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While inadequate relationships in the workplace pose a significant psychosocial risk, quality interpersonal relationships can contribute to positive effects and prevent negative outcomes. Erskine’s model of relational needs, not yet studied in the work environment, can provide a more detailed understanding of the needs employees experience in their workplace relationships. We adapted the general Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale (RNSS) for coworker relationships and examined the factor structure of relational needs in the workplace and their connections to various work aspects. The sample comprised 273 participants, including both employees and students, in a workplace setting with coworkers. The results show that the Workplace Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale (W-RNSS) is a valid and reliable instrument (α = 0.93 for the total scale and 0.77

Even though sewage sludge (SS) contains a high level of pollutants, it is rich in essential plant nutrients and has the potential to enhance soil fertility. However, the SS must be further treated through pre-composting plus vermicomposting to make it safe for use on food crops. More research and data are needed to determine how different carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C/N) affect the feasibility and quality of composting vs vermicomposting of SS. Therefore, in this study we comprehensively evaluated the feasibility and end-product quality of compost and vermicompost produced from SS under different C/N ratios. SS was mixed with pelletized wheat straw (PWS) at various proportions to produce C/N ratios of 6:1, 18:1, 28:1, and 38:1, then pre-composted for 14 days followed by vermicomposting using the earthworm Eisenia andrei for 120 days. Agrochemical properties were measured at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. Results revealed significantly higher levels of agrochemicals in vermicompost compared to compost, including total potassium (37–88%) and magnesium (4.3–12%), nitrate nitrogen (71–98%), available potassium (53–88%), available phosphorus (79%), available magnesium (54–453%), available boron (48–303%), and available copper (2.5–82%). However, lower levels of ammonium nitrogen by (59–85%), available iron (2.3–51.3%), available manganese (29.7–52.2%), available zinc (10.5–29.8%), total carbon (0.75–4.5%), and total nitrogen (1.6–22.2%) were measured. Comparison of the various C/N ratios, showed that vermicompost with an 18:1 C/N ratio outperformed compost and demonstrated the highest earthworm population (165 pieces/kg). Thus, vermicomposting SS at an 18:1 C/N ratio is strongly recommended as a sustainable technology for producing high-quality vermicompost from SS.

The olm (Proteus anguinus), an endemic amphibian of the Dinarides’ underground waters (Europe), is one of the world’s most widely known subterranean species. Although various aspects of olm biology have been extensively studied, the data on their behavior in the wild remain scarce mostly due to inaccessibility of their natural habitat. Yet, olms also occur in several karstic springs during nighttime. These are easier to access and present an exciting opportunity to study olm behavior in nature. Here, we report on systematic observations of olms in one such spring in Slovenia, where we observed them for nine consecutive summer nights, coupling direct on-site observations with IR camera trap recordings. We used IR camera trap recordings to construct simple ethograms, as well as to quantify olm movement activity by video-tracking. Olms regularly occurred on the surface during the night, and dawn appeared to be a key stimulus for their retreat underground. They were constantly active, but rarely swam far from the spring. Despite the short-term nature of the study, we collected new occurrence and movement data, and at the same time tested the usability of IR cameras for surveying olm presence and behavior in nature. Experience gained through the study may prompt long-term and more complex behavioral studies using similar approaches.

A comparison of the results of studies on the influence of structural defects on the critical parameters of superconductivity has been made for the high-entropy alloy (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33 and for the conventional superconducting magnet material Nb-47wt%Ti. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), electrical resistivity, magnetization and magnetic susceptibility measurements were used. In addition, X-ray powder diffraction studies were performed on the high-entropy alloy (NbTa)0.67(MoHfW)0.33. Due to the rapid cooling of the materials after melting in the arc furnace, they contain a higher concentration of structural defects compared to the heat-treated materials. Magnetic property measurements showed that both the critical temperatures Tc and the upper critical fields μ0Hc2 of bulk superconductivity-related materials are improved in the presence of structural defects.

Study aim: Warm-up is an indispensable element of sports training. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of warm-up exercises with Swedish, classic sports massage and Chinese self-massage on functional limitations of the locomotive system.

Background and Objectives: Increased revision rate of dual-modular (DM) femoral stems in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) because of modular-neck breakage and adverse local tissue reactions (ALTRs) to additional junction damage products is well established and some designs have been recalled from the market. However, some long-term studies of specific DM stems did not confirm the inferiority of these stems compared to standard single-modular (SM) stems, and a head-to-head comparison THA is missing. The objectives of this multicentre study were to determine the survivorship and complication rates of a common DM stem design compared to a similar SM stem. Materials and Methods: In a time frame from January 2012 to November 2015, a cohort of 807 patients (882 hips) consecutively underwent primary cementless THAs at two orthopaedic centres. 377 hips were treated with a Zweimüller-type DM stem THA system and 505 hips with a similar SM stem THA system, both including a modern press-fit acetabulum. Kaplan-Meier survivorship and complication rates were compared between both groups in a median follow-up of 9.0 years (maximum, 9.9 years). Results: The 9-year survivorship of the DM stem THA system (92.6%, 95% CI 89.9–95.3) was significantly lower than that of the SM stem THA system (97.0%, 95% CI 95.2–98.8). There were no differences in revision rates for septic loosening, dislocation, and periprosthetic fractures between the two groups. One ceramic inlay and one Ti-alloy modular neck breakage occurred in the DM stem THA system group, but the main reason for revision in this group was aseptic loosening of components. Conclusions: The survivorship of the DM stem THA system was lower than the similar SM stem THA system in a comparable clinical environment with long-term follow-up. Our results confirmed that no rationale for stem modularity exists in primary THAs.

The issue of religious freedom while serving a sentence of imprisonment often occupies scientists from around the world. Basically, they agree that a prisoner, regardless of the act for which he or she has been convicted, has the right to religious freedom. Problems are posed, however, by the question of delimiting this freedom, especially at the level of the right to practise a chosen religion during prison isolation. The decisions of international tribunals and national courts are not uniform owing to the generality of the rules governing this issue. The initial research question that we pose is this: how does society perceive the right to religious freedom in prisons? Does a convict have the right to demand respect for the rules of his or her religion regarding diet, clothes, appearance and participation in religious services? We look for answers to these questions in research conducted in Polish society, one that is confronted by international regulations.

The study aims were focused on profiling eight hydrolytic enzymes by fluorescence method using a multifunctional modular reader and studying the proportion of basic microorganism groups during composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge mixed with straw pellets in several proportions (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The greatest decrease in enzymatic activity occurred in the first half of composting and vermicomposting. After 4 months of these processes, the least enzymatic activity was observed in the sludge with 50% and also 25% straw addition, indicating that straw is an important means for the rapid production of mature compost from sewage sludge. Enzymatic activity was usually less in the presence of earthworms than in the control treatment because some processes took place in the digestive tract of the earthworm. For the same reason, we observed reduced enzyme activity during fresh feedstock vermicomposting than precomposted material. The final vermicompost from fresh feedstocks exhibited less microbial biomass, and few fungi and G− bacteria compared to precomposted feedstock. The enzymatic activity during composting and vermicomposting of sewage sludge and their mixtures stabilized at the following values: β-D-glucosidase—50 μmol MUFG/h/g dw, acid phosphatase—200 μmol MUFP/h/g dw, arylsulphatase—10 μmol MUFS/h/g dw, lipase—1,000 μmol MUFY/h/g dw, chitinase—50 μmol MUFN/h/g dw, cellobiohydrolase—20 μmol MUFC/h/g dw, alanine aminopeptidase—50 μmol AMCA/h/g dw, and leucine aminopeptidase—50 μmol AMCL/h/g dw. At these and lesser values, these final products can be considered mature and stable.

Twenty-one scientists met for this year’s virtual conference on Auxology held at the University Potsdam, Germany, to discuss child and adolescent growth during times of fear and emotional stress. Growth within the broad range of normal for age and sex is considered a sign of good general health whereas fear and emotional stress can lead to growth faltering. Stunting is a sign of social disadvantage and poor parental education. Adverse childhood experiences affect child development, particularly in families with low parental education and low socioeconomic status. Negative effects were also shown in Indian children exposed prenatally and in early postnatal life to the cyclone Aila in 2009. Distrust, fears and fake news regarding the current Corona pandemic received particular attention though the effects generally appeared weak. Mean birth weight was higher; rates of low, very and extremely low birth weight were lower. Other topics discussed by the participants, were the influences of economic crises on birth weight, the measurement of self-confidence and its impact on growth, the associations between obesity, peer relationship, and behavior among Turkish adolescents, height trends in Indonesia, physiological neonatal weight loss, methods for assessing biological maturation in sportsmen, and a new method for skeletal age determination. The participants also discussed the association between acute myocardial infarction and somatotype in Estonia, rural-urban growth differences in Mongolian children, socio-environmental conditions and sexual dimorphism, biological mortality bias, and new statistical techniques for describing inhomogeneity in the association of bivariate variables, and for detecting and visualizing extensive interactions among variables.

Sewage sludge (SS) contains potential toxic elements (PTEs) that are harmful to the environment, and their bioaccumulation in the food chain is a major environmental health concern. Vermicomposting has been shown to reduce PTEs during composting of sewage sludge. However, the extent of PTE’s assimilation into the earthworm tissues during composting is largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of vermicomposting to decrease PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) during composting of SS and whether the bioaccumulation of PTEs in earthworm tissue depends on feed quality. The initial SS was mixed in triplicate with varying proportions of pelletized wheat straw (PWS) (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/w)) along with a control (100% SS, no earthworms), and the variants were named VC1, VC2, VC3, VC4, and C0 (control), respectively. The experiment was conducted for 120 days using Eisenia andrei. In comparison to the control, mixing SS with PWS reduced Arsenic content by 14–67%, Cadmium content by 4–39%, Chromium contents by 24–77%, Copper content by 20–68%, Lead content by 39–75%, and Zinc content by 16–65%. The bioaccumulation factor’s (BCF) ranges were 20–80% for Arsenic, 20–60% for Cadmium, 6–16% for Chromium, 32–80% for Copper, and 37–115% for Zinc, demonstrating that the accumulation of PTEs in the earthworm tissues explains the low content of PTEs in the vermicompost. In terms of removal rate, the sludge mixtures with bulking agent can be arranged in the following order: VC4 > VC3 > VC2 > VC1. The total carbon loss showed a significant relationship with BCFAs (r = 0.989, p < 0.011), BCFCd (r = 0.996, p < 0.004), BCFCr (r = 0.977, p < 0.023), BCFCu (r = 0.999, p < 0.000), and BCFZn (r = 0.994, p < 0.006). The variant containing 75% PWS (VC4) appeared to be a suitable SS mixture to reduce PTEs. Hence, it is suggested that vermicomposting reduces the content of PTEs in SS.

The main purpose of this study was to identify the mineral composition of soil sample taken from the upper layer of topsoil. High absorption of chemical substance is a characteristic for humus-organic layer of topsoil. The source of those substance could be a pollutant emitted to the atmosphere by human activity. The research area includes Upper Silesia region, which is the most industrial region of Poland. In the present study, the phase composition of the top soil separates were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of seven mineral phases in the material magnetic separated by lower current (quartz, illite, kaolinite, Fe3+ oxides, hematite, magnetite and pyrite). In case of higher current were identified four phases (quartz, muscovite, kaolinite and K0.94 Na0.06(AlSi3O8)). Mössbauer spectroscopy was used for an extensive analysis of iron-containing phases (pyrrhotite, magnetite, aluminosilicate oxides with Fe3+ and kaolinite/Fe2+ silicate).

To support international literary journalism as a discipline, and for the discipline to reach its full potential, it may be helpful to understand how literary journalism is being taught. As John S. Bak states, “[t]he steady production of strong criticism, theory, and pedagogy will eventually coalesce the literary journalism that is out there now and create the discipline’s niche” (BAK, 2017, p. 236). In this article, we investigate questions about teaching literary journalism from both a broad and narrow perspective. In what countries, universities, departments, and classes is literary journalism taught, and how is it being taught? What methods and texts are used? What challenges do educators face, and how do they meet those challenges? These are just some of the questions that we have attempted to address here by surveying educators online annually since 2011 (with the exception of one year, 2013). The purpose of this article is to summarize some of what we have learned through these web-based surveys. We hope that readers will digest what is offered here, ask questions, discuss with colleagues, and consider future lines of inquiry so that the discipline of literary journalism may continue on its path of coalescence and achieve its potential. Para apoiar o jornalismo literário internacional como uma disciplina, e para que esta alcance todo o seu potencial, pode ser importante entender como o jornalismo literário está sendo ensinado. Como afirma John S. Bak, “a produção sólida de crítica, teoria e pedagogia eventualmente aglutinará o jornalismo literário que existe agora e criará o nicho da disciplina” (BAK, 2017, p. 236). Neste artigo, investigamos questões sobre o ensino do jornalismo literário de uma perspectiva ampla e específica. Em que países, universidades, departamentos e classes há o ensino do jornalismo literário e como ele está sendo ensinado? Quais métodos e textos são utilizados? Que desafios os educadores encontram e como eles estão sendo enfrentados? Estas são apenas algumas das questões que tentamos abordar aqui, investigando educadores on-line anualmente desde 2011 (com exceção do ano de 2013). O objetivo deste artigo é o de resumir um pouco do que aprendemos com tais pesquisas feitas na internet. Esperamos que os leitores digiram o que é oferecido aqui, façam perguntas, discutam com colegas e considerem futuras linhas de pesquisa para que a disciplina do jornalismo literário possa continuar em seu caminho de desenvolvimento e alcançar seu potencial. Para apoyar el periodismo literario internacional como una disciplina, así como para que la disciplina alcance todo su potencial, puede ser útil entender cómo se está enseñando el periodismo literario. Como afirma John S. Bak, “la producción sólida de crítica, teoría y pedagogía eventualmente aglutinará el periodismo literario que existe ahora y creará el nicho de la disciplina” (BAK, 2017, p. 236). En este artículo, investigamos cuestiones sobre la enseñanza del periodismo literario desde una perspectiva amplia y específica. ¿En qué países, universidades, departamentos y clases se enseña el periodismo literario y cómo se está enseñando? ¿Qué métodos y textos se utilizan? ¿Qué desafíos los educadores encuentran y cómo los están haciendo frente? Estas son sólo algunas de las cuestiones que tratamos de abordar aquí, investigando a los educadores en Internet anualmente desde 2011 (con la excepción del año de 2013). El objetivo de este artículo es resumir un poco de lo que aprendemos de estas investigaciones realizadas. Esperamos que los lectores digieren lo que se ofrece aquí, hagan preguntas, discutan con colegas y consideren futuras líneas de investigación para que la disciplina del periodismo literario pueda continuar en su camino de desarrollo y alcanzar su potencial.

Owing to rapid population growth, sewage sludge poses a serious environmental threat across the world. Composting and vermicomposting are biological technologies commonly used to stabilize sewage sludge. The objective of this study was to assess the carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions from sewage sludge composting and vermicomposting under the influence of different proportions of straw pellets. Four treatments were designed, by mixing the initial sewage sludge with varying ratio of pelletized wheat straw (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% (w/w)). The experiment was conducted for 60 days, and Eisenia andrei was used for vermicomposting. The results revealed that the mixing ratio influenced CO2 (F = 36.1, p = 0.000) and CH4 (F= 73.9, p = 0.000) emissions during composting and CO2 (F= 13.8, p = 0.000) and CH4 (F= 4.5, p= 0.004) vermicomposting. Vermicomposting significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 18–38%, while increasing CO2 emissions by 64–89%. The mixing agent (pelletized wheat straw) decreased CO2 emission by 60–70% and CH4 emission by 30–80% compared to control (0%). The mass balance indicated that 5.5–10.4% of carbon was loss during composting, while methane release accounted for 0.34–1.69%, and CO2 release accounted for 2.3–8.65%. However, vermicomposting lost 8.98–13.7% of its carbon, with a methane release of 0.1–0.6% and CO2 release of 5.0–11.6% of carbon. The carbon loss was 3.3–3.5% more under vermicomposting than composting. This study demonstrated that depending on the target gas to be reduced, composting and vermicomposting, as well as a mixing agent (pelletized wheat straw), could be an option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. CH4, CO2).

Comorbidity studies show that children with ADHD have a higher risk of being overweight and obese than healthy children. This study aimed to assess the genetic alternations that differ between and are shared by ADHD and excessive body weight (EBW). The sample consisted of 743 Polish children aged between 6 and 17 years. We analyzed a unique set of genes and polymorphisms selected for ADHD and/or obesity based on gene prioritization tools. Polymorphisms in the KCNIP1, SLC1A3, MTHFR, ADRA2A, and SLC6A2 genes proved to be associated with the risk of ADHD in the studied population. The COMT gene polymorphism was one that specifically increased the risk of EBW in the ADHD group. Using the whole-exome sequencing technique, we have shown that the ADHD group contains rare and protein-truncating variants in the FBXL17, DBH, MTHFR, PCDH7, RSPH3, SPTBN1, and TNRC6C genes. In turn, variants in the ADRA2A, DYNC1H1, MAP1A, SEMA6D, and ZNF536 genes were specific for ADHD with EBW. In this way, we confirmed, at the molecular level, the existence of genes specifically predisposing to EBW in ADHD patients, which are associated with the biological pathways involved in the regulation of the reward system, intestinal microbiome, and muscle metabolism.

The main objective of the presented preliminary study was the identification of iron-containing phases. Iron-containing phases had accumulated in organic topsoil horizons collected from an area that has long been affected by the steel industry and emissions from power plants. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy methods were used for the determination of the iron-containing mineral phases in topsoil subsamples which, after two-staged separation, varied in terms of magnetic susceptibility and granulometry. The Mössbauer spectra were recorded using paramagnetic and magnetic components, although the latter occurred only in the strongly magnetic fraction. The central part of spectra was fitted by two doublets (D1 and D2), which were identified as aluminosilicates. Simultaneously, the experimental spectra were described using several Zeeman sextets (Z1, Z2, and Z3) corresponding to the occurrence of hematite and magnetite-like phases with iron in tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Identification of magnetic phases in the tested material, including hematite, led to the conclusion that soil contamination in the studied area was presumably caused by emissions from a nearby power plant. Magnetite-like phases with a different iron content detected in topsoil samples could be related to metallurgical and coking processes, reflecting the specificity of the industrial area from which the samples were taken. The specific composition of the iron-containing aluminosilicates also illustrated the intense and long-lasting impact of the steel and coking industries on the studied area.

This study focuses on the evaluation of the crystal structure perfection in the single crystal made of CMSX-4 nickel superalloy and its effect on creep resistance. Single crystal castings were manufactured by directional solidification process at the withdrawal rate of 1, 3, 5 and 7 mm/min. Light (LM) and electron (SEM, TEM) microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy were used for evaluation of the microstructure and crystal structure perfection. Castings were also subjected to creep tests. The best creep resistance was obtained for the casting manufactured at the withdrawal rate of 3 mm/min, characterized by the highest crystal structure perfection compared to the other castings examined.

An analysis of the defects in the vicinity of the selector–root connection plane occurring during the creation of single-crystalline turbine blades made of CMSX-6 Ni-based superalloy was performed. X-ray diffraction topography, scanning electron microscopy, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy were used. Comparing the area of undisturbed axial growth of dendrites to the area of lateral growth concluded that the low-angle boundaries-like (LAB-like) defects were created in the root as a result of unsteady-state lateral growth of some secondary dendrite arms in layers of the root located directly at the selector–root connection plane. Additional macroscopic low-angle boundaries (LABs) with higher misorientation angles were created as a result of concave curvatures of liquidus isotherm in platform-like regions near selector–root connections. Two kinds of vacancy-type defects, mono-vacancies and vacancy clusters, were determined in relation to the LABs and LAB-like defects. Only mono-vacancies appeared in the areas of undisturbed axial growth. Reasons for the creation of macroscopic LABs and LAB-like defects, and their relationships with vacancy-type defects were discussed.

Zasevki malignomov v kosti so znatno pogostejši od primarnih novotvorb. Približno 2 % zasevkov, kljub številnim opravljenim preiskavam, ostane brez jasnega mesta izvora. Predstavljeni 59-letni bolnik je bil sprejet zaradi patološkega preloma telesa vretenca L1. Po odstranitvi večine telesa, natančni patološki preiskavi in razširjeni diagnostiki, vprašanje glede izvora primarnega tumorja še vedno ostaja nerazrešeno. ; slv - slovenski

The aim of this investigation was to assess how different levels of intensity of ADHD symptoms influence the development of the subjective feeling of competence in school age children. The sample was comprised of 62 children age 11 to 13. For the purpose of estimation of the subjective feeling of competence, The Feeling of Competence Questionnaire was created. Level of ADHD symptoms intensity was estimated with the use of The Symptoms of ADHD Questionnaire, created on the basis of diagnostic criteria for ADHD included in DSM-IV and ICD-10. Cluster analysis distinguished two groups of children: a group with a lower level of ADHD symptoms intensity (Group 1) and a group with a higher level of ADHD symptoms intensity (Group 2). Group 2 revealed a significantly lower level of global feelings of competence and lower scores on the subscales: adaptive properties, knowledge and skills, acknowledgement, emotional factor and belief in success. There was no significant difference in the level of the feeling of co-operation skills and social adjustment. The results suggest that children with symptoms of ADHD are likely to have a low level of feelings of competence, which may well be a risk factor leading to later social disorders. (Contains 5 tables and 1 figure.)

Aim: In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of desfluraneN2O and desflurane-fentanyl combinations on hemodynamics, recovery times, volatile anesthetic consumption and costs in low-flow desflurane anesthesia by bispectral index (BIS) monitoring of depth of anesthesia. Methods: After approval of ethics committee and obtaining patient consents, 60 patients were divided into two equal groups randomly. Non-invasive blood pressure measurement, ECG, SpO2 and BIS were monitored. All patients received 10 L .min-1 100% oxygen with mask for 5 minute before intubation. 2 mg.kg-1 propofol, 2 μg.kg-1 fentanyl and 0.6 mg.kg-1 rocuronium bromide were administered at induction in both groups. Desfluran 6% was chosen for anesthesia maintenance. Group 1 received 50% O2-N2O mixture in 6 L.min-1 and Group 2 received 50% O2-air mixture in 6 L.min-1 as carrier gas. Low-flow anesthesia (1 L.min-1) was started after a 10-min period of initial high flow (6 L.min-1). In Group 2, infusion of fentanyl was begun in 1 μg.kg.hour-1 rate. Desflurane level was adjusted at a main BIS value of 40-60. Blood pressure, heart rate, FiO2, etO2, FiN22, EtN2O, FiCO2, EtCO2, Fidesfluran and Etdesflurane were recorded. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of heart rate, arterial blood pressure, settings of desfluran and recovery time. BIS values (p

Sia ecumenismo che il suo elemento essenziale cioè il dialogo ecumenico, dopo più di 40 anni e dopo una centinaia dei documenti elaborati nei colloqui bilaterali, devono essere visti come segni dei tempi moderni ma soprattutto come segni della speranza per un cristianesimo sempre più unito anche se paradossalmente in questo momento ancora diviso. Inoltre il centesimo anniversario dell’inizio del movimento ecumenico celebrato quest’anno (Edinburgo – 1910) ci fa guardare con l’ottimismo nel futuro e considerare ogni agire ecumenico come “un imperativo della coscienza cristiana illuminata dalla fede e guidata dalla carità” (Giovanni Paolo II, Ut unum sint, n. 8). Quest’affermazione prima di tutto si riferisce al dialogo ecumenico iscritto nel cuore degli sforzi ecumenici perché qui non si parla soltanto del dialogo dottrinale ma anche di queste sue impostazioni come: dialogo in quanto esame di coscienza, dialogo di conversione, carità e riconciliazione. In conseguenza tale dialogo dovrebbe condurre al dialogo della salvezza perché il concetto di “dialogo” come tale significa sia scambio delle idee sia, in certo senso, “scambio di doni” (Ut unum sint, n. 28) che secondo Giovanni Paolo II può portare al nuovo e fruttuoso “varcare la soglia di speranza”. Al riguardo particolarmente i santi e i martiri provenienti da varie chiese e comunità ecclesiali hanno dato la loro testimonianza. Questa testimonianza non può essere dimenticata perché anche “nel nostro secolo sono ritornati i martiri. La communio sanctorum parla con voce più alta dei fattori di divisione” (Tertio millennio adveniente, n. 37). I santi come persone del dialogo continuo con Dio e con gli altri, soprattutto i martiri che sigillano con sacrificio la loro vita, sono i segni straordinari di speranza confermanti la necessità del riunirsi accanto a Cristo attraversando ogni barriera della confessione perché “tutti crediamo nello stesso Dio anche se in modo diverso” (K. Barth). Seguendo il pensiero di Giovanni Paolo II occorre trovare nei santi i raggi luminosi per il futuro del cristianesimo e la motivazione per continuare e recepire il dialogo ecumenico. Ognuno che segue lo sviluppo del dialogo dottrinale chiamato a volte “il nodo gordiano del ecumenismo” è cosciente delle difficoltà incontrate, legate non solo al sentiero dell’esporre i punti comuni ma anche dei problemi rimasti fuori dialogo, innanzitutto riguardanti la ricezione delle soluzioni in campo di teologia. Ci sono però i momenti pieni di ottimismo che si riferiscono ai frutti raggiunti, prima di tutto a due documenti (approvati dai superiori ambienti ecclesiastici) costituenti signa prognostica che bisogna prendere in considerazione. Il primo, “Dichiarazione congiunta sulla dottrina della giustificazione” che si riferisce al dialogo cattolicoluterano, dimostra la possibilità del concordare nel tema così controverso dai tempi della Riformazione – della giustificazione che è articulus stantis et cadentis Eccle siae (il documento approvato il 31.10.1999 a Augsburgo); l’altro, nello stesso tempo divenuto un altro segno di speranza per i cristiani in Europa è “La carta ecumenica” (approvata il 22.04.2001 a Strasburgo) che indica la via di collaborazione tra le chiese in Europa. Quel documento ha dato risposta ad alcuni problemi presentati nell’articolo. Alla fine bisogna sottolineare che l’articolo soltanto tocca alcuni aspetti del tema scelto indicando che “impossibile, nel dialogo diventa possibile” e che davanti al cristianesimo di varie confessioni nasce la speranza; che il “fare verità nell’amore” non ci fa aspettare la piena unità tra i cristiani fino ai tempi escatologici. Inoltre, “agire e soffrire sono i luoghi di apprendimento della speranza” (cfr. Benedetto XVI, Spe salvi, n. 35–40).