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Objective: To analyse the teenagers’ school refusal behavior and its relationship with their as well as their parents' temperament and character. Methods: The patients were matched by a ratio of 1:3 in age to gender for clinical studies. Adolescents who refused to go to school and their parents were selected from the mental outpatients of our hospital as the study group (n=55) and those who did not refuse to go to school together with their parents were the control group (n=165). Adolescents in the two groups were asked to fill out questionnaire of general information as well as Teenager Temperament Character Inventory (JTCI-S) and their parents were told to fill Chinese version of Temperament Character Inventory (TCI-R140). Results: The teenagers in the study group had higher HA score and lower score in NS, RD, SD, CO and PS than those in the control group with statistically significant difference in between (P

Cu/SiO 2 catalysts prepared by different methods have been investigated focusing on the influence of Cu + on the catalytic performance. The composition, structure and copper valence state were characterized by means of BET, XRD, XPS, FTIR, N 2 O-titration. It was found that the Cu/SiO 2 prepared by ammonia-evaporation (AE) method had much higher TOF value than that prepared by wetness-impregnation (WI) with the same THF selectivity. The higher TOF value was attributed to the coexistence of Cu + and Cu 0 species in the activated AE-Cu/SiO 2 , while only Cu 0 species existing in the activated WI-Cu/SiO 2 . Researches suggest that Cu + can adsorb and polarize the C O bond of DMM. It is concluded that Cu 0 could be the main active site and the synergistic effect between Cu 0 and Cu + could contribute to hydrogenation of DMM to THF.

Continuous hydrogenation of dimethyl maleate (DMM) to&gamma, butyrolactone (GBL), 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a promising process in industry. In this study, Cu-M/SiO2 catalysts modified by basic promoters (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, La) were prepared, and characterized by physical adsorption of N2, in situ XRD, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD. With the addition of basic promoters, the basicity of Cu-M/SiO2 catalysts was improved. The particle size of CuO on Cu-M/SiO2 catalyst was increased after modified by Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. However, the CuO particle was decreased on the Cu-La/SiO2 catalyst. The series of Cu-M/SiO2 catalyst was applied to the hydrogenation of DMM. The addition of basic promoters increased the selectivity of GBL during the hydrogenation for the basic promoters improved the dehydrogenation of BDO to GBL in alkaline sites. Furthermore, Cu-La/SiO2 presented a higher activity in the hydrogenation of DMM, due to its higher dispersion of Cu.

Avian influenza viruses are important human and animal respiratory pathogens and rapid diagnosis of novel emerging avian influenza viruses is vital for effective global influenza surveillance. We developed an oligonucleotide microarray-based method for subtyping all avian influenza virus (16 HA and 9 NA subtypes).In total 25 pairs of primers specific for different subtypes and 1 pair of universal primers were carefully designed based on the genomic sequences of influenza A viruses retrieved from GenBank database. Several multiplex RT-PCR methods were then developed, and the target cDNAs of 25 subtype viruses were amplified by RT-PCR or overlapping PCR for evaluating the microarray. Further 52 oligonucleotide probes specific for all 25 subtype viruses were designed according to published gene sequences of avian influenza viruses in amplified target cDNAs domains, and a microarray for subtyping influenza A virus was developed. Then its specificity and sensitivity were validated by using different subtype strains and 2653 samples from 49 different areas.The results showed that all the subtypes of influenza virus could be identified simultaneously on this microarray with high sensitivity, which could reach to 2.47 pfu/mL virus or 2.5 ng target DNA. Furthermore, there was no cross reaction with other avian respiratory virus.An oligonucleotide microarray-based strategy for detection of avian influenza viruses has been developed. Such a diagnostic microarray will be useful in discovering and identifying all subtypes of avian influenza virus.