of MTSF. The correlations between the studied measurable parameters were identified by estimating the Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The study results were shown in the tabular and descriptive form. Results: The study revealed linear correlations between the somatic parameters and some motor skills in all age groups of boys (17-19 years). Conclusions: In order to establish the strategic directions for the changes concerning the condition of physical fitness, a detailed diagnosis of the current state is required that will help the school work of physical education teachers who can control different elements of biological development of their students in a better and more efficient way.

The aim of the work is to present the annual activities as well as their effects, as part of the "Citizens for Activity" project implemented by the Marshal's Office of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship, the Foundation for the Development of Physical Culture, the Center for Social Challenges of the University of Warsaw and the Run To Run Association. The aim of the project was to prepare a diagnosis of sport in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian region and then to create the Kujawsko-Pomorski Program for Sport Development. This undertaking is the first in Poland, so widely and long-term planned process of creating a voivodship program in this field. One of the main goals of the project was to develop elements of the marketing strategy and standards of funding and management of sports projects promoting the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voivodship. This article is a case study.

Łubkowska Wioletta, Połeć Justyna, Szark-Eckardt Mirosława, Żukowska Hanna. Subjective assessment of kinesitherapy as an element of comprehensive rehabilitation process of subjects with lower spine pain. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(2):255-266. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46656 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3398 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/717132 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2016. Revised 12.02.2016. Accepted: 21.02.2016. Subjective assessment of kinesitherapy as an element of comprehensive rehabilitation process of subjects with lower spine pain Łubkowska Wioletta¹, Połeć Justyna¹, Szark-Eckardt Mirosława², Żukowska Hanna² ¹ Department of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Poland ² Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Abstract Background. Spinal pain has triggered interest in many fields of medicine, such as orthopedics, neurology, rheumatology, and rehabilitation. Despite ongoing development of surgery techniques, a major role is played by fitness improvement treatments, which need to be promoted. The aim of the research was a subjective assessment of kinesitherapy as an element of comprehensive rehabilitation process of subjects with lower spine pain. Material/Methods. This paper has an empirical character. The research was conducted amongst a randomly selected group of 60 patients of Independent Public Health Care Unit in Choszczno, Poland (rehabilitation at an outpatients’ clinic), aged 20-51. All of them were subjected to a series of 10 kinesitherapy treatments. The research used diagnostic polling method and the following techniques: survey and implicit interview. Results. The research proved that after completion of 10 treatments, the subjects noticed a significant improvement of their health. Kinesitherapy helped return to an active professional life for those who were forced to resign or suspend their work. Subjects reported that 10 kinesitherapy treatments were enough to notice their effectiveness in lumbar spine pain reduction. Kinesitherapy treatments resulted in a reduced usage of painkillers. Conclusions. There is evidence of positive impact of physical exercise on treatment results and beneficial effects in patients with spinal pain. Proper education aimed at changing bad habits and advising how to care for spine may be a powerful way to fight for health. Keywords: spine, pain syndromes, lumbar spine, kinesitherapy, curative exercises, improving fitness.

Łubkowska Wioletta, Szark-Eckardt Mirosława, Żukowska Hanna. Znaki obowiązujące na krytych pływalniach jako system wspomagający bezpieczeństwo i higienę wodnej aktywności rekreacyjno-sportowej = Signs binding at indoor pools as a system supporting the safety and hygiene of water recreational and sport activity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):551-564. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35697 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A551-564 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/684761 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Łubkowska Wioletta, Szark-Eckardt Mirosława, Żukowska Hanna. Znaki obowiązujące na krytych pływalniach jako system wspomagający bezpieczeństwo i higienę wodnej aktywności rekreacyjno-sportowej. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(3):7-19. eISSN 2450-3118. http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/QiS/article/view/QUALITY%20IN%20SPORT%201%20%283%29%202015%2C%20s.%207-19 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.11.2015. Revised 20.11.2015. Accepted: 30.11.2015. Wioletta Łubkowska Wydział Kultury Fizycznej i Promocji Zdrowia, Uniwersytet Szczeciński Mirosława Szark-Eckardt, Hanna Żukowska Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Znaki obowiązujące na krytych pływalniach jako system wspomagający bezpieczeństwo i higienę wodnej aktywności rekreacyjno-sportowej Signs binding at indoor pools as a system supporting the safety and hygiene of water recreational and sport activity Streszczenie Celem badań było określenie stopnia i charakteru zagrożeń występujących w strefie oznakowania pływalni krytych odnoszących się do wymaganych zasad bezpieczeństwa. Badania przeprowadzono na 29 obiektach, zlokalizowanych na terenie dziesięciu województw. Posłużono się metodą jakościowych badań terenowych oraz metodą badań niereaktywnych. Stwierdzono, iż w ponad połowie badanych pływalni krytych (51,7%) znak zakazu A-8 „skakanie do wody zabronione” miał formę graficzną niezgodną z obowiązującymi przepisami. Znaki informacyjne: C-2 – „niebezpieczna głębokość wody” i C-3 – „nagły uskok” wystąpiły tylko w 27,6% badanych obiektów. W zakresie znaków pozaprawnych – komunikatorów stwierdzono, że nie istnieje ujednolicony sposób przekazywania informacji. Używana symbolika jest bardzo różnorodna, co powoduje chaos w postaci różnych oznakowań. W celu zwiększenia bezpieczeństwa osób korzystających z pływalni krytych należałoby podjąć działania zmierzające do opracowania i wprowadzenia ujednoliconych wzorów oznaczeń, co stanowi konieczny warunek pełnego uczestnictwa we współczesnej kulturze fizycznej. Słowa kluczowe: pływalnia kryta, parki wodne, bezpieczeństwo, higiena, znaki, piktogramy, ratownictwo wodne, WOPR. Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the level and nature of risks occurring in the sign zone of indoor pools relating to required safety rules. The research was conducted at 29 facilities located in ten provinces. The method of qualitative field research was applied. It was found that at more than half of the examined indoor pools (51.7%) the A-8 prohibitory sign “jumping into water is prohibited” had the graphic form that was inconsistent with the binding provisions. The information signs: C-2 – “dangerous depth of water” and C-3 – “sudden drop” occurred only at 27.6% of examined facilities. Within the scope of non-legal signs – communicators it was found that there is no uniform manner of providing information. The symbols used is very diverse which causes chaos in the form of various markings. In order to improve the safety of persons using the indoor pools, activities aiming at developing and introducing uniform models of markings should be undertaken, which constitutes a necessary condition of full participation in modern physical culture. Key words: indoor pool, water parks, safety, hygiene, signs, pictograms, water rescue, WOPR [Volunteer Water Rescue Service].

Szark-Eckardt Mirosława, Kowalczyk Łukasz, Żukowska Hanna, Łubkowska Wioletta. Doping i suplementy stosowane w bydgoskich siłowniach = Doping and supplementation applied in Bydgoszcz gyms. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):577-594. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35700 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A577-594 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/684798 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Szark-Eckardt Mirosława, Kowalczyk Łukasz, Żukowska Hanna, Łubkowska Wioletta. Doping i suplementy stosowane w bydgoskich siłowniach. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(2):26-42. eISSN 2450-3118. The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.11.2015. Revised 20.11.2015. Accepted: 30.11.2015. Mirosława Szark-Eckardt, Łukasz Kowalczyk, Hanna Żukowska Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki Wioletta Łubkowska Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Wydział Kultury Fizycznej i Promocji Zdrowia Doping i suplementy stosowane w bydgoskich siłowniach Doping and supplementation applied in Bydgoszcz gyms Streszczenie Celem pracy jest określenie jakich środków dopingujących oraz jakich suplementów diety używają osoby ćwiczące na siłowniach w Bydgoszczy. Badania zostały przeprowadzone wśród osób trenujących na siłowniach w Bydgoszczy. Metodą, która została zastosowana był sondaż diagnostyczny. Na podstawie badań można stwierdzić, że sterydy anaboliczno-androgenne są najczęściej stosowanym środkiem dopingującym. Badania wykazały również, że znaczna część badanych stosuje kreatynę w celu poprawienia wyglądu sylwetki, co wpływa na jakość ich treningów. Prawie wszyscy ankietowani natomiast twierdzą, że suplementacja jest zjawiskiem powszechnie występującym. Słowa kluczowe: doping, suplementy, siłownia, Bydgoszcz. Abstract The aim of the study is to determine what kind of doping and what kind of supplements are in use by those exercising in gyms in Bydgoszcz. The study was conducted among people practicing in gyms in Bydgoszcz. Method that was used was a diagnostic survey. Based on research it can be concluded that the anabolic androgenic steroids are the most commonly used doping. It can be also conclude that a significant proportion of respondents is using creatine to improve the appearance of the figure, which affects the quality of training. Almost all respondents claim that supplementation is a phenomenon commonly occured. Key words: doping, supplements, gym, Bydgoszcz.

The aim of the research was to determine the level and nature of risks occurring in the sign zone of indoor pools relating to required safety rules. The research was conducted at 29 facilities located in ten provinces. The method of qualitative field research was applied. It was found that at more than half of the examined indoor pools (51.7%) the A-8 prohibitory sign “jumping into water is prohibited” had the graphic form that was inconsistent with the binding provisions. The information signs: C-2 – “dangerous depth of water” and C-3 – “sudden drop” occurred only at 27.6% of examined facilities. Within the scope of non-legal signs – communicators it was found that there is no uniform manner of providing information. The symbols used is very diverse which causes chaos in the form of various markings. In order to improve the safety of persons using the indoor pools, activities aiming at developing and introducing uniform models of markings should be undertaken, which constitutes a necessary condition of full participation in modern physical culture.

Mrozkowiak Mirosław, Żukowska Hanna. Znaczenie Dobrego Krzesła, jako elementu szkolnego i domowego środowiska ucznia, w profilaktyce zaburzeń statyki postawy ciała = The significance of Good Chair as part of children’s school and home environment in the preventive treatment of body statistics distortions. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(7):179-215. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19832 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%287%29%3A179-215 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/582700 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19832 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 21.04.2015. Revised 28.05.2015. Accepted: 30.06.2015. Znaczenie Dobrego Krzesła, jako elementu szkolnego i domowego środowiska ucznia, w profilaktyce zaburzeń statyki postawy ciała The significance of Good Chair as part of children’s school and home environment in the preventive treatment of body statistics distortions 1Mirosław Mrozkowiak, 1Hanna Żukowska 1Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Instytut Kultury Fizycznej 1Kazimierz Wielki University, Physical Culture Institute Słowa kluczowe: Dobre Krzesło, przestrzenne asymetrie postawy ciała. Key words: Good Chair, spatial asymmetries of body posture. Streszczenie Wstęp W wieku od 7 do 12 lat występuje zdecydowanie największy odsetek postaw o zaburzonej symetrii przestrzennej, a ósmy rok życia jest okresem, w którym występuje szczególne zagrożenie prawidłowej postawy ciała. Analiza zebranych wyników pod kątem częstości występowania różnych zaburzeń postawy wykazała, że najczęstszy błędem postawy ciała wśród dzieci i młodzieży polskiej jest postawa o asymetrycznym przebiegu linii wyrostków kolczystych kręgosłupa wypukłością skierowaną w lewo 23,81% i cechach pleców okrągłych 17,34%. Środowisko szkolne i domowe ucznia to między innymi meble, które nie tylko powinny harmonizować z otaczającą przestrzenią, być estetyczne i praktyczne, adekwatne do masy i wysokości ciała, ale również komfortowe dla dziecka. Oznacza to, że kryteria ich doboru muszą brać pod uwagę wymogi ergonomii: dostosowanie do długości i rodzaju wykonywanej aktywności, jego proporcje uwzględniające masę i wysokość ciała, aktywność fizyczną podczas lekcji i przerw międzylekcyjnych. Celem badań było określenie w jakim stopniu Dobre Krzesło, jako element środowiska szkolnego i domowego ucznia, oddziałuje na zaburzenia statyki postawy ciała w wieku od 7 do 10 lat. Materiał i metoda Materiał badawczy stanowiło w 1 edycji: 194, drugiej: 194 i 3 edycji 142 dzieci Szkół Podstawowych, w których trzykrotnie przestrzennie zdiagnozowano postawę ciała, stosując zestaw komputerowy wykorzystujący zjawisko mory projekcyjnej. Dzieci podzielono na trzy grupy, te które korzystały z Dobrego Krzesła w szkole i w domu, które korzystały z Dobrego Krzesła tylko w szkole i te które korzystały z krzeseł tradycyjnych w szkole i domu. Wnioski • Dobre Krzesło w procesie korekcji zaburzeń statyki ciała pełni istotną i uzupełniającą rolę w stosunku do wysiłków fizycznych stosowanych w ramach zajęć korekcyjnych postawy ciała. Jest rodzajem ortezy, spełniającej zadania pomocniczego sprzętu ortopedycznego w profilaktyce dzieci w wieku 7-10 lat. • Podjęty problem wymaga szeroko zakrojonych badań środowiska szkolnego i jego oddziaływania na postawę ciała ucznia. Program diagnozujący znaczenie różnych zagrożeń somatyki należy wdrożyć niezwłocznie, bowiem planowana reforma edukacji wprowadza do szkoły dzieci sześcioletnie. Summary Introduction In children and teenagers at the ages from 7 to 12 one observes the highest percentage of distorted body posture symmetry, and the children at the age of 8 are especially prone to possible body posture distortions. Research on the frequency of incidence of various body posture distortions indicates that the most common reason of poor body posture among Polish children and adolescents is asymmetrical spinous process protruding left, in 23,81% of the individuals, and hyperkyphosis (round back), in 17,34% of the individuals. Children’s school and home environment comprises inter alia of the furniture, which should not only harmonize with surrounding space but also be aesthetically pleasing and practical, proportional to children’s body mass and height as well as comfortable. Therefore the criteria of furniture choice need to remain in agreement with some ergonomic requirements, namely they should be adjusted to the duration and kind of performed activity, proportional to children’s body mass and height as well as children’s physical activity during lessons and interclass breaks. The aim of the study was to determine to what extent Good Chair as part of school and home environments affects body statistics distortions at the ages from 7 to 10. Materials and methods Research material in first edition of the study was collected from 194 primary school children, in second edition from 194 primary school children and in the third edition from 142 primary school children, whose body posture was analyzed three times with the use of a computer set with projection moiré. The children were divided into three groups, those who used Good Chair at school and at home, those who used Good Chair only at school and those who used traditional chairs at school and at home. Conclusions • Good Chair plays a significant role, and complementary to physical effort performed during corrective classes, in the correction of body statistics distortions. It is a kind of orthotics, being a supplementary orthopedic equipment in the preventive treatment of children at the ages from 7 to 10. • The problem undertaken in the study requires broad research on the school environment and its effects on children’s body posture. Diagnostic research into various threats to body somatics should be implemented immediately, especially because the planned education reform introduces the six-year-olds to schools.

The aim of the study is to determine what kind of doping and what kind of supplements are in use by those exercising in gyms in Bydgoszcz.The study was conducted among people practicing in gyms in Bydgoszcz. Method that was used was a diagnostic survey.Based on research it can be concluded that the anabolic androgenic steroids are the most commonly used doping. It can be also conclude that a significant proportion of respondents is using creatine to improve the appearance of the figure, which affects the quality of training. Almost all respondents claim that supplementation is a phenomenon commonly occured.

Flexibility is one of the elements – components which support physical fitness and health as well (Howley, Franks, 1997; Bouchard, Shephard, 1994; Skinner, Oja, 1994). The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of additional flexibility exercises on physical fitness in lower secondary school students, evaluated by means of IPFT (the International Physical Fitness Test). The study was conducted in two experimental groups, where extra flexibility exercises were added to all obligatory PE lessons, and one control group. 1. The decreased standard deviation observed in particular IPFT attempts in the experimental class is the correct tendency showing the favorable influence of flexibility exercises on students’ physical fitness and health. 2. An improvement and considerably better, though statistically insignificant, results were obtained by the students involved in the additional exercises, in all assessed motor skills (strength, speed, endurance and flexibility) and in the scoring reflecting the level of physical fitness.3. After one year of exercises the control group had worse average results in two attempts – 50 m run (to assess speed) and standing forward bend (to measure flexibility). This trend indicates the importance of flexibility exercises as regards speed and agility.

Purpose: Early diagnosis is one of meaningful elements of prevention and treatment of postural defects. The objective of the study was an attempt to determine the correlations among the spine - pelvis traits and the feet traits in the population of boys aged 4 to 6 years living in rural areas and cities. Material and method: The study group covered 1506 boys aged 4 to 6 years. The measurement of 104 traits of the spine-pelvis and feet complex was conducted by means of the projection Moiré method for computer-based examination of body posture. Results: there is not much publications on the influence and correlations between the complex of the pelvis-spine traits and the feet traits. There is a correlation between the forming foot type and formation of the spine. The proposed Steinmetz suggestion assuming that if the spine can be corrected with the foot then the foot can be corrected by means of the spine, raises a number of doubts. The author emphasizes the meaning of wearing corrective footwear since proper foot positioning provided by special shoes cannot be the cause of spinal deformities. Conclusions: The spine-pelvis trait in the population of boys most frequently revealing significant influence on the feet traits is the height and depth of thoracic kyphosis. The foot trait among the population of boys living in cities most frequently revealing significant influence on the spine-pelvis traits was the value of the right foot length. In the rural population significant influence on the spine-pelvis traits was revealed by: the length and height of the fifth longitudinal arch of the left foot.

Purpose: to find correlations between characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane and fitness and endurance of first-form children from rural areas. Material: an analysis of more than 30 sources of scientific and educational literature. Results: the study involved 209 children, including 102 girls and 107 boys. They were children who lived in the country since they were born. To assess particular characteristics of body posture, the children were studied by means of the measuring equipment using the projection Moiré system. Motor skills were estimated using selected EUROFIT physical fitness tests (sitting forward bend, standing broad jump, handgrip, sit-and-reach, bent arm hang and 10 x 5 m shuttle run). The level of physical endurance was evaluated with the Harvard Step Test modified by Montoye. Conclusions: the conducted research reveals statistically significant correlations between the characteristics of body posture in the sagittal plane and selected EUROFIT physical fitness tests and physical endurance of the children involved in the study.

Mrozkowiak Mirosław, Mrozkowiak Magdalena, Zukowska Hanna, Sokołowski Marek. Effect of BEMER signal on biological restitution and cognitive processes after endurance exercise. A case study. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(10):175-196. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.160628 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3932 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.09.2016. Revised 24.09.2016. Accepted: 12.10.2016. Effect of BEMER signal on biological restitution and cognitive processes after endurance exercise. A case study Mirosław Mrozkowiak2, Magdalena Mrozkowiak2, Hanna Zukowska1, Marek Sokołowski3 1Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Department of Physical Education, Health and Tourism 2Bioergonsport, Nowa Biała 8p, 09-411 Biała, Polska 3Academy of Physical Education, Poznań Summary Capillary network density in particular tissues grows proportionally to their oxygen demand. BEMER therapy, used as complex or supplementary treatment, improves basic physiological processes, angiokinesis, microcirculation, as well as oxygenation and nutrition of muscle cells. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a male individual who leads a healthy life style and who twice subjected himself to the markings of cognitive functions and selected blood indicators; first, during natural physiological restitution after endurance effort, and second, after restitution enhanced with BEMER therapy. Results. Most significant changes after endurance effort were observed in the following blood indicators: leukocytes, erythrocytes, insulin and cortisol. Least significant changes were noted in the number of lymphocytes and in cognitive functions. Conclusion. • Applied methodology and profile of BEMER signal, through increasing the lumen of microcirculation vessels, variously affects the value of selected blood indicators • The individual results achieved from the conducted measurements may not serve a basis for drawing generalized conclusions on after-endurance effect of BEMER signal; instead, they may be treated as an attempt at showing a direction for further research on the possible changes in the application method of the structurally multidimensional BEMER signal as well as on the intensification of biological restitution after various physical efforts. • More beneficial results of TMT test observed in the second course of measurements are rather a result of learning process than of BEMER therapy itself.