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To determine whether the existing literature provides evidence that curved path walking time can be a reliable marker of cognitive impairment among older adults using a network meta-analysis (NMA).PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Korean Studies Information Service System (KSISS) electronic databases were searched in December 2019.Studies that included the following variables were selected: (P): patients with cognitive impairment, (I): straight path versus curved path walking, (C): control group without cognitive impairment, (O): walking time, and (S): cross-sectional or longitudinal study design. In total, 21 studies were selected for the NMA, which was performed to compare the standardized mean difference (SMD) of walking time on curved and straight paths.Older adults with dementia had significantly longer walking times than older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for both straight path walking and curved path walking. The SMD of straight path walking time was 0.59 (95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.39, 0.81) for older adults with MCI and 0.90 (95% CrI: 0.65, 1.16) for older adults with dementia. The SMD of walking time on a curved path was 0.52 (95% CrI: -0.22, 1.26) for older adults with MCI and 1.98 (95% CrI: 1.20, 2.92) for those with dementia. In older adults with dementia, the correlation coefficient of the Fisher's z value was higher for curved path walking than for straight path walking.The way people with dementia walk exhibits signs of cognitive impairments. NMA confirmed that older adults with dementia requires significantly longer time to walk the same distance than healthy controls or older adults with MCI for both curved and straight path walking.

본 연구는 최근 국제공항에서 활용하고 있는 서비스 로봇에 대한 소비자의 반응이 공항이미지에 미치는 영향을 확인하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 서비스 로봇에 대한 소비자의 반응을 인지적, 감정적인 반응으로 구분해서 살펴보고 이러한 반응이 각각 지각된 품질과 지각된 즐거움을 거쳐 고객만족에 영향을 주고, 궁극적으로 공항이미지에 미치는 영향을 실증분석하였다. 공항에서 서비스 로봇을 이용해본 경험이 있는 소비자들을 대상으로 실증분석한 결과, 서비스 로봇에 대한 인지적 반응은 지각된 품질에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 감정적 반응은 지각된 즐거움을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지각된 품질과 지각된 즐거움은 서비스로봇에 대한 고객만족을 높이며, 서비스 로봇으로 인해 만족한 고객은 공항이미지를 긍정적으로 평가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이를 통해, 서비스 로봇에 대한 긍정적인 평가는 전반적인 공항 이미지를 긍정적으로 형성하는데 기여한다는 것을 확인하였다. 다만, 서비스 로봇에 대한 고객만족에 감정적 측면인 지각된 즐거움이 인지적 측면인 지각된 품질보다 더 큰 영향을 줄 것으로 예상하였으나, 실증분석결과 두 경로의 영향력은 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 서비스 로봇에 대한 고객만족도에는 소비자의 인지적인 평가와 감정적인 평가가 균형있게 영향을 준다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Background: Glaucoma, is the most common cause of irreversible visual deficits, presents as an injury to the optic nerve and it is mainly associated with elevated intraocular pressure. The main symptom of glaucoma is a reduction of the visual field, which is usually a source of complaint at the advanced stage of disease. Because of visual deficit, gait dysfunctions, including low gait speed and increased bumping into objects, postural sway, and falling are occurred. Many studies have used stopwatch or motion-sensing devices to report on gait function following glaucoma. However, there are few reports on gait dysfunction assessed by examining foot pressure. This study investigated gait ability following glaucoma according to different gait conditions by assessing foot pressure. Methods: Thirty older adults (15 in the sex- and age-matched normal group and 15 in the glaucoma group) were recruited for this study. All participants were walked under 2 different gait conditions in an F-scan system and the subject’ assessments were randomly assigned to rule out the order effect. Conditions included: gait over an obstacle in a straight 6 m path, gait in a straight path without an obstacle in the 6 m path. Gait variables included cadence, gait cycle, stance time, center of force (COF) deviation, and COF excursion. About 10 minutes were taken for gait evaluation. Results: When walking without an obstacle on a 6 m path, there were significant differences between the 2 groups in gait speed, cadence, gait cycle, and stance time (P

공항을 이용하는 고객들은 공항 내 다양한 서비스를 이용하게 된다. 특히 공항 출국 고객의 경우 공항 도착 후 탑승까지의 대기시간 중에서 서비스 경험을 하게 된다. 본 연구는 최근 공항에서 활용되고 있는 서비스 로봇에 대한 소비자들의 반응을 확인하고 서비스 로봇의 활용이 공항에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 서비스는 고객과의 상호작용을 통해서 제공받는 특성을 갖고 있으므로, 고객이 지각한 서비스 로봇의 서비스 품질을 측정하고 서비스 로봇에 대한 만족도를 확인하고자 하였다. 서비스 로봇의 서비스 품질과 관련하여서는 기존 연구를 바탕으로 상호작용품질과 결과품질의 두 가지 요인을 고려하였으며, 서비스 로봇에 대한 이용만족도를 매개변수로 하고, 공항이미지를 결과변수로 하여 연구모델을 구성하였다. 연구를 위해 중국 소비자들을 대상으로 연구 설문을 진행하였으며, 이는 로봇산업의 경우 중국과 한국, 일본의 국가들이 모두 심혈을 기울이고 있는 산업이고, 각 국가의 공항에서 서비스 로봇을 운영하고 있으며, 항공 여행 산업에서 중국 소비자들의 성장이 가장 크기 때문에 국내 공항에도 중요한 연구라 판단하였다. 연구의 방법론으로는 구조방정식 모형을 사용하였다. 연구결과 서비스 로봇을 경험한 소비자들은 공항이미지에 긍정적인 이미지를 갖게 됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 서비스 로봇이 공항에서 다양하게 활용되고 있음에도 불구하고 서비스 로봇의 공항에서의 역할 및 향후 연구방향에 대한 논의가 충분하지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 서비스 로봇의 공항에서의 활용에 대한 연구가 필요함을 알리고 기초적인 연구를 제공하고자 하였다. 또한 서비스 로봇과 관련한 다양한 연구 방향성에 대하여 제안을 하고자 하였다.

Background and Purpose: The Groningen Meander Walking time (GMW-sec) test has not been clinically validated as a feasible assessment to test functional mobility skills. The purpose of this study wa...

Objectives. The goals of this study were to assess the effectiveness of WBV (whole body vibration) training through an analysis of effect sizes, identify advantages of WBV training, and suggest other effective treatment methods. Methods. Four databases, namely, EMBASE, PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science, were used to collect articles on vibration. Keywords such as “vibration” and “stroke” were used in the search for published articles. Consequently, eleven studies were selected in the second screening using meta-analyses. Results. The total effect size of patients with dementia in the studies was 0.25, which was small. The effect size of spasticity was the greatest at 1.24 (high), followed by metabolism at 0.99 (high), balance, muscle strength, gait, and circulation in the decreasing order of effect size. Conclusions. The effect sizes for muscle strength and balance and gait function, all of which play an important role in performance of daily activities, were small. In contrast, effect sizes for bone metabolism and spasticity were moderate. This suggests that WBV training may provide a safe, alternative treatment method for improving the symptoms of stroke in patients.

PURPOSE: This study was to evaluate the muscle activity of gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae, and quadratus lumborum during side-lying abduction exercise in various pelvic tilting positions. METHODS: We measured the activity of three muscles in three pelvic tilt positions for 17 normal subjects wi...

We examined the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) communication by multinational corporations in terms of the type of message being delivered. Results of Study 1 (N = 122 Korean adults) showed that CSR messages received more positive responses from consumers when temporal distance was low, compared to when it was high. Moreover, emotional message appeals generated more positive product evaluations from consumers than did rational message appeals when framed in the near versus distant future. Results of Study 2 (N = 120 Korean adults) revealed that Korean consumers reacted more positively to CSR messages from domestic companies than to those from multinational corporations when such messages were described concretely versus abstractly. Across the 2 studies, we found that construal levels and message appeals shaped the behavioral processes that generate consumers' responses to CSR messages from multinational corporations.

[Purpose] This study was aimed to determine the relative and absolute reliability of Korean version tools of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed Up and Go (TUG), the Four-Meter Walking Test (4MWT) and the Groningen Meander Walking Test (GMWT) in patients with dementia. [Subjects and Methods] A total of 53 patients with dementia were tested on TUG, BBS, 4MWT and GMWT with a prospective cohort methodological design. Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) to assess relative reliability and the standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC95) and its percentage (MDC%) to analyze the absolute reliability were calculated. [Results] Inter-rater reliability (ICC(2,3)) of TUG, BBS and GMWT was 0.99 and that of 4MWT was 0.82. Inter-rater reliability was high for TUG, BBS and GMWT, with low SEM, MDC95, and MDC%. Inter-rater reliability was low for 4MWT, with high SEM, MDC95, and MDC%. Test-retest (ICC(2,3)) of TUG, BBS and GMWT was 0.96–0.99 and Test-retest (ICC(2,3)) of 4MWT was 0.85. The test-retest was high for TUG, BBS and GMWT, with low SEM, MDC95, and MDC%, but it was low for 4MWT, with high SEM, MDC95, and MDC%. [Conclusion] The relative reliability was high for all the assessment tools. The absolute reliability has a reasonable level of stability except the 4MWT.

Objective. The aim of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to examine whether virtual reality (VR) training is effective for lower limb function as well as upper limb and overall function in chronic stroke patients. Methods. Three databases, OVID, PubMed, and EMBASE, were used to collect articles. The search terms used were “cerebrovascular accident (CVA),” “stroke”, and “virtual reality”. Consequently, twenty-one studies were selected in the second screening of meta-analyses. The PEDro scale was used to assess the quality of the selected studies. Results. The total effect size for VR rehabilitation programs was 0.440. The effect size for upper limb function was 0.431, for lower limb function it was 0.424, and for overall function it was 0.545. The effects of VR programs on specific outcomes were most effective for improving muscle tension, followed by muscle strength, activities of daily living (ADL), joint range of motion, gait, balance, and kinematics. Conclusion. The VR training was effective in improving the function in chronic stroke patients, corresponding to a moderate effect size. Moreover, VR training showed a similar effect for improving lower limb function as it did for upper limb function.

PURPOSE: Many studies have reported the improvement of cognition through physical activity among subject with dementia. This study aimed to whether the current studies supports that physical activity intervention is efficacious on cognitive performance in subject with dementia. METHODS: Two independent reviewers searched National assembly library, RISS, KISS (2005-2015) using the concepts of dementia, exercise, and physical activity. We included randomized controlled trials that examined the efficacy of physical activity in subject with dementia. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the effect sizes cognition with CMA (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2.2.064) soft-ware program. Nine randomized controlled trials were included, providing data from 133 individuals and excluding those failing to criteria of this study. RESULTS: The meta-analysis showed that physical activity intervention had a rather small effect sizes of 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.14-0.59) on cognition performance in subject with dementia. Outcome measurement were MMSE-K (Mini-mental state examination Korean version) and LOCTA (Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment). We found heterogeneous among studies and there was difference between the studies (Q

Crowd funding can be understood that consumers are participated in production process before real commercialization. These days there are some expectancy and worry about foreign capital influence to Korea Wave. This study is to find out the possibility that Korea Wave can lead to investment to make new cultural contents and find possibility as new investment funding source. Expecially this research did survey at Gwangjou in China with 20s and find their possibility to invest money for crowd funding related to Korea Wave and we evaluate consumer`s Korea Wave preference. The results showed that with more preference of Korea Wave decrease consumer`s perceived risk and increase consumer`s perceived benefit. With this research we can find some possibility of motive for consumer`s direct investment to Korea Wave project in Korea.

Purpose: This study was to identify the whether there is any correlation between Gross Motor Function Measures (GMFM) and Functional independence Measurement for children (WeeFIM) in order to identify a relevance of daily life motor with gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Subjects were instructed to evaluated by an occupational therapist using WeeFIM (reliability 0.83-0.99) and by a physical therapist using GMFM (reliability 0.93). 10 male children and 13 female children among 23 children being diagnosed as cerebral palsy were targeted for this study. A correlation between GMFM and WeeFIM was analyzed with Kendall correlation. Results: Participants showed significant correlation between GMFM and WeeFIM in all categories, except in the GMFM’s walking· running·jumping category, standing category of GMFM and self care, sphincter control, communication category of WeeFIM. Lying·rolling and sitting and crawling· kneeling area of GMFM showed a significant correlation with self care(r=0.35, 0.39, 0.4), sphincter control (r=0.45, 0.43, 0.61), mobility transfer (r=0.44, 0.36, 0.64), locomotion (r=0.41, 0.35, 0.74), communication (r=0.4, 0.44, 0.51), and social cognition (r=0.43, 0.51, 0.64) area of WeeFIM (p

PURPOSE: This paper aims to present the available angle to evaluate the severity of forward head posture (FHP) with the observation method and photographic method. METHODS: A cross-sectional observation research design study consisted of 29 subjects who was divided two groups (slight FHP group, moderate FHP group) in Eulji university was used. We evaluated the FHP and the angles including CranioVertebral Angle (CVA), Head Tilting Angle (HTA), Head Position Angle (HPA) and Forward Shoulder Angle (FSA) with the Body style S-8.0 (South Korea, LU Commerce). RESULTS: The mean of CVA, FSA from the slight FHP group was shown higher than moderate severe FHP group. According to independent t-test result, but there was no difference among all angles in two groups. The linear discriminate analysis showed the size of distinction of FSA was the biggest, and then CVA, HTA and HPA were in the

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of device considering Mckenzie type for the subjects with forward head posture (FHP). METHODS: The subjects were 35 patients with FHP (mean age was years; mean height; , mean weight; , mean NDI(Neck Disability Index; , mean FHP; ). We measured the posture with the Body style S-8.0(LU Commerce, South Korea) to evaluate the FHP. We collected the surface EMG(Myosystem 1400, Noraxon, USA) data to quantify changes in normalized activation levels of muscles in SternoCleidoMastoid muscle(SCM), Scalenus Anterior(SA), Trapezius upper fiber(TU) and Splenius Cervicis(SC), during the subjects were instructed to glide their head into a "chin-in" position for a retraction without and with device. RESULTS: The condition with device significantly decreased the %RVC of SA(), SCM() and TU() compared to the condition without device(SA;, SCM;, Trapezius;). But the %RVC of capitis() with device was increased(). There was significant difference in the %RVC between SCM and Trapezius muscle in two conditions. CONCLUSION: New device for FHP reduces the EMG activities of the TU, SCM and SA muscle. We have to develop the function of feedback to facilitate the motion in the future.

58 subjects among physical therapymajor studentswere recruited. The group was constructed the fourgroupsbypreparation and review times. The firstgroup was less than 1hour, the second group wasmore than 1 hour ~ less than 2 hours, the third group was more than 2 hours ~ less than 3 hours, the fourth group was more than 3 hours that was preparation and reviewtimes. The students were performed GMFM evaluation capacity after they learned the normal motor development for 5 weeks and evaluation method. They continued the preparation and review learning †Corresponding Author : kimcharon@hanmail.netThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.about the lesson during 5 weeks.

[Purpose] This study investigated the effects of Nordic walking on physical functions and depression in frail people aged 70 years and above. [Subjects] Twenty frail elderly individuals ≥70 years old were assigned to either a Nordic walking group (n=8) or general exercise group (n=10). [Methods] The duration of intervention was equal in both groups (3 sessions/week for 12 weeks, 60 min/session). Physical function (balance, upper extremity strength, lower extremity strength, weakness) and depression were examined before and after the interventions. [Results] With the exception of upper extremity muscle strength, lower extremity strength, weakness, balance, and depression after Nordic walking demonstrated statistically significant improvement. However, in the general exercise group, only balance demonstrated a statistically significant improvement after the intervention. There were significant differences in the changes in lower extremity muscle strength, weakness and depression between the groups. [Conclusion] In conclusion, Nordic walking was more effective than general exercise. Therefore, we suggest that Nordic walking may be an attractive option for significant functional improvement in frail people over 70 years old.

PURPOSE: This study was aim to the change of muscle activities of lower extremity and waist during lifting a small object on the floor according to different foot position of women in their twenties wearing a skirt. METHODS: 9 women in their twenties wearing a skirt were selected and were measured the muscle activities of medial gastrocnemius (MG), tibialis anterior (TA), vastus lateralis (VL) and iliocostalis (IC) when they lifted a small object on the floor. The two different foot position employed were “both feet posed straight side by side” (condition 1) and “both feet posed diagonally to 45 degree” (condition 2) used. The order of feet position was selected randomly and the subject took a rest for 30 min between tests to prevent muscle fatigue. We calculated the mean and standard deviation of muscle activities and used Mann-Whitney U test to compare the difference between the two foot positions with SPSS(IBM Korea) RESULTS: The muscle activity of condition 2 was greater

[Purpose] We assessed the effects of aerobic exercise and strengthening exercise on pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) over time. [Subjects and Methods] Fifteen healthy participants were recruited and randomly divided into 3 groups: aerobic exercise, strengthening exercise, and control. The subjects in the aerobic group walked on a treadmill for 40 min at 6.5 km/h. The subjects in the strength group performed circuit training that included bench press, lat pull down, biceps curl, triceps extension, and shoulder press based on the perceived exertion for 40 min. The subjects in the control group rested without any exercise in a quiet room for 40 min. The PPTs of 5 potential muscle trigger points before exercise, and immediately after 10 and 40 min of exercise or rest were measured using an electronic algometer (JTECH Medical, USA). The Friedman’s, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were performed using SPSS 18.0 (IBM, Korea). [Results] The PPTs of all subjects decreased after 10 min of exercise, but the difference was not statistically significant. The PPTs of the control group decreased after 40 min. Furthermore, the PPTs of 3 muscles increased after 40 min of aerobic exercise and of 6 muscles after 40 min of strengthening exercise. No significant difference in PPTs was noted among the groups. [Conclusion] The results show that 40 min is a more appropriate exercise time, although the efficacy of controlling pain did not differ between strengthening exercise and aerobic exercise.