Search

Energy security and pollution are becoming critical issues in the context of climate change and the circular economy, calling for sustainable resources. Asteraceae species, commonly referred as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, are among the largest flowering plants with 23,000 species belonging to 1600 genera, and are a major source of biomass. Here we review botanical characteristics and applications of Asteraceae for bioenergy, remediation, nanotechnology, medicine, food and agriculture. Sunflower is the most used to produce bio-oils with a yearly production of 47 million tons. Sunflower is also used for phytoremediation of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, uranium, and chromium. Artichoke, chicory, purple coneflower, and wormwood display medicinal potential with 27–103 bioactive compounds. Artemisia, calendula, and sunflower oil are precursors for cosmetic and perfume production. Asteraceae species exhibited high efficiencies of 90−96% for removal of remazol red, and reactive blue dyes. Asteraceae species are used for fabrication of nanoparticles, biochar, activated carbon and biocomposites.

Nowadays, some antibiotics including oxytetracycline have been widely consumed over the world due to the increasing demands for essential activities such as human therapies, and agricultural farming. However, a residual amount of antibiotics could accumulate, and cause many negative impacts on aquatic environments. Therefore, the removal of antibiotics from wastewater has paid greatly attention. Herein, we reported the use of cobalt-based zeolite imidazolate framework (Co-ZIF-67) crystals by the microwave-assisted method, and their application for oxytetracycline mitigation. Co-ZIF-67 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. For adsorption experiments, the effect of oxytetracycline concentration (10–50 mg/L), Co-ZIF-67 dose (10–30 mg/L), and pH (3–9) was studied using Box-behnken design, combined with response surface methodology. An optimum finding was proposed with concentration of 10 mg/L, dose of 24.9 mg, and pH of 6.4, which tested for 88.26% removal efficiency. Nonlinear kinetics and isotherms were applied to more insight into the essence of oxytetracycline adsorption. Monolayer maximum adsorption capacity was measured, at 122.9 mg/g. Intraparticle diffusion model suggest a two-stage adsorption process, which first 30-min stage was very fast. The outcomes indicated the uptake of oxytetracycline controlled by chemisorption, in which proposed the role of hydrogen bonding. Through a comparative study, Co-ZIF-67 is recommended as a competitive adsorbent for the treatment of oxytetracycline adsorption.

The pyrolysis and catalytic reforming process of waste plastics are the best pathways to handle vast amounts of waste plastics as they can convert these waste polymers into sustainable products. This study aims to incorporate a natural-clay-mineral (NCM) with LaFeO3 nanoparticles, with the LaFeO3/NCM catalyst in the pyrolysis of polypropylene (PP) being used as an example of plastic waste. The decomposition of PP with and without catalyst has been theoretically studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements under atmospheric pressure and nitrogen atmosphere. The TG/DSC results show that (i) the required temperature for pyrolysis of PP with or without catalyst in a practical system ranges from 460°C to 480°C; (ii) the amount of coke produced on the surface of the NCM or LaFeO3 is about 2 wt.% compared with the initial plastic levels; (iii) with the catalyst, PP not only goes through the phase transitions of solid to liquid to gas but also decomposition and combination processes between components from the hydrocarbon chain scission of PP. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results show significant differences in the fuel oil recovered from the pyrolysis and catalytic reforming process. In the presence of the catalyst, cracking components consist of 49.3% alkenes (branched-chain alkenes, cyclo-alkenes, and alkenes) and 34.4% alkanes, while without the catalyst, branched-chain alkenes were up to 90.2%. Repeated pyrolysis and GC–MS investigations demonstrated the reusability of the LaFeO3/NCM catalyst, which is promising for its recycling and the efficient pyrolysis of PP.

With mobile technologies' rapid development involving wireless networks and internet infrastructure, e-commerce has been evolving into a new, more significant phase: mobile commerce. Businesses throughout the world are highly motivated to invest in mobile commerce infrastructure and deploy their mobile commerce strategies as a source of sustainable competitive advantage to maintain existing and attract new customers. As probably the first systematic and comprehensive effort to date, this study analyzes the factors affecting customers' intention to use mobile commerce in Vietnam. The results show that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, variety of services, and trialability have both direct and indirect positive (via perceived usefulness) impacts on intention to use mobile commerce, while trust and social influence have indirect positive impacts on intention to use mobile commerce in Vietnam. Cost does not have any impact on intention to use mobile commerce in Vietnam. The results of this study are also compared with that of studies on mobile commerce conducted in China and Malaixia by Chong et al. Theoretical and practical implications, especially for helping businesses understand how to capture more customers in a rapidly developing country, Vietnam, are discussed.

In this paper, nanostructured Ni-doped LaFeO3 materials were prepared via a simple co-precipitation method involving the hydrolysis of La(III), Fe(III), and Ni(II) cations in hot water with 5% KOH as a precipitating agent. To evaluate the effects of Ni substitution in these products, their structural phases, lattice parameters, crystallite and grain sizes, and magnetic properties were determined. As the Ni content in the LaFe1-xNixO3 (x = 0–0.25) materials increased, the average crystallite size and lattice parameters decreased. Moreover, across the range of Ni-substitution ratios, all magnetic properties correspondingly changed: the coercive force (Hc) value rose from 42.53 to 173.98 Oe. In contrast, the remanent magnetization (Mr) and saturation magnetization (Ms) values decreased from 1.0· × 10⁻2 to 3.8· × 10⁻4 emu g⁻1, and from 0.24· × 10° to 0.74· × 10⁻4 emu g⁻1, respectively. These predictable changes provide a sound foundation for the fabrication and application of magnetic materials based on nanostructured Ni-doped LaFeO3 substrates.

Herein, a facile strategy to fabricate the novel manganese oxide-imprinted mesoporous carbons (MOPCx, x presents for pyrolysis temperature) was described via the direct pyrolysis of Mn2(BDC)2(DMF)2 (BDC = 1,4–benzenedicarboxylate, DMF = N,N–dimethylformamide) as a self-sacrificed template at various temperatures (x = 550, 750, and 950 °C). The characterization results demonstrated the existence of MnO embedded in carbon structures with different morphologies, and enhancing surface areas (249.86–294.67 m2/g) compared with their precursor (3.59 m2/g). For methylene blue adsorption experiments, the MOPC pyrolyzed at 950 °C (MOPC950) revealed the best candidate with maximum uptake capacity (124.1 mg/g), so far higher than other MOPCx and Mn2(BDC)2(DMF)2 materials. Finally, adsorption mechanisms involving H-bond, and π–π interaction were proposed via the chemisorption between surface functional groups (carboxyl, phenol, lactone, and base).

While universities have been trying to focus their resources and attention on improving e-learning, many universities seem to be lagging behind students' increasing demands and expectations. In order to sustainably grow in an increasingly competitive e-learning environment, it is clear that universities must provide e-learning students with high quality services. To do this, universities are required to understand the attributes that e-learning students use to evaluate service quality. Unfortunately, little research on e-learning service quality has been conducted. This study developed and validated an instrument to measure student perceived e-learning service quality. Based on the relevant literature review and using responses from 1,232 e-learning students, the authors validated a three-factor e-learning service quality instrument involving e-learning system quality, e-learning instructor and course materials quality, and e-learning administrative and support service quality. Among these three factors, e-learning system quality makes the highest contribution to overall e-learning service quality, followed by e-learning instructor and course materials quality, and e-learning administrative and support service quality. This scale provides a useful measurement for researchers who wish to measure e-learning service quality and for university administrators and managers who want to enhance universities' e-learning servie quality.

Monitoring system installed at a parking field is to update real time data of vacant parking lots to central management and to provide search and book services to car drivers. Camera attached with image processing unit running Deep Learning based algorithms to detect vacant/occupied parking lots is promising with rather high accuracy. In this work, we propose a novel solution using mAlexNet, a CNN-based model, to classify vacant or occupied state of each parking lot snapshot, with a pre-processing stage, camera adjustment method, enabling the solution to be automatically adaptive with the condition setting variations. The solution is capable to run on resource constrained processors like Rasberry Pi 4 and has been tested on parking fields at our university campus, showing the accuracy of over 97% and rather fast processing pace of 0.743 seconds in average for each frame capturing 24 parking lots.

The Fe/C composite plays the crucial role in various practical applications, therefore, the synthesis of this composite has attracted much attention. Herein, we described the simple method for the synthesis of Fe/C composite derived from the metal-organic framework MIL-53 (Fe). The MIL-53 (Fe) precursor was initially fabricated using the solvothermal strategy, and transformed into porous Fe/C via a direct pyrolysis procedure. Both MIL-53 (Fe)and Fe/C were also characterized using the several techniques to compare the change of crystalline profile, surface chemistry, morphological property, saturation magnetization, pH point of zero charge and surface area among them. The surface areas measured revealed an enormous change from 7.6 m2/g in MIL-53 (Fe) to 196.1 m2/g in Fe/C the Raman spectra also gave evidence of the presence of graphitic carbon in the Fe/C structure.

Asteraceae presents one of the most globally prevalent, cultivated, and fundamental plant families. However, a large amount of agricultural wastes has been yearly released from Asteraceae crops, causing adverse impacts on the environment. The objective of this work is to have insights into their biomass potentials and technical possibility of conversion into biochars. Physicochemical properties are systematically articulated to orientate environmental application, soil amendment, and other utilizations. Utilizations of Asteraceae biochars in wastewater treatment can be categorized by heavy metal ions, organic dyes, antibiotics, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and explosive compounds. Some efforts were made to analyze the production cost, as well as the challenges and prospects of Asteraceae-based biochars.

The potential of green nanomaterials for environmental and agricultural fields is emerging due to their biocompatible, eco-friendly, and cost-effective performance. We report the use of Canna indica flowers extract as new capping and stabilizing source to bio-fabricate ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs for dyes removal, seed germination. ZnO NPs was biosynthesized by ultrasound-assisted alkaline-free route to reach the critical green strategy. The physicochemical findings of ZnO revealed small crystallite size (27.82 nm), sufficient band-gap energy (3.08 eV), and diverse functional groups. Minimum‑run resolution IV approach found the most pivotal factors influencing on removal of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250. Uptake studies pointed out that pseudo second-order, and Langmuir were the best fitted models. Dye molecules behaved monolayer adsorption on ZnO surface layers, and controlled by chemisorption. Natural solar light was used as effective source for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (94.23% of removal and 31.09 mg/g of uptake capacity). Compared with H2O and ZnSO4, ZnO NPs positively affected the growth of shoot and root lengths (10.2–27.8%) of bean seedlings in most cases. ZnO acts an agrochemical for boosting weight gain, and germination ratio. This study may be promising for developing the recyclable, multifunctional ZnO nanoparticles for environmental and agricultural applications.

Aquatic contamination of diclofenac (DCF), an emergent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs), can result in adverse effects to many ecosystems through biomagnification. Hence, introducing effective remediation techniques to sequester the pharmaceutical wastes is highly fundamental to prevent their accumulation in the environment. Generally, adsorption has been presented as a green and efficient approach. Herein, we report the characterization and application of the novel magnetic nanocomposite (GO@CoFe2O4) derived from cobalt-based ferrite (CoFe2O4) and graphene oxide (GO) for DCF adsorption. For the optimization procedure, the response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to investigate the impacts of DCF concentration (1.6–18.4 mg/L), DCF dosage (0.08–0.92 g/L), and solution pH (2.6–9.4) to find the optimum conditions for DCF removal, at 10.5 mg/L, 0.74 g/L, and pH 4, respectively. For the adsorption experiments, the kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and intraparticle diffusion models were systematically studied. Moreover, we have elucidated the role of functional groups on the surface of GO@CoFe2O4 in enhancing the adsorption of DCF drug. With good removal efficiency (up to 86.1%), high maximum adsorption capacity (32.4 mg/g), GO@CoFe2O4 can be a potential candidate to eliminate DCF drug from water.

Natural graphite, a locally available, eco-friendly, and low-cost carbonaceous source, can be easily transformed into exfoliated graphite (EG) with many surface functional groups via a chemical oxidation route. Combination between EG and magnetic MnFe2O4 is a promising strategy to create a hybrid kind of nanocomposite (EG@MnFe2O4) for the efficient adsorptive removal of Congo red (CR) dye from water. Here, we reported the facile synthesis and characterization of chemical bonds of EG@MnFe2O4 using several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In particular, the quantity method by Boehm titration was employed to identify the content of functional groups: Carboxylic acid (0.044 mmol/g), phenol (0.032 mmol/g), lactone (0.020 mmol/g), and total base (0.0156 mmol/g) on the surface of EG@MnFe2O4. Through the response surface methodology-optimized models, we found a clear difference in the adsorption capacity between EG-decorated MnFe2O4 (62.0 mg/g) and MnFe2O4 without EG decoration (11.1 mg/g). This result was also interpreted via a proposed mechanism to elucidate the contribution of surface functional groups of EG@MnFe2O4 to adsorption efficiency towards CR dye.

In this study, a minimum-run resolution IV and central composite design have been developed to optimize tetracycline removal efficiency over mesoporous carbon derived from the metal-organic framework MIL-53 (Fe) as a self-sacrificial template. Firstly, minimum-run resolution IV, powered by the Design&ndash, Expert program, was used as an efficient and reliable screening study for investigating a set of seven factors, these were: tetracycline concentration (A: 5&ndash, 15 mg/g), dose of mesoporous carbons (MPC) (B: 0.05&ndash, 0.15 g/L), initial pH level (C: 2&ndash, 10), contact time (D: 1&ndash, 3 h), temperature (E: 20&ndash, 40 &deg, C), shaking speed (F: 150&ndash, 250 rpm), and Na+ ionic strength (G: 10&ndash, 90 mM) at both low (&minus, 1) and high (+1) levels, for investigation of the data ranges. The 20-trial model was analyzed and assessed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) data, and diagnostic plots (e.g., the Pareto chart, and half-normal and normal probability plots). Based on minimum-run resolution IV, three factors, including tetracycline concentration (A), dose of MPC (B), and initial pH (C), were selected to carry out the optimization study using a central composite design. The proposed quadratic model was found to be statistically significant at the 95% confidence level due to a low P-value (&lt, 0.05), high R2 (0.9078), and the AP ratio (11.4), along with an abundance of diagnostic plots (3D response surfaces, Cook&rsquo, s distance, Box-Cox, DFFITS, Leverage versus run, residuals versus runs, and actual versus predicted). Under response surface methodology-optimized conditions (e.g., tetracycline concentration of 1.9 mg/g, MPC dose of 0.15 g/L, and pH level of 3.9), the highest tetracycline removal efficiency via confirmation tests reached up to 98.0%&ndash, 99.7%. Also, kinetic intraparticle diffusion and isotherm models were systematically studied to interpret how tetracycline molecules were absorbed on an MPC structure. In particular, the adsorption mechanisms including &ldquo, electrostatic attraction&rdquo, and &ldquo, &pi, &ndash, interaction&rdquo, were proposed.

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is commonly employed in veterinary clinics, but illegal and uncontrollable consumption can result in its potential contamination in environmental soil, and aquatic matrix, and thereby, regenerating microbial resistance, and antibiotic-resistant genes. Adsorption by efficient, and recyclable adsorbents such as mesoporous carbons (MPCs) is commonly regarded as a &ldquo, green and sustainable&rdquo, approach. Herein, the MPCs were facilely synthesized via the pyrolysis of the metal&ndash, organic framework Fe3O(BDC)3 with calcination temperatures (x &deg, C) between 600 and 900 &deg, C under nitrogen atmosphere. The characterization results pointed out mesoporous carbon matrix (MPC700) coating zero-valent iron particles with high surface area (~225 m2/g). Also, significant investigations including fabrication condition, CAP concentration, effect of pH, dosage, and ionic strength on the absorptive removal of CAP were systematically studied. The optimal conditions consisted of pH = 6, concentration 10 mg/L and dose 0.5 g/L for the highest chloramphenicol removal efficiency at nearly 100% after 4 h. Furthermore, the nonlinear kinetic and isotherm adsorption studies revealed the monolayer adsorption behavior of CAP onto MPC700 and Fe3O(BDC)3 materials via chemisorption, while the thermodynamic studies implied that the adsorption of CAP was a spontaneous process. Finally, adsorption mechanism including H-bonding, electrostatic attraction, &pi, &ndash, &pi, interaction, and metal&ndash, bridging interaction was proposed to elucidate how chloramphenicol molecules were adsorbed on the surface of materials. With excellent maximum adsorption capacity (96.3 mg/g), high stability, and good recyclability (4 cycles), the MPC700 nanocomposite could be utilized as a promising alternative for decontamination of chloramphenicol antibiotic from wastewater.

Herein, a copper metal–organic framework, termed as VNU-18, containing penta-coordinated sites was successfully synthesized and fully characterized. This material was demonstrated to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidative C–H activation via N–H bonds. The optimized conditions are applicable for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals constructed by α-amino carbonyl skeletons.

We reported a direct and tunable strategy to obtain a highly porous nanostructured Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C by self-sacrificial HKUST-1 template pyrolysis. The as-synthesized composite was structurally characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X–ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The characteristic results demonstrated the existence of various species of copper oxides supported on carbon matrix. The surface of Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C monitored many functional groups/chemical bonds, hollow structure as well as high surface area (∼80 m2/g). In addition, the effect of contact time, initial concentration, solution pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TTC) on Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C have been vigorously indicated. The results also revealed the adsorption of CIP and TTC obeyed pseudo-second order model and this process was endothermic and spontaneous. We also proposed several plausible adsorption mechanisms based on hydrogen bonding, π–π, and n–π interactions. The adsorbability efficiencies (Qm, mg/g) of Cu/Cu2O/CuO@C towards CIP and TTC from water were found, at 67.5 and 112.5 mg/g, respectively, along with excellent recyclability in comparison with other adsorbents.

Ibuprofen contamination from water sources has been increasingly alarming due to its environmentally accumulative retention; however, the strategies for ibuprofen-containing water treatment are still an enormous challenge. Herein, we described the utilization of metal-organic frameworks MIL-53(Fe) (MIL = Materials of Institute Lavoisier) for the adsorption of ibuprofen in synthetic solution. Firstly, the MIL-53(Fe) was solvothemally synthesized and then characterized using the X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The optimization of ibuprofen adsorption over MIL-53(Fe) was performed with three independent variables including ibuprofen concentration (1.6–18.4 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.16–1.84 g/L), and pH (2.6–9.4) according to the experimental design from response surface methodology. Under the optimized conditions, more than 80% of ibuprofen could be eliminated from water, indicating the promising potential of the MIL-53(Fe) material for treatment of this drug. Kinetic and isotherm models also were used to elucidate the chemisorption and monolayer behavior mechanisms of ibuprofen over MIL-53(Fe).

Herein, we described the use of exfoliated graphene- (EG-) decorated magnetic MnFe2O4 nanocomposite (EG@MnFe2O4) for the removal and adsorption of Congo red (CR) dye from wastewater. Firstly, the precursors (EG, MnFe2O4) and EG@MnFe2O4 were fabricated, characterized using several physical analytical techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2adsorption/desorption isotherm measurement. For the adsorption experiments, the effect of contact time (0–240 min), concentration (10–60 mg/L), solution pH (2–10), adsorbent dosage (0.03–0.07 g), and temperature (283–313 K) was rigorously studied. To elucidate the adsorption mechanism and behaviour of CR over EG@MnFe2O4 and MnFe2O4 adsorbents, the kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Bangham) and isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich) have been adopted. The kinetic results indicated that models adhered to the pseudo-second-order equation, exhibiting the chemisorption mechanism in heterogeneous phrase. Meanwhile, the isotherm results revealed the adsorption of CR over EG@MnFe2O4 obeyed the monolayer behaviour (Langmuir model) rather than multilayer behaviour (Freundlich equation) over MnFe2O4. The thermodynamic study also suggested that such adsorption was an endothermic and spontaneous process. With high maximum adsorption capacity (71.79 mg/g) and good recyclability (at least 4 times), EG@MnFe2O4 can be a potential alternative for the adsorptive removal of CR dye from water.

We have described an efficient method for oxidative cross coupling reactions between activated N–H amines and terminal alkynes using heterogeneous Cu2(BDC)2(BPY) as recyclable catalyst (BDC = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate; BPY = 4,4′-bipyridine). The optimal conditions involved the use of inexpensive NaHCO3 base and oxygen as terminal oxidant in toluene solvent at 80 °C. Reactions proceeds efficiently, and high selectivity with only trace amount of diynes as well as good yields were achieved in a short reaction time. The Cu2(BDC)2(BPY) exhibited excellent catalytic activity and selectivity as compared to other Cu-MOFs on a broad reaction scope. Interestingly, the presence of bipyridine ligand was shown to enhance the catalyst stability. Thus, the Cu2(BDC)2(BPY) could be facilely separated from the reaction mixture by simple centrifugation and could be reused several times with only a slight decrease in catalytic activity.

A crystalline porous metal-organic framework Cu2(BPDC)2(BPY) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), and nitrogen physisorption measurements. The Cu2(BPDC)2(BPY) exhibited high catalytic activity in direct C H arylation reactions between heterocyles and aryl halides. The Cu2(BPDC)2(BPY)-catalyzed C H arylation reaction could proceed to higher conversion than that of the reaction using Cu3(BTC)2, Cu(BDC), Cu(BPDC), and Cu2(BDC)2(BPY) as catalyst. Furthermore, under our conditions, the Cu2(BPDC)2(BPY) also exhibited significantly higher activity than that of common copper salts, including Cu(NO3)2, CuCl, CuCl2, and CuI. Excellent reusability of the Cu-MOF in the direct heterocycle C H arylation reaction was achieved.

Discharge of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from wastewater has been increasingly alarmed, led to the advent of the treatment techniques. Among these methods, adsorption is regarded as a tunable and green approach with the utilization of mesoporous carbon (MC) as an efficient and recyclable adsorbent. Herein, we described the strategy for the synthesis of novel MC from Fe-MIL-88B as a self-sacrificial template. Three thermolysis temperatures (550, 750, and 950 °C) were investigated to compare the structural characteristics and absorbability towards selected NSAIDs compounds including diclofenac sodium (DCF), aspirin (APR), and ibuprofen (IBU). Effect of contact time (0–480 min), concentration (10–40 mg/L), pH (2–10), and MC dosage (0.1–0.5 g/L) was systematically studied. Kinetic and isotherm models were also used to find out the adsorption mechanism and behavior of NSAIDs pharmaceutical over MC materials. Proposed mechanism and recyclability test were rigorously studied to gain more insight into how the NSAIDs molecules adsorb on the MC materials and their potential towards drug treatment.

Herein, we described a tunable method for synthesis of novel hollow mesoporous carbon (MPC) via direct pyrolysis (800 o C) of MIL-53 (Fe) as a self-sacrificed template. The structural characterization revealed a hollow, amorphous, defective and mesoporous MPC along with high surface area (approx. 200 m 2 g −1 ). For the experiments of ibuprofen adsorption onto MPC, effects of contact time, MPC dosage, ionic strength, concentration and temperature were systematically investigated. The optimal conditions consisted of pH = 3, concentration 10 mg l −1 and dose of 0.1 g l −1 for the highest ibuprofen removal efficiency up to 88.3% after 4 h. Moreover, adsorption behaviour, whereby chemisorption and monolayer controlled the uptake of ibuprofen over MPC, were assumed. Adsorption mechanisms including H-bonding, π–π interaction, metal–oxygen, electrostatic attraction were rigorously proposed. In comparison to several studies, the MPC nanocomposite in this work obtained the outstanding maximum adsorption capacity (206.5 mg g −1 ) and good reusability (5 cycles); thus, it can be used as a feasible alternative for decontamination of ibuprofen anti-inflammatory drug from water.

Herein, we have developed a facile method for the synthesis of novel mesoporous carbon-embedded zero-valent Fe sites from the metal-organic framework MIL-53 (Fe) and its utilization for ciprofloxacin antibiotic remediation. To form the porous carbon, the pyrolysis of MIL-53 (Fe) was carried out at 800 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. The characterization results revealed that the MIL-53 (Fe)-based carbon obtained a hierarchically mesoporous structure, high surface area, large pore along with important functional groups. The response surface methodology was also used to find out the optimal conditions for the ciprofloxacin removal. Moreover, the kinetic and isotherm studies were investigated to elucidate the adsorption behavior and mechanism controlled the process. With a high maximum adsorption capacity (90.9 mg/g), good reusability (up to 5 cycles), and chemical stability via leaching test study, the mesoporous carbon derived from MIL-53 (Fe) is proposed to be an effective adsorbent for antibiotic treatment in water.