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Toshinobu Hayashi,1,2 Mototsugu Shimokawa,3 Koichi Matsuo,2 Takanori Miyoshi,4 Yoko Toriyama,4 Chiaki Yokota,5 Jun Taniguchi,6 Kiyonori Hanada,7 Kyouichi Tsumagari,8 Noriko Okubo,9 Yoshimichi Koutake,10 Kohei Sakata,11 Yosei Kawamata,12 Takashi Goto,13 Yasufumi Tsurusaki,14 Makiko Koyabu1 1Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan; 2Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Care Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; 3Cancer Biostatistics Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan; 4Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, Oita, Japan; 5Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan; 6Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Ureshino Medical Center, Saga, Japan; 7Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Saishunso National Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; 8Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Miyakonojo Medical Center, Miyazaki, Japan; 9Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto, Japan; 10Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Japan; 11Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto South National Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan; 12Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, Kagoshima, Japan; 13Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kokura Medical Center, Kitakyushu, Japan; 14Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Saga National Hospital, Saga, Japan Purpose: Improvement in the control of delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is needed. There is limited information on antiemetic prophylaxis for patients undergoing low-emetic-risk chemotherapy (LEC), and the optimal antiemetic treatment is not well understood. Therefore, we analyzed the risk factors for delayed CINV to aid in the development of individualized treatments. Patients and methods: This prospective multicenter study was conducted in 13 hospitals and included patients with solid cancers undergoing LEC. A total of 222 patients were enrolled between September 2013 and November 2014. The participants completed a daily diary for 5 days after the commencement of the first cycle of LEC to describe the daily incidence of CINV (yes/no). Furthermore, the participants described the severity of nausea and the amount of food intake with the help of VAS. Results: Two hundred and ten patients provided their data that were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to examine the risk factors for delayed CINV. History of CINV, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score ≥1, acute CINV, and single-day antiemetic prophylaxis were identified as independent risk factors for delayed CINV. Conclusion: The current use of antiemetic prophylaxis according to the recommended guideline appears to effectively control delayed CINV in patients undergoing LEC. Therefore, patients with the abovementioned risk factors should be carefully observed, and their treatment should be adjusted according to their symptoms. The use of multiple-day dexamethasone may be beneficial for those patients who develop acute CINV, especially when it is accompanied by anorexia. Keywords: adverse effects, antiemetics, prophylaxis, quality of life

Combined high-fusion performance and long-pulse operation is one of the key integration challenges for fusion energy development in magnetic devices. Addressing these challenges requires an integrated vision of physics and engineering aspects with the purpose of simultaneously increasing time duration and fusion performance. Significant progress has been made in tokamaks and stellarators, including very recent achievement in duration and/or performance. This progress is reviewed by analyzing the experimental data (109 plasma pulses with a total of 3200 data points, i.e. on average 29 data per pulse) provided by ten tokamaks (in alphabetical order: Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment Upgrade, DIII-D, Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, Joint European Torus, JT-60 Upgrade, Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research, tokamak à configuration variable, Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Tore Supra, W Environment in Steady-State Tokamak) and two stellarators (Large Helical Device and Wendelstein 7-X) expanding the pioneering work of Kikuchi (Kikuchi M. and Azumi M. 2015 Frontiers in Fusion Research II: Introduction to Modern Tokamak Physics (Springer)). Data have been gathered up to January 2022 and coordination has been provided by the recently created International Energy Agency-International Atomic Energy Agency international C oordination on I nternational C hallenges on L ong duration OP eration group. By exploiting the multi-machine international database, recent progress in terms of injected energies (e.g. 1730 MJ in L-mode, 425 MJ in H-mode), durations (1056 s in L-mode, 101 s in H-mode), injected powers, and sustained performance will be reviewed. Progress has been made to sustain long-pulse operation in tokamaks and stellarators with superconducting coils, actively cooled components, and/or with metallic walls. The graph of the fusion triple products as a function of duration shows a dramatic reduction of, at least two orders of magnitude when increasing the plasma duration from less than 1 s to 100 s. Indeed, long-pulse operation is usually reached in dominant electron-heating modes at reduced density (current drive optimization) but with low ion temperatures ranging from 1 to 3 keV for discharges above 100 s. Difficulties in extending the duration may arise from coupling high heating powers over long durations and the evolving plasma-wall interaction towards an unstable operational domain. Possible causes limiting the duration and critical issues to be addressed prior to ITER operation and DEMO design are reported and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effectiveness of moisturizers in preventing infant atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. We previously showed that using 2e moisturizer of commercial moisturizer (Shiseido Japan Co., Ltd.) at least once a day significantly prevented AD in infants as compared with as‐needed petroleum jelly. This trial aimed to determine the effectiveness of twice‐ or once‐daily application of Fam's Baby moisturizer (Fam's Inc.) in preventing AD compared with once‐daily 2e moisturizer. Methods: This trial was a single‐centre, three‐parallel‐group, assessor‐blinded, superiority, individually randomized, controlled, phase II trial that was conducted from 25 August 2020 to 28 September 2021. We randomly assigned 60 newborns with at least one parent or sibling who has AD to receive Fam's Baby moisturizer twice daily (Group A) or once daily (Group B), or 2e once daily (Group C) in a 1:1:1 ratio until they were 32 weeks old. The primary outcome was the time of AD onset. Results: Atopic dermatitis was observed in 11/20 (55%), 5/20 (25%) and 10/20 (50%), infants in Groups A, B and C, respectively. Cumulative incidence values for AD according to the Kaplan–Meier method showed that infants in Group B tended to maintain an intact skin for a longer period than those in Group C (median time, not reached [NR] vs. 212 days, log‐rank test, p = 0.064). Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of AD tended to be lower in Group B (hazard ratio with group C as control, 0.36; 95% confidential intervals: 0.12–1.06). No serious adverse events occurred in any of the enrolled infants. Conclusion: Fam's Baby moisturizer may better prevent AD than 2e. Further large‐scale trials should be performed to confirm the efficacy of Fam's Baby moisturizer in preventing AD in infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]