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Abstract Nanotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the targeted and efficient treatment of melanoma, the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, with minimized systemic toxicity. However, the therapeutic efficacy of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) in melanoma treatment remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of Co3O4NPs in melanoma treatment by evaluating their impact on cell viability, genomic DNA and mitochondrial integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis induction in melanoma A-375 cells. Our findings demonstrated a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability upon treatment with five Co3O4NP concentrations (0.2, 2, 20, 200, and 2000 µg/ml), with an IC50 value of 303.80 µg/ml. Treatment with this IC50 concentration significantly increased ROS generation, induced dramatic DNA damage, and disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential integrity. Flow cytometric analysis revealed apoptosis and necrosis induction following Co3O4NP exposure at the IC50 concentration value. Results of qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated remarkable dysregulation of apoptotic and mitochondrial genes, including a significant downregulation of apoptotic p53 and mitochondrial ND3 genes and marked upregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2. These findings highlight the novel potential of Co3O4NPs as potent inducers of melanoma A-375 cell death in a concentration-dependent manner through excessive ROS production, genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of apoptotic and mitochondrial gene expression, ultimately promoting apoptosis in A-375 cells. This study thus underscores the potential of Co3O4NPs as a promising nanotherapeutic candidate for melanoma treatment, warranting further exploration to elucidate their full biological and clinical applicability.

Abstract Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2NPs), calcium titanate (CaTiO3NPs) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3NPs) nanoparticles are prevalent in many industries, including food and medicine, but their small size raises concerns about potential cellular damage and genotoxic effects. However, there are very limited studies available on their genotoxic effects. Hence, this was done to investigate the effects of multiple administration of Ca(OH)2NPs, CaTiO3NPs or/and Y2O3NPs on genomic DNA stability, mitochondrial membrane potential integrity and inflammation induction in mouse brain tissues. Mice were orally administered Ca(OH)2NPs, CaTiO3NPs or/and Y2O3NPs at a dose level of 50 mg/kg b.w three times a week for 2 weeks. Genomic DNA integrity was studied using Comet assay and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within brain cells was analyzed using 2,7 dichlorofluorescein diacetate dye. The expression level of Presenilin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes and the integrity of the mitochondrial membrane potential were also detected. Oral administration of Ca(OH)2NPs caused the highest damage to genomic DNA and mitochondrial membrane potential, less genomic DNA and mitochondrial damage was induced by CaTiO3NPs administration while administration of Y2O3NPs did not cause any remarkable change in the integrity of genomic DNA and mitochondrial membrane potential. Highest ROS generation and upregulation of presenilin-1, TNF-α and IL-6 genes were also observed within the brain cells of mice administrated Ca(OH)2NPs but Y2O3NPs administration almost caused no changes in ROS generation and genes expression compared to the negative control. Administration of CaTiO3NPs alone slightly increased ROS generation and the expression level of TNF-α and IL-6 genes. Moreover, no remarkable changes in the integrity of genomic DNA and mitochondrial DNA potential, ROS level and the expression level of presenilin-1, TNF-α and IL-6 genes were noticed after simultaneous coadministration of Y2O3NPs with Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs. Coadministration of Y2O3NPs with Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs mitigated Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs induced ROS generation, genomic DNA damage and inflammation along with restoring the integrity of mitochondrial membrane potential through Y2O3NPs scavenging free radicals ability. Therefore, further studies are recommended to study the possibility of using Y2O3NPs to alleviate Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs induced genotoxic effects.

Abstract Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have found wide applications in medical and industrial fields. However, the toxic effect of various tissues is still under study. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effect of TiO2-NP on stomach, liver, and kidney tissues and the amelioration effect of clove oil nanoemulsion (CLV-NE) against DNA damage, oxidative stress, pathological changes, and the apoptotic effect of TiO2-NPs. Four groups of male mice were subjected to oral treatment for five consecutive days including, the control group, the group treated with TiO2-NPs (50 mg/kg), the group treated with (CLV-NE) (5% of the MTD), and the group treated with TiO2-NPs plus CLV-NE. The results revealed that the treatment with TiO2-NPs significantly caused DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and kidney tissues due to increased ROS as indicated by the reduction of the antioxidant activity of SOD and Gpx and increased MDA level. Further, abnormal histological signs and apoptotic effect confirmed by the significant elevation of p53 expression were reported after TiO2-NPs administration. The present data reported a significant improvement in the previous parameters after treatment with CLV-NE. These results showed the collaborative effect of the oils and the extra role of nanoemulsion in enhancing antioxidant effectiveness that enhances its disperse-ability and further promotes its controlled release. One could conclude that CLV-NE is safe and can be used as a powerful antioxidative agent to assess the toxic effects of the acute use of TiO2-NPs.

Abstract Diverse applications of nanoparticles due to their unique properties has rapidly increased human exposure to numerous nanoparticles such as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanoparticles almost in all aspect of daily life. However, very limited data are available on the effect of these nanoparticles on genomic DNA integrity and inflammation induction in the gastric tissues. Hence, this study estimated the effect of Ca(OH)2, CaTiO3, or/and Y2O3 nanoparticles multiple oral administration on the genomic DNA damage and inflammation induction in the mice gastric tissues. A suspension containing 50 mg/kg b.w of Ca(OH)2, CaTiO3, or Y2O3 nanoparticles were given orally to male mice separately or together simultaneously three times a week for two consecutive weeks. Multiple oral administration of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles led to significant elevations in DNA damage induction and ROS generation, in contrast to the non-significant changes observed in the level of induced DNA damage and generated ROS after administration of CaTiO3 or Y2O3 nanoparticles separately or in combination with Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles. Oral administration of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles alone also highly upregulated INOS and COX-2 genes expression and extremely decreased eNOS gene expression. However, high elevations in eNOS gene expression were detected after multiple administration of CaTiO3 and Y2O3 nanoparticles separately or together simultaneously with Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, non-remarkable changes were noticed in the expression level of INOS and COX-2 genes after administration of CaTiO3 and Y2O3 nanoparticles separately or simultaneously together with Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles. In conclusion: genomic DNA damage and inflammation induced by administration of Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles alone at a dose of 50 mg/kg were mitigated by about 100% when CaTiO3 and Y2O3 nanoparticles were coadministered with Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles until they reached the negative control level through altering the expression level of eNOS, INOS and COX-2 genes and scavenging gastric ROS. Therefore, further studies are recommended to investigate the toxicological properties of Ca(OH)2, CaTiO3 and Y2O3 nanoparticles and possibility of using CaTiO3 and Y2O3 nanoparticles to mitigate genotoxicity and inflammation induction by Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles.

Abstract Intensive uses of Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2NPs), calcium titanate (CaTiO3NPs) and yttrium oxide (Y2O3NPs) nanoparticles increase their environmental release and human exposure separately or together through contaminated air, water and food. However, too limited data are available on their genotoxicity. Therefore, this study explored the effect of Ca(OH)2NPs, CaTiO3NPs or/and Y2O3NPs administration on the genotoxicityand oxidative stress induction in mice hepatic tissue. Mice were orally administered Ca(OH)2NPs, CaTiO3NPs and Y2O3NPs separately or simultaneously together at a dose level of 50 mg/kg b.w. for two successive weeks (3 days per week). Marked induction of DNA damage noticed after oral administration of Ca(OH)2NPs or CaTiO3NPs alone together with high Ca(OH)2NPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and a slight CaTiO3NPs induced ROS production were highly decreased after simultaneous coadministration of administration of Y2O3NPs with Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs up to the negative control level. Oral administration of Y2O3NPs alone also did not cause observable changes in the genomic DNA integrity and the ROS generation level compared to the negative control levels. Similarly, significant elevations in P53 gene expression and high reductions in Kras and HSP-70 genes expression were observed only after administration of Ca(OH)2NPs alone, while, remarkable increases in the Kras and HSP-70 genes expression and non-significant changes in p53 gene expression were noticed after administration of CaTiO3NPs and Y2O3NPs separately or simultaneously together with Ca(OH)2NPs. Conclusion: Ca(OH)2NPs exhibited the highest genotoxic effect through oxidative stress induction and disruption of apoptotic (p53 and Kras) and protective (HSP-70) genes expression. Slight DNA damage was noticed after CaTiO3NPs administration. However, administration of Y2O3NPs alone was non-genotoxic and coadministration of Y2O3NPs with Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs restored genomic DNA integrity and normal expression of apoptotic p53 and protective HSP-70 genes disrupted by Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs. Thus co-administration of Y2O3NPs with Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs is recommended to counter Ca(OH)2NPs and CaTiO3NPs induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress.

Abstract Iron overload (IOL) can cause hepatorenal damage due to iron-mediated oxidative and mitochondrial damage. Remarkably, combining a natural iron chelator with an antioxidant can exert greater efficacy than monotherapy. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Chia and CoQ10 to chelate excess iron and prevent hepatorenal oxidative damage in IOL mice. Male Swiss albino mice (n = 49) were randomly assigned to seven groups: control, dietary Chia, CoQ10, IOL, IOL + Chia, IOL + CoQ10, and IOL + Chia + CoQ10. Computational chemistry indicates that the phytic acid found in the Chia seeds is stable, reactive, and able to bind to up to three iron ions (both Fe2+ and Fe3+). IOL induced a significant (P

Abstract The Kidneys remove toxins from the blood and move waste products into the urine. However, the accumulation of toxins and fluids in the body leads to kidney failure. For example, the overuse of acrylamide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) in many food and consumer products increases human exposure and risks; however, there are almost no studies available on the effect of TiO2NPs coadministration with acrylamide on the integrity of genomic and mitochondrial DNA. Accordingly, this study was conducted to estimate the integrity of genomic and mitochondrial DNA in the renal tissue of mice given acrylamide and TiO2NPs. To achieve this goal, mice were administrated orally TiO2NPs or/and acrylamide at the exposure dose levels (5 mg/kg b.w) and (3 mg/kg b.w), respectively, five times per week for two consecutive weeks. Concurrent oral administration of TiO2NPs with acrylamide caused remarkable elevations in the tail length, %DNA in tail and tail moment with higher fragmentation incidence of genomic DNA compared to those detected in the renal tissue of mice given TiO2NPs alone. Simultaneous coadministration of TiO2NPs with acrylamide also caused markedly high elevations in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and p53 expression level along with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and high decreases in the number of mitochondrial DNA copies and expression level of β catenin gene. Therefore, from these findings, we concluded that concurrent coadministration of acrylamide with TiO2NPs augmented TiO2NPs induced genomic DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction through increasing intracellular ROS generation, decreasing mitochondrial DNA Copy, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and altered p53 and β catenin genes expression. Therefore, further studies are recommended to understand the biological and toxic effects resulting from TiO2NPs with acrylamide coadministration.

Abstract Despite the high antioxidant and penetration ability of pomegranate seed oil (PSO), the in vivo antitumor activity of PSO nano-emulsion has not been well investigated. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the antitumor activity and safety of PSO nano-emulsion in mice bearing Ehrlich solid carcinoma cells. For tumor inoculation, about 2 × 106 viable Ehrlich tumor cells (200 µl) were implanted intramuscularly in the left thigh of hind leg. Once a solid tumor appears on the 10th day of transplantation; the mice were randomly divided into five groups (5 animals/group). Characterization of the PSO nano-emulsion using a Zeta sizer Malvern instrument and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed that the PSO nano-droplets were well dispersed with an average particle size of 8.95 nm and a spherical shape. Treatment with PSO nano-emulsions caused a significant reduction in the tumor size and weight, in a dose dependent manner, compared to tumor control group. Marked dose dependent elevations in the DNA damage level together with significant increases in the tumor suppressor p53, Bax and Caspase genes and reductions in the anti-apoptotic Bcl2 gene were also observed in the tumor tissue of mice given PSO nano-emulsions. Histological examination also revealed apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells and tumor infiltration with inflammatory cells after PSO nano-emulsion treatment. However, high DNA damage was noticed in the liver and kidney tissues of mice given the highest dose of PSO nano-emulsion (400 mg/kg). Therefore, we concluded that PSO nano-emulsion exhibited a potent antitumor activity through induction of DNA breaks that triggers apoptosis of tumor cells but the highest dose caused genotoxicity to liver and kidney tissues, thus it is recommended to use doses lower than 400 mg/kg of PSO nano-emulsion as an alternative drugs for chemotherapy.

Abstract Acrylamide is used in the industry and can be a by-product of high-temperature food processing which has toxic potential in various tissues, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are widely used in toothpaste, sweets, food perseveration, chewing gum and medicines. Consequently, humans are daily exposed to large amounts of acrylamide and TiO2NPs mainly through food intake. However, limited studies are available on the effect of simultaneously intake of acrylamide and TiO2NPs on the integrity of genomic DNA and the induction of apoptosis in brain tissues. Therefore, this study estimated the influence of acrylamide coadministration on TiO2NPs induced genomic instability and oxidative stress in the brain tissues of mice. To achieve this, mice were orally administrated acrylamide (3 mg/kg b.w) or/and TiO2NPs (5 mg/kg b.w) for two successive weeks (5 days per week). The comet assay results showed that concurrent oral administration of acrylamide and TiO2NPs strongly induced single- and double stranded DNA breaks, and that the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was also highly elevated within neural cells after simultaneous oral intake of acrylamide and TiO2NPs compared to those observed after administration of acrylamide or/TiO2NPs alone. Moreover, oral co-administration of acrylamide with TiO2NPs increased apoptotic DNA damage to neurons by upregulating the expression levels of P53, TNF-α, IL-6 and Presenillin-1 genes compared to groups administered TiO2NPs. Therefore, from these results, the present study concluded that coadministration of acrylamide renders TiO2NPs more genotoxic and motivates apoptotic DNA damage and oxidative stress induced by TiO2NPs in brain cells, and thus it is recommended to avoid concurrent oral acrylamide administration with TiO2NPs.

Abstract Background The distinctive properties and high activity of calcium titanate nanoparticles (CaTiO3-NPs) increase their use in many products. However, the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of CaTiO3-NPs in human cancer cell lines have not been well studied. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore CaTiO3-NPs induced cytotoxicity, genomic instability and apoptosis in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Methods Sulforhodamine B (SRB) and the alkaline comet assays were done to study cell viability and DNA damage induction, respectively. Apoptosis induction and cell cycle distribution were analyzed using flow cytometry. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied, and the expression levels of p53, Bax and Bcl2 genes were also measured. Results The results of the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity assay showed that viability of MCF-7 cells was not affected by CaTiO3-NPs treatment for 24 h, however, exposure to CaTiO3-NPs for 72 h caused concentrations dependent death of MCF-7 cells. Treatment with CaTiO3-NPs for 72 h caused marked increases in intracellular ROS level and induced DNA damage. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with CaTiO3-NPs also caused MCF-7 cell cycle arrest at the G0 and S phases and s triggered apoptosis of MCF-7 cells by causing simultaneous increases in the expression levels of apoptotic p53 and Bax genes and a decrease in the expression level of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 gene. Conclusion Collectively, it was concluded that CaTiO3-NPs cause time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects in human MCF-7 cells through induction of ROS generation, genomic instability and apoptosis. Thus it is recommended that further in vitro and in vivo studies are therefore recommended to understand the cytotoxic and biological effects of CaTiO3-NPs.

Abstract The remarkable physical and chemical characteristics of noble metal nanoparticles, such as high surface-to-volume ratio, broad optical properties, ease of assembly, surfactant and functional chemistry, have increased scientific interest in using erbium oxide nanoparticles (Er2O3-NPs) and other noble metal nanostructures in cancer treatment. However, the therapeutic effect of Er2O3-NPs on hepatic cancer cells has not been studied. Therefore, the current study was conducted to estimate the therapeutic potential of Er2O3-NPs on human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells. Exposure to Er2O3-NPs for 72 h inhibited growth and caused death of Hep-G2 cells in a concentration dependent manner. High DNA damage and extra-production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were induced by Er2O3-NPs in Hep-G2 cells. As determined by flow cytometry, Er2O3-NPs arrested Hep-G2 cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and markedly increased the number of Hep-G2 cells in the apoptotic and necrotic phases. Moreover, Er2O3-NPs caused simultaneous marked increases in expression levels of apoptotic (p53 and Bax) genes and decreased level of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 gene expression level in Hep-G2 cells. Thus it is concluded that Er2O3-NPs inhibit proliferation and trigger apoptosis of Hep-G2 cells through the extra ROS generation causing high DNA damage induction and alterations of apoptotic genes. Thus it is recommended that further in vitro and in vivo studies be carried out to study the possibility of using Er2O3-NPs in the treatment of cancer.

Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater sources is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, we collected a total of (n = 81) drinking groundwater samples from various groundwater sources, from two districts’ namely Ghotki (n = 44) and Nawab Shah (n = 37) of Sindh, Province, Pakistan. The current research aimed to investigate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater with elevated arsenic (As), its effect on the health of local population living in the study area, potential sources of groundwater variables, and the suitability of groundwater for ingestion motive. The results showed that groundwater sample variables of both districts had moderate to high concentration levels. The cations concentrations were observed in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca+ > Mg+ > K+, for both districts, while anions abundance was HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > F− > NO3− in the Ghotki, and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > NO3− > F− in the Nawab Shah, respectively. Arsenic (As) had low to high concentration levels in both districts, observed with average values of 10.1 μg/L and 21.0 μg/L in the Ghotki and Nawab Shah, respectively. The water type was mixed CaMgCl type in both districts, while the groundwater sources were saturated for CO3 minerals indicated by the saturation indices results. Principal component analysis showed the geogenic source of ion exchange, dissolution of minerals, weathering of host rocks and anthropogenic input of industrial activities, agricultural practices and domestic waste for groundwater contamination. The water quality index (WQI) exhibits that majority of groundwater samples (73.6% of Ghotki and 65.7% of Nawab Shah) were suitable for drinking. The non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of As were (>1) in groundwater samples of the Ghotki and Nawab Shah, while a high mean HQ value (8.78 × 100) was recorded for children in Nawab Shah. The carcinogenic risk (CR) values of As were significantly higher than the maximum threshold CR value (1 × 10–4). This study emphasized that monitoring strategies are substantially needed to mitigate the As contamination to reduce the potential health risk.

Six mungbean parental lines and their fifteen F1s produced from half-diallel mating design were investigated for combining ability and heterosis in terms of a yield and its components. Results showed highly significant variations among the parents and F1s, suggesting a wide genetic variability for the studied characters. Analysis of variance indicated that genotypes mean square values, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant (p ≤ 0.001) for all measured traits except for days to flowering, days to maturity, and pod length indicating genetic diversity of parents and both additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of the measured traits. A higher effect of SCA than GCA for plant height and seeds per pod suggests the preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the expression of characters. Based on per se performance and GCA, BARI Mung-1, PS-7, and BMXK1-14004 were the best general combiners for yield per plant. In the context of SCA, hybrids BMXK1-14004 × Sonali mung, BMXK1-14004 × PS-7, BMXK1-14004 × BINA Mung-8, Sukumar × PS-7, and BARI Mung-1 × BINA Mung-8 were good specific combiners. BMXK1-14004 × Sonali mung and BMXK1-14004 × PS-7 were the best heterotic hybrids for yield and yield-contributing traits. These parents and crosses could be utilized for further use in breeding programs to improve yields in mungbean crops.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of gibberellic acid on both concentration and time of application on the seed production ability of BU cauliflower-1. The experiment was conducted to determine seed production ability at five concentrations of GA3: G0 = Control, G1 = 100 ppm, G2 = 200 ppm, G3 = 300 ppm, G4 = 400 ppm, along with four application times at different growth stages including T1 = Foliar application at 3 weeks after planting, T2 = Foliar application at 4 weeks after planting, T3 = Foliar application at 5 weeks after planting and T4 = Foliar application at 6 weeks after planting. Results revealed that 200 ppm GA3 gave the highest plant height (44.05 cm), the number of primary (10.88) and secondary flowering branches (31.33), stalk length (79.53 cm), seeded pods per plant (465), pod length (4.975 cm), seeds per pod (10.87), seed yield per plant (16.16 g), seed yield (0.24 ton/ha), and weight of thousand seeds (4.826 g) with the earliest curd (51.02 days) and flower initiation (84.17 days). It also gave the highest net return (Tk. 4.7 lakh/ha) and benefit-cost ratio (4.34). GA3 application at 3 weeks after transplanting had the highest numbers of primary and secondary flowering branches, pods, seeded pods, and seed yield per plant. The treatment combination of G2T1 gave the earliest curd initiation (49.60 days), the highest number of secondary flowering branches (34.87), seed yield per plant (22.75 g), and seed yield (0.27 ton/h). In contrast, the G2T2 treatment resulted in the earliest flower initiation (81.77 days) with the highest pod length (5.20 cm), the number of pods per plant (707), and seeded pods per plant (507), and seeds per pod (11.30). Hence, 200 ppm GA3 applied three weeks after transplanting could be used as the best combination for cauliflower seed production with the highest net return and benefit-cost ratio. Enhancing seed yield is our ultimate goal; hence, we suggest 200 ppm GA3 three weeks after transplanting for increased cauliflower seed production with the highest return and benefit-cost ratio in the study area. As we performed the study in a particular location, we recommend multilocation trials in different agro-ecological regions to study the genotype–environment interaction for final confirmation of the results.

Cosmetic-containing herbals are a cosmetic that has or is claimed to have medicinal properties, with bioactive ingredients purported to have medical benefits. There are no legal requirements to prove that these products live up to their claims. The name is a combination of “cosmetics” and “pharmaceuticals”. “Nutricosmetics” are related dietary supplements or food or beverage products with additives that are marketed as having medical benefits that affect appearance. Cosmetic-containing herbals are topical cosmetic–pharmaceutical hybrids intended to enhance the health and beauty of the skin. Cosmetic-containing herbals improve appearance by delivering essential nutrients to the skin. Several herbal products, such as cosmetic-containing herbals, are available. The present review highlights the use of natural products in cosmetic-containing herbals, as natural products have many curative effects as well as healing effects on skin and hair growth with minimal to no side effects. A brief description is given on such plants, their used parts, active ingredients, and the therapeutic properties associated with them. Mainly, the utilization of phytoconstituents as cosmetic-containing herbals in the care of skin and hair, such as dryness of skin, acne, eczema, inflammation of the skin, aging, hair growth, and dandruff, along with natural ingredients, such as for hair colorant, are explained in detail in the present review.

Curcumin is the primary polyphenol in turmeric’s curcuminoid class. It has a wide range of therapeutic applications, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, and anticancer effects against various cancers, but has poor solubility and low bioavailability. Objective: To improve curcumin’s bioavailability, plasma concentration, and cellular permeability processes. The nanocurcumin approach over curcumin has been proven appropriate for encapsulating or loading curcumin (nanocurcumin) to increase its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Though incorporating curcumin into nanocurcumin form may be a viable method for overcoming its intrinsic limitations, and there are reasonable concerns regarding its toxicological safety once it enters biological pathways. This review article mainly highlights the therapeutic benefits of nanocurcumin over curcumin.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are excessively used and represent one of the top five most commonly used nanoparticles worldwide. Recently, various studies referred to their toxic potential on various organs using different treatment route. Male Swiss Webster mice were orally administrated TiO2NPs (500 mg/kg b.w.) daily for five consecutive days and then animals were sacrificed at 24 h, 7 days, or 14 days after the last treatment. The present results report that exposure to TiO2NPs produces mild to moderate changes in the cytoarchitecture of brain tissue in a time dependent manner. Moreover, Comet assay revealed the apoptotic DNA fragmentation, while PCR-SSCP pattern and direct sequencing showed point mutation of Presenilin 1 gene at exon 5, gene linked to inherited forms of the Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, from these findings, the present study concluded that TiO2NPs is genotoxic and mutagenic to brain tissue which in turn might lead to Alzheimer’s disease incidence.