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Persistent plant viruses are widespread in natural ecosystems. However, little is known about why persistent infection with these viruses may cause little or no harm to their host. Here, we discovered a new polerovirus that persistently infected wild rice plants by deep sequencing and assembly of virus‐derived small‐interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The new virus was named Rice tiller inhibition virus 2 (RTIV2) based on the symptoms developed in cultivated rice varieties following Agrobacterium‐mediated inoculation with an infectious RTIV2 clone. We showed that RTIV2 infection induced antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) in both the wild and cultivated rice plants as well as Nicotiana benthamiana. It is known that virulent virus infection in plants depends on effective suppression of antiviral RNAi by viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Notably, the P0 protein of RTIV2 exhibited weak VSR activity and carries alanine substitutions of two amino acids broadly conserved among diverse poleroviruses. Mixed infection with umbraviruses enhanced RTIV2 accumulation and/or enabled its mechanical transmission in N. benthamiana. Moreover, replacing the alanine at either one or both positions of RTIV2 P0 enhanced the VSR activity in a co‐infiltration assay, and RTIV2 mutants carrying the corresponding substitutions replicated to significantly higher levels in both rice and N. benthamiana plants. Together, our findings show that as a persistent plant virus, RTIV2 carries specific mutations in its VSR gene to weaken viral suppression of antiviral RNAi. Our work reveals a new strategy for persistent viruses to maintain long‐term infection by weak suppression of the host defence response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MicroRNA sequences are now publicly available. Page 6270, last paragraph in Materials and Methods, line 1: "Microarray data accession number" should read "Accession numbers." Page 6270, last paragraph in Materials and Methods, line 4: The following sentence should be added. "MicroRNA sequencing data have been deposited in the NCBI BioProject database under accession no. PRJNA429684 and in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under accession no. SRP128960.".

UnlabelledEpithelial barrier dysfunction during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has largely been attributed to the rapid and severe depletion of CD4(+) T cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although it is known that changes in mucosal gene expression contribute to intestinal enteropathy, the role of small noncoding RNAs, specifically microRNA (miRNA), has not been investigated. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primate model of HIV pathogenesis, we investigated the effect of viral infection on miRNA expression in intestinal mucosa. SIV infection led to a striking decrease in the expression of mucosal miRNA compared to that in uninfected controls. This decrease coincided with an increase in 5'-3'-exoribonuclease 2 protein and alterations in DICER1 and Argonaute 2 expression. Targets of depleted miRNA belonged to molecular pathways involved in epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and immune response. Decreased expression of several miRNA involved in maintaining epithelial homeostasis in the gut was localized to the proliferative crypt region of the intestinal epithelium. Our findings suggest that SIV-induced decreased expression of miRNA involved in epithelial homeostasis, disrupted expression of miRNA biogenesis machinery, and increased expression of XRN2 are involved in the development of epithelial barrier dysfunction and gastroenteropathy.ImportanceMicroRNA (miRNA) regulate the development and function of intestinal epithelial cells, and many viruses disrupt normal host miRNA expression. In this study, we demonstrate that SIV and HIV disrupt expression of miRNA in the small intestine during infection. The depletion of several key miRNA is localized to the proliferative crypt region of the gut epithelium. These miRNA are known to control expression of genes involved in inflammation, cell death, and epithelial maturation. Our data indicate that this disruption might be caused by altered expression of miRNA biogenesis machinery during infection. These findings suggest that the disruption of miRNA in the small intestine likely plays a role in intestinal enteropathy during HIV infection.

The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of and preventive management strategies for suicidal inpatients in a general hospital.

Background: The rerupture or need for revision after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a serious complication. Preventive strategies that target the early identification of risk factors are important to reduce the incidence of additional surgery. Purpose: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate risk factors for revision or rerupture after ACLR. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from database inception to November 2021 and updated in January 2022. Quantitative, original studies reporting potential adjusted risk factors were included. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for potential risk factors. Results: A total of 71 studies across 13 countries with a total sample size of 629,120 met the inclusion criteria. Fifteen factors were associated with an increase in the risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR: male sex (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14-1.41), younger age (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.08), lower body mass index (BMI) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.06), family history (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.50-4.08), White race (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.08-1.60), higher posterolateral tibial slope (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.26), preoperative high-grade anterior knee laxity (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.46-3.64), higher baseline Marx activity level (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), return to a high activity level/sport (OR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.15-3.57), an ACLR within less than a year after injury (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.81-2.32), a concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.31-2.00), an anteromedial portal or transportal technique (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.22-1.51), hamstring tendon (HT) autografts (vs bone–patellar tendon–bone [BPTB] autografts) (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.40-1.82), allografts (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.65-4.19), and smaller graft diameter (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38). The other factors failed to show an association with an increased risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR. Conclusion: Male sex, younger age, lower BMI, family history, White race, higher posterolateral tibial slope, preoperative high-grade anterior knee laxity, higher baseline Marx activity level, return to a high activity level/sport, an ACLR within less than a year from injury, a concomitant MCL injury, an anteromedial portal or transportal technique, HT autografts (vs BPTB autografts), allografts, and smaller graft diameter may increase the risk of revision or rerupture after ACLR. Raising awareness and implementing effective preventions/interventions for risk factors are priorities for clinical practitioners to reduce the incidence of revision or rerupture after ACLR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the surface and deep soil carbon content data obtained from multi-objective geochemical survey in the coastal area of western Liaoning Province, the paper calculates the soil carbon density and storage in surface (0-20 cm), middle (0-100 cm) and deep (0-180 cm) layers of the study area, and discusses the compositions of soil carbon pool (SCP) and carbon sequestration potential (CSP) in terms of classification, as well as the variation rule of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the last 40 years. The results show that the SCP is dominated by organic carbon, while the inorganic carbon storage increases with depth, with the soil organic carbon density (SOCD) of 2.14, 7.59 and 11.27 kg/m² for surface, middle and deep layers respectively, lower than the average of national multi-objective survey areas and circum-Bohai Sea area. The compositions of SCP vary in different classifications as follows: The carbon density of Proterozoic and Mesozoic units is high in surface layer, while that of Paleozoic unit is high in middle and deep layers; The soil carbon density of mountain is higher than that of hills and plain by landforms, the highest in cinnamon soil and the lowest in moisture soil by soil types, the highest in forest and grass lands and lower in cultivated land and garden by land use types. The CSPs of surface, middle and deep soils are 33.91, 103.32 and 129.37 Mt, respectively, with CSP of organic carbon higher than that of inorganic carbon. The SOC was increasing generally in the last 40 years, among which the surface soil of cultivated land and garden showed carbon source effect, releasing 0.29 Mt of SOC. The distribution of brown soil and forest land contributes the most to the input of SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasmine virus H (JaVH) is a novel virus associated with symptoms of yellow mosaic on jasmine. The JaVH genome is 3,867 nt in length with five open reading frames (ORFs) encoding a 27-kDa protein (ORF 1), an 87-kDa replicase protein (ORF 2), two centrally located movement proteins (ORF 3 and 4), and a 37-kDa capsid protein (ORF 5). Based on genomic and phylogenetic analysis, JaVH is predicted to be a member of the genus Pelarspovirus in the family Tombusviridae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the safety of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray for the prevention of SARS and other upper respiratory viral infections., Methods: Field epidemiologic evaluation was conducted, the design was randomized and had a synchronously parallel control group. In the study, the drugs were given for five days and all subjects were followed up for ten days., Results: During the period of using interferon, body temperature of the experimental group was normal compared to the control group. Experimental group had more influenza-like symptoms than the control group (P < 0.05), such as headache (4.83%-7.09%), dizziness (7.17%-11.63%), lassitude (8.55%-15.06%), muscular soreness (4.43%-7.09%), pharynx dryness (12.10%-17.85%), angina (6.25%-8.72%), abdominal pain (2.30%-5.50%) and diarrhea (2.45%-5.66%). Most of side effects reached their peak with in the first 3 days. Except for pharynx dryness, the incidences of all other side effects declined after completion of the use of the trial drug, and incidences of some symptoms in experimental group were lower than those of the control group. There were no significant differences in the symptoms of cough and expectoration between the experimental group and the control group. The incidence of exanthem in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group. The side effect of bloody nasal mucus was not observed in experimental group, which had been reported by other authors in several volunteer studies., Conclusion: Using recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray could lead to some influenza-like symptoms, however, all those symptoms were mild , reversible, and relieved after completion of the use of the trial drug. No serious side effects were found during the period of following up. The authors conclude that the drug is safe.