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Hangul is widely categorized as a classic example of a morphophonemic orthography, in which each morpheme receives a single spelling, even if its pronunciation varies from context to context. This paper makes the case that Hangul is in fact a hybrid orthography that adheres to a morphophonemic strategy for spelling consonants but adopts the conventions of a phonetic writing system for representing vowels. Various explanations for this arrangement are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hangul Cervus hanglu hanglu, a Critically Endangered mountain ungulate of Jammu and Kashmir, India, faces the imminent threat of population loss and extinction. Effective management of its largest viable population in Dachigam National Park in the Kashmir Himalaya requires reliable demographic information. Using 14 microsatellite markers we identified 293 individuals (208 females and 85 males) through faecal analysis, and generated data on the genetic status and population size of the hangul in its winter habitat. The mean expected and observed heterozygosities of 0.62 and 0.59 are comparable to those of several red deer Cervus elaphus populations elsewhere. The effective population sizes were 46.3 and 93.7 when the frequencies of rare alleles were considered to be 0.050 and 0.010, respectively. The average mean kinship of the population was 0.34, and there was no evidence of a recent bottleneck event. In genetic mark–recapture analysis the best model included an effect of sex on both detection and recapture probabilities. Detection of males was highest in November, coinciding with the hangul breeding season, whereas detection of females was highest in December. Our estimate of the hangul population using genetic mark–recapture with bootstrapping was 394 individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use genetic data to estimate the population of the hangul. It will guide future studies of this subspecies and also serve as an impetus for identifying founder animals for captive breeding, and for connecting the population in Dachigam National Park with the other small, isolated populations to ensure the long-term survival of this subspecies.

This study investigated how syllable-level variables such as syllable frequency, syllable (i.e. vowel) type, presence of final consonants (i.e. batchim) and syllable position influence naming of both words and pseudo-words. The results of the linear mixed-effects model analysis showed that, for words, naming time decreased as the frequency of the first syllable increased, and when the first syllable had a final consonant. Additionally, words were named more accurately when they had vertical vowels compared to horizontal vowels. For pseudo-words, naming time decreased and accuracy rate increased as the frequency of the first or the second syllable increased. Furthermore, pseudo-words were named more accurately when they had vertical vowels compared to horizontal vowels. These results suggest that while the frequency of the second syllable had differential effects between words and pseudo-words, the frequency of the first syllable and the syllable type had consistent effects for both words and pseudo-words. The implications of this study were discussed concerning visual word recognition processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hangul Cervus hanglu hanglu , a Critically Endangered mountain ungulate of Jammu and Kashmir, India, faces the imminent threat of population loss and extinction. Effective management of its largest viable population in Dachigam National Park in the Kashmir Himalaya requires reliable demographic information. Using 14 microsatellite markers we identified 293 individuals (208 females and 85 males) through faecal analysis, and generated data on the genetic status and population size of the hangul in its winter habitat. The mean expected and observed heterozygosities of 0.62 and 0.59 are comparable to those of several red deer Cervus elaphus populations elsewhere. The effective population sizes were 46.3 and 93.7 when the frequencies of rare alleles were considered to be 0.050 and 0.010, respectively. The average mean kinship of the population was 0.34, and there was no evidence of a recent bottleneck event. In genetic mark–recapture analysis the best model included an effect of sex on both detection and recapture probabilities. Detection of males was highest in November, coinciding with the hangul breeding season, whereas detection of females was highest in December. Our estimate of the hangul population using genetic mark–recapture with bootstrapping was 394 individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use genetic data to estimate the population of the hangul. It will guide future studies of this subspecies and also serve as an impetus for identifying founder animals for captive breeding, and for connecting the population in Dachigam National Park with the other small, isolated populations to ensure the long-term survival of this subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tarim red deer Cervus hanglu has been recently recognized as a separate deer species with populations in China, Central Asia and Kashmir. These populations are few, isolated and at risk of extinction. The documented range of the Kashmir population of the hangul, now recognized as Cervus hanglu hanglu, is restricted to c. 808 km2 and comprises < 200 individuals, confined mainly to the 141 km2 Dachigam National Park. A few relict herds inhabit the surrounding landscape. Here we analyse the results of almost 20 years of population monitoring (January 2001–March 2020). We found that this population is unable to increase despite full protection within Dachigam National Park. We performed a population viability analysis using both deterministic and stochastic simulations and found that further population decrease is likely. We recommend the use of improved monitoring methods to investigate the population dynamics of the hangul and the implementation of measures to reduce the risk of extinction faced by this small population. Science-based conservation policies, including ex situ conservation and reintroduction programmes, will be required to increase the hangul population size and range.

This study attempted to find out how lexical decision of two-syllable words or pseudo-words is affected by syllabic information, such as syllable frequency, syllable (i.e. vowel) type, and presence of final consonant (i.e. batchim), through the analysis of the Korean Lexicon Project Database (KLP-DB). Hierarchical regression of RT data showed that lexical decision of words was influenced by the frequency of the first syllable, the syllable type of the first and second syllables, batchim for the first and second syllables, and also by the interaction of the two syllable types and the interaction of syllable frequency and batchim of the second syllable. For pseudo-words lexical decision was influenced by the frequency of the first and second syllables, syllable type of the first syllable, and batchim for the first and second syllables, and also by the interaction of the two syllable frequencies, the interaction of the two syllable types, and the interaction of syllable frequency and batchim of the first syllable. Word frequency had a strong effect on lexical decision of words, while syllabic information had a stable effect on the lexical decision of pseudo-words. These results indicate that syllabic information should be seriously considered in constructing word and pseudo-word lists and interpreting lexical decision time. Understanding the effect of syllabic information will also contribute to the understanding of word recognition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tarim red deer Cervus hanglu has been recently recognized as a separate deer species with populations in China, Central Asia and Kashmir. These populations are few, isolated and at risk of extinction. The documented range of the Kashmir population of the hangul, now recognized as Cervus hanglu hanglu , is restricted to c. 808 km2 and comprises < 200 individuals, confined mainly to the 141 km2 Dachigam National Park. A few relict herds inhabit the surrounding landscape. Here we analyse the results of almost 20 years of population monitoring (January 2001–March 2020). We found that this population is unable to increase despite full protection within Dachigam National Park. We performed a population viability analysis using both deterministic and stochastic simulations and found that further population decrease is likely. We recommend the use of improved monitoring methods to investigate the population dynamics of the hangul and the implementation of measures to reduce the risk of extinction faced by this small population. Science-based conservation policies, including ex situ conservation and reintroduction programmes, will be required to increase the hangul population size and range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In general, the created era of a literary work is significant information for understanding the background and the literary interpretation of the work. However, in the case of literary works of old Korea, especially works created in Hangul, there are few works of which the era of creation are known. In this paper, the created era of old Korean documents was estimated based on artificial intelligence. Hangul, a Korean letter system where one syllable is one character, has more than 10,000 combinations of characters, so it is available to predict changes in the structure or grammar of Hangul by analyzing the frequency of characters. Accordingly, a deep neural network model was constructed based on the term frequency of each character in Hangul. Model training was performed based on 496 documents with known publication years, and the mean-absolute-error of the test set for the entire prediction range from 1447 to 1934 was 13.77 years for test sets and 15.8 years for validation sets, which is less than an error ratio of 3.25% compared to the total year range. In addition, the predicted results of works from which only the approximate creation time was inferred were also within the range, and the predicted creation years for other divisions of the identical novel were similar. These results show that the deep neural network model based on character term frequency predicted the creation era of old Korean documents properly. This study is expected to support the literary history of Korea within the period from 15C to 19C by predicting the period of creation or enjoyment of the work. In addition, the method and algorithm using syllable term frequency are believed to have the potential to apply in other language documents.

In general, the created era of a literary work is significant information for understanding the background and the literary interpretation of the work. However, in the case of literary works of old Korea, especially works created in Hangul, there are few works of which the era of creation are known. In this paper, the created era of old Korean documents was estimated based on artificial intelligence. Hangul, a Korean letter system where one syllable is one character, has more than 10,000 combinations of characters, so it is available to predict changes in the structure or grammar of Hangul by analyzing the frequency of characters. Accordingly, a deep neural network model was constructed based on the term frequency of each character in Hangul. Model training was performed based on 496 documents with known publication years, and the mean-absolute-error of the test set for the entire prediction range from 1447 to 1934 was 13.77 years for test sets and 15.8 years for validation sets, which is less than an error ratio of 3.25% compared to the total year range. In addition, the predicted results of works from which only the approximate creation time was inferred were also within the range, and the predicted creation years for other divisions of the identical novel were similar. These results show that the deep neural network model based on character term frequency predicted the creation era of old Korean documents properly. This study is expected to support the literary history of Korea within the period from 15C to 19C by predicting the period of creation or enjoyment of the work. In addition, the method and algorithm using syllable term frequency are believed to have the potential to apply in other language documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay will explore an edge case of the so-called "Alphabet Effect" which maintains that alphabetic literacy generates the particular propensity for highly abstract rational and causal thinking, fundamental to Western science. Thinkers such as McLuhan consider that the acquisition of the phonetic alphabet burst oral-culture "tribal man" into the world of abstraction and specialization, producing the conditions for privacy and individuality not available to non-literate people. Taking this controversial contention to heart, we will examine a pivotal moment in Korean history in the 15th century when a new writing system, Hangul, was being designed. This writing system had all the earmarks of a phonetic alphabet, with abstract phonemes, but instead of being written linearly it came to be written in syllabic blocks, a condition which, according to the thinkers of the "Alphabet Effect", impedes the radical powers of abstraction, produced through acquisition of phonetic alphabet literacy. This essay will make the provocative contention that had Hangul been written linearly instead of in syllabic blocks, Korea might have experienced a radical modernist revolution beginning in the 15th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A one-year study conducted to ascertain the prevalence and risk factors associated with helminth infection in Hangul Deer Cervus hanglu hanglu at Dachigam National Park revealed that 40.45% (89 of 220 samples) were infected with four helminth species including Heamonchus contortus, Trichuris ovis, Dictyocaulus viviparus, and Moneizia expansa. The study signified that the infection was more prevalent during the dry season (summer and autumn) as compared to the wet season (winter and spring). The overall prevalence of Heamonchus contortus was the highest (23.18%) followed by Trichuris ovis (8.18%), followed by Dictyocaulus viviparus (5.45%), and Moneizia expansa (3.63%). The present study should be of importance in conserving the erstwhile state animal, listed as Critically Engendered in 2017 by IUCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transliteration is still a challenge in helping people to read or write from one to another writing systems. Korean transliteration has been a topic of research to automate the conversion between Hangul (Korean writing system) and Latin characters. Previous works have been done in transliterating Hangul to Latin, using statistical approach (72.2% accuracy) and Extended Markov Models (54.9% accuracy). This research focus on transliterating Latin (romanised) Korean words into Hangul, as many learners of Korean began using Latin first. Selected method is modeling the probable vowel and consonant forms and problable vowel and consonant sequences using Finite State Automata to avoid training. These models are then coded into rules which applied and tested to 100 random Korean words. Initial test results only 40% success rate in transliterating due to the nature that consonants have to be labeled as initial or final of a syllable, and some consonants missed the modeled rules. Additional rules are then added to catch-up and merge these consonants into existing proper syllables, which increased the success rate to 92%. This result is analysed further and it is found that certain consonants sequence caused syllabification problem if exist in a certain position. Other additional rules was inserted and yields 99% final success rate which also is the accuracy of transliterating Korean words written in Latin into Hangul characters in compund syllables.

As the basis of communication, a writer is often identified through their handwriting characteristics. In clinical practice, static elements of handwriting are evaluated and scored, which might be used for subjective judgment in health situations. By investigating the dynamic information in space when writing Hangul, in this study, we present how to analyze Hangul writing characteristics and build new writing analysis elements in the structural language. The ample characters included 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The cloud of line distribution (COLD) method was used to visualize on-stroke characteristics when writing each character. If the written character showed a straight line (the angle of the letter being 0), the feature distribution appeared on the x-axis of the polar domain. If the written character had many kinks (the angle of the letter being −90 or 90), the feature distribution appeared on the polar domain's y-axis. In-air movement was visualized using principal component analysis (PCA), and typical in-air movement had an annular shape, which might be used as a new element in handwriting analysis. This study shows the possibility of using such a tool for the writing analysis of structural languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the basis of communication, a writer is often identified through their handwriting characteristics. In clinical practice, static elements of handwriting are evaluated and scored, which might be used for subjective judgment in health situations. By investigating the dynamic information in space when writing Hangul, in this study, we present how to analyze Hangul writing characteristics and build new writing analysis elements in the structural language. The ample characters included 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The cloud of line distribution (COLD) method was used to visualize on-stroke characteristics when writing each character. If the written character showed a straight line (the angle of the letter being 0), the feature distribution appeared on the x-axis of the polar domain. If the written character had many kinks (the angle of the letter being −90 or 90), the feature distribution appeared on the polar domain’s y-axis. In-air movement was visualized using principal component analysis (PCA), and typical in-air movement had an annular shape, which might be used as a new element in handwriting analysis. This study shows the possibility of using such a tool for the writing analysis of structural languages.

Although many young children become literate within an environment in which different writing systems exist, there is little research on what children know about different writing systems and how they understand and develop them when they are learning more than one simultaneously. This qualitative study discusses how Korean EFL (English as a Foreign Language) children understand two different writing systems, the Korean alphabet, Hangul, and the Roman alphabet, used for English, within a peer teaching setting. The findings show that they were able not only to discover key orthographic principles which characterise each writing system but also to find similarities and differences between Hangul and English from different points of view: shapes of letters (block shaped vs linear), language units (syllables vs letters) and sound–letter relationship (shallow orthography vs deep orthography). The paper suggests that young children are able to look for key concepts in different writing systems by constructing their own ideas about the principles of reading and writing from an early age as active language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's only extant red deer species, the Kashmir red deer, or hangul (Cervus hanglu hanglu) is restricted today to the confines of the 141 sq. km Dachigam National Park (NP) in Jammu and Kashmir, with about 200 surviving individuals. A continual population decline of hangul has necessitated the identification of relict populations and suitable habitats outside Dachigam NP, so that a meta-population approach to its conservation may be employed. Extensive surveys in 2008-2012 across the Kashmir valley, helped identify three distinct areas, where the presence of the red deer was confirmed year-round. Ecological Niche Factor Analysis results indicated that hangul exhibits high global marginality (1.24) and low global tolerance (0.28). Habitat suitability modelling predicted 610.75 sq. km area of conifer and temperate broadleaved forests as highly (61-100%) suitable and 980.25 sq. km as moderately (31-60%) suitable, primarily in two distinct areas of Wanghat Naranag and Chandaji, which also showed presence of the hangul year-round. This suggests that apart from Dachigam NP, suitable habitats bearing hangul populations still exist in Kashmir valley (935.46 sq. km), emphasizing the need to urgently direct protection and conservation focus to these areas to conserve hangul successfully in this landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the activity pattern and co-occurrence of mammalian species coexisting sympatrically in the rugged terrains of the Himalaya. By using camera traps we quantified diel activity patterns and temporal overlap as well as probabilistic model of spatial species co-occurrence amongst eight species. The jungle cat and the Indian porcupine tended to be strictly nocturnal whereas the leopard cat and the red fox were primarily nocturnal and crepuscular, yellow-throated marten was diurnal. The Asiatic black bear, leopard and the hangul showed no clear pattern. We found highest temporal overlap (Δ1 = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.54-0.86) between leopard and Asiatic black bear followed by pairs between red fox and leopard cat (Δ1 = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.72-0.91) and jungle cat (Δ1 = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.60-0.91). The lowest temporal overlap was found between yellow-throated marten and Indian porcupine (Δ1 = 0.11, 95%CI = 0.08-0.20). The results from probabilistic pairwise species co-occurrence analysis suggest that out of 28 possible species pairs 25 had random associations and one pair was unclassifiable. The remaining two species pairs had positive associations of co-occurrences between leopard cat and hangul (Pgt < 0.05) and Indian porcupine and hangul (Pgt < 0.05). Our results provided new insights into this unique community of mammals of the western Himalaya and will facilitate future studies on the mechanism determining coexistence of animal species within complex system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) is a “Least Concern” deer species, and it is the only survivor of the Red Deer group in the Indian subcontinent. The phylogenetic status of the Hangul relative to the other members of the family Cervidae is not known because sequence data are not available in public databases. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the phylogenetic status and delineate the genetic boundaries of the Hangul with respect to the other Red Deer subspecies on the basis of cytochrome b gene sequence data (ca421 bp). There are three major monophyletic groups of the Red Deer in the phylogenetic tree, which are referred to as the western (Hap-01 to Hap-10), eastern (Hap-11 to Hap-20) and tarim (Hap-21 to Hap-25) groups. The overall haplotype diversity and per-site nucleotide diversity were 0.9771 (±0.0523) and 0.0388 (±0.00261), respectively. In the phylogenetic tree, the Hangul clustered with the tarim group (Yarkand and Bactrian Red Deer) with a strong bootstrap support (92%) and was found to be genetically closer to the Bactrian Red Deer than to the Yarkand Red Deer. Our molecular analysis supported the idea that the Hangul diverged from the Bactrian Red Deer and migrated to India from Tajikistan approximately 1.2 MYA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A Hangul input method consists of two core components: key layout for primitive units (Natja), and binding rules to form more complex, composite units from primitive ones. However, careless design and implementation of an input method may result in ambiguity and inability of contiguous typing, when it comes to handle composite Hangul units. This is due to the collective nature of Hangul, namely, existence of implicit boundaries between units and syllables. This issue gets more challenging for the context-dependent 2-beolsik method, mobile environment having significantly fewer keys, and yet addition of the support for Old Hangul. For the sake of the management of complexity, we devised a system in which the binding rule is divided into two layers rather than one. Based on this concept, we implemented a tool program that, given the primitive units and their binding rules, generates input details of every composite unit and detects any potential ambiguity and conflicts. We presented the actual analysis result for Samsung Cheonji-in and KT Naratgeul, two of the most popular mobile Hangul input methods used in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]