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In the literature of a digital-topological ($DT$-, for brevity) group structure on a digital image $(X,k)$, roughly saying, two kinds of methods are shown. Given a digital image $(X,k)$, the first one, named by a $DT$-$k$-group, was established in 2022 \cite{H10} by using both the $G_{k^\ast}$- or $C_{k^\ast}$-adjacency \cite{H10} for the product $X^2:=X \times X$ and the $(G_{k^\ast},k)$- or $(C_{k^\ast},k)$-continuity for the multiplication $\alpha:X^2 \to X$ \cite{H10}. The second one with the name of $NP_i$-$DT$-groups, $i \in \{1,2\}$, was discussed in 2023 \cite{LS1} by using the $NP_i(k,k)$-adjacency for $X^2$ in \cite{B1} and the $(NP_i(k,k), k)$-continuities of the multiplication $\alpha:X^2 \to X$, $i\in \{1,2\}$. However, due to some defects of the $NP_u(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency in \cite{B1,B2}, the $AP_u(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency was recently developed as an alternative to the $NP_u(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency (see Section 4). Besides, we also develop an $AP_u^\ast(k_1,k_2, \cdots, k_v)$-adjacency. For a digital image $(X, k)$, in case an $AP_1(k,k)$-($AP_1$-, for simplicity) adjacency on $X^2$ exists, we formulate both an $AP_1$-$k$- and an $AP_1^\ast$-$k$-group. Then we show that an $AP_1^\ast$-$k$-group is equivalent to a Han's $DT$-$k$-group based on both the $C_{k^\ast}$-adjacency on the product $X^2$ and the $(C_{k^\ast}, k)$-continuity for the multiplication $\alpha_1^\prime:(X^2, C_{k^\ast}) \to (X,k)$., Comment: This paper can play an important role in the fields of general topology, digital topology, digital geometry, and so on

Wearable human activity sensors developed in the past decade show a distinct trend of becoming thinner and more imperceptible while retaining their electrical qualities, with graphene e-tattoos, as the ultimate example. A persistent challenge in modern wearables, however, is signal degradation due to the distance between the sensor's recording site and the signal transmission medium. To address this, we propose here to directly utilize human skin as a signal transmission medium as well as using low-cost gel electrodes for rapid probing of 2D transistor-based wearables. We demonstrate that the hypodermis layer of the skin can effectively serve as an electrolyte, enabling electrical potential application to semiconducting films made from graphene and other 2D materials placed on top of the skin. Graphene transistor tattoos, when biased through the body, exhibit high charge carrier mobility (up to 6500 2V-1s-1), with MoS2 and PtSe2 transistors showing mobilities up to 30 cm2V-1s-1 and 1 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. Finally, by introducing a layer of Nafion to the device structure, we observed neuromorphic functionality, transforming these e-tattoos into neuromorphic bioelectronic devices controlled through the skin itself. The neuromorphic bioelectronic tattoos have the potential for developing self-aware and stand-alone smart wearables, crucial for understanding and improving overall human performance.

Efficiently extracting data from tables in the scientific literature is pivotal for building large-scale databases. However, the tables reported in materials science papers exist in highly diverse forms; thus, rule-based extractions are an ineffective approach. To overcome this challenge, we present MaTableGPT, which is a GPT-based table data extractor from the materials science literature. MaTableGPT features key strategies of table data representation and table splitting for better GPT comprehension and filtering hallucinated information through follow-up questions. When applied to a vast volume of water splitting catalysis literature, MaTableGPT achieved an extraction accuracy (total F1 score) of up to 96.8%. Through comprehensive evaluations of the GPT usage cost, labeling cost, and extraction accuracy for the learning methods of zero-shot, few-shot and fine-tuning, we present a Pareto-front mapping where the few-shot learning method was found to be the most balanced solution owing to both its high extraction accuracy (total F1 score>95%) and low cost (GPT usage cost of 5.97 US dollars and labeling cost of 10 I/O paired examples). The statistical analyses conducted on the database generated by MaTableGPT revealed valuable insights into the distribution of the overpotential and elemental utilization across the reported catalysts in the water splitting literature.

The significance of mass spectrometry lies in its unparalleled ability to accurately identify and quantify molecules in complex samples, providing invaluable insights into molecular structures and interactions. Here, we leverage diamond nanostructures as highly sensitive mass sensors by utilizing a self-excitation mechanism under an electron beam in a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM). The diamond molecular balance (DMB) exhibits an exceptional mass resolution of 0.36 MDa, based on its outstanding mechanical quality factor and frequency stability, along with an extensive dynamic range from MDa to TDa. This positions the DMB at the forefront of molecular balances operating at room temperature. Notably, the DMB demonstrates its ability to measure the mass of a single bacteriophage T4 by precisely locating the analyte on the device. These findings highlight the groundbreaking potential of the DMB as a revolutionary tool for mass spectrometry at room temperature., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures

Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), which combines quantum systems with classical computational power, has been arisen as a promising candidate for near-term quantum computing applications. However, the experimental resources such as the number of measurements to implement VQE rapidly increases as the Hamiltonian problem size grows. Applying entanglement measurements to reduce the number of measurement setups has been proposed to address this issue, however, entanglement measurements themselves can introduce additional resource demands. Here, we apply entanglement measurements to the photonic VQE utilizing polarization and path degrees of freedom of a single-photon. In our photonic VQE, entanglement measurements can be deterministically implemented using linear optics, so it takes full advantage of introducing entanglement measurements without additional experimental demands. Moreover, we show that such a setup can mitigate errors in measurement apparatus for a certain Hamiltonian., Comment: Comments are welcome

Bulk-boundary correspondence is a concept for topological insulators and superconductors that determines the existence of topological boundary states within the tenfold classification table. Contrary to this belief, we demonstrate that topological domain-wall states can emerge in all forbidden 1D classes in the classification table using representative generalized Su-Schrieffer-Heeger and Kitaev models, which manifests as quantized electric dipole moments and Majorana zero modes, respectively. We first show that a zero-energy domain-wall state can possess a quantized polarization, even if the polarization of individual domains is not inherently quantized. A quantized Berry phase difference between the domains confirms the non-trivial nature of the domain-wall states, implying a general-bulk-boundary principle, further confirmed by the tight-binding, topological field, and low-energy effective theories. Our methodology is then extended to a superconducting system, resulting in Majorana zero modes on the domain wall of a generalized Kitaev model. Finally, we suggest potential systems where our results may be realized, spanning from condensed matter to optical.

Chirality, a fundamental concept from biological molecules to advanced materials, is prevalent in nature. Yet, its intricate behavior in specific topological systems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the emergence of hidden chiral domain wall states using a double-chain Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model with interchain coupling specifically designed to break chiral symmetry. Our phase diagram reveals single-gap and double-gap phases based on electronic structure, where transitions occur without topological phase changes. In the single-gap phase, we reproduce chiral domain wall states, akin to chiral solitons in the double-chain model, where chirality is encoded in the spectrum and topological charge pumping. In the double-gap phase, we identify hidden chiral domain wall states exhibiting opposite chirality to the domain wall states in the single-gap phase, where the opposite chirality is confirmed through spectrum inversion and charge pumping as the corresponding domain wall slowly moves. By engineering gap structures, we demonstrate control over hidden chiral domain states. Our findings open avenues to investigate novel topological systems with broken chiral symmetry and potential applications in diverse systems.

'Scale the model, scale the data, scale the compute' is the reigning sentiment in the world of generative AI today. While the impact of model scaling has been extensively studied, we are only beginning to scratch the surface of data scaling and its consequences. This is especially of critical importance in the context of vision-language datasets such as LAION. These datasets are continually growing in size and are built based on large-scale internet dumps such as the Common Crawl, which is known to have numerous drawbacks ranging from quality, legality, and content. The datasets then serve as the backbone for large generative models, contributing to the operationalization and perpetuation of harmful societal and historical biases and stereotypes. In this paper, we investigate the effect of scaling datasets on hateful content through a comparative audit of two datasets: LAION-400M and LAION-2B. Our results show that hate content increased by nearly 12% with dataset scale, measured both qualitatively and quantitatively using a metric that we term as Hate Content Rate (HCR). We also found that filtering dataset contents based on Not Safe For Work (NSFW) values calculated based on images alone does not exclude all the harmful content in alt-text. Instead, we found that trace amounts of hateful, targeted, and aggressive text remain even when carrying out conservative filtering. We end with a reflection and a discussion of the significance of our results for dataset curation and usage in the AI community. Code and the meta-data assets curated in this paper are publicly available at https://github.com/vinayprabhu/hate_scaling. Content warning: This paper contains examples of hateful text that might be disturbing, distressing, and/or offensive., Comment: To appear at 37th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2023) Datasets and Benchmarks Track. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2306.13141

The present paper focuses on the notions of covering spaces, pseudo-covering spaces, and their equivalences. We discuss something incorrectly mentioned in Boxer's papers and correct them. Indeed, Sections 4-6 (or 4-6) of \cite{B3} are redundant because they have some incorrect assertions on $(k_1,k_2)$-covering spaces or pseudo- $(k_1,k_2)$-covering spaces due to his misunderstanding on Han's papers \cite{H14,H16}. In addition, many things in \cite{B3} are duplicated with some results in \cite{H18}. In addition, since the papers \cite{P1,P2} also have some defects, we correct and improve them., Comment: This paper refers to some essential notions of digital topology related to a digital covering space and a pseudo-covering space in a digital topological setting. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2309.02960; text overlap with arXiv:2309.01438

The present paper refers to the notions of digital continuity, digital $k$-isomorphism, local $k$-isomorphism, radius $2$-local $k$-isomorphism, and digital $k$-homotopy motivated by the Khalimsky's version. We discuss something incorrectly mentioned in Boxer's papers and suggest some accurate information., Comment: The paper deals with essential concepts of digital topology. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2309.01438

The paper refers to several concepts which are essential to studying digital objects from the viewpoint of digital topology: digital $k$-connectivity or digital $k$-adjacency, $C$-compatible and normal $k$-adjacency for a digital product. Since L. Boxer has often mentioned the origins of these concepts in an inaccurate way, we discuss something incorrectly cited or mentioned in Boxer's papers according to the facts., Comment: 11 pages

The optimization of nanomaterial synthesis using numerous synthetic variables is considered to be extremely laborious task because the conventional combinatorial explorations are prohibitively expensive. In this work, we report an autonomous experimentation platform developed for the bespoke design of nanoparticles (NPs) with targeted optical properties. This platform operates in a closed-loop manner between a batch synthesis module of NPs and a UV- Vis spectroscopy module, based on the feedback of the AI optimization modeling. With silver (Ag) NPs as a representative example, we demonstrate that the Bayesian optimizer implemented with the early stopping criterion can efficiently produce Ag NPs precisely possessing the desired absorption spectra within only 200 iterations (when optimizing among five synthetic reagents). In addition to the outstanding material developmental efficiency, the analysis of synthetic variables further reveals a novel chemistry involving the effects of citrate in Ag NP synthesis. The amount of citrate is a key to controlling the competitions between spherical and plate-shaped NPs and, as a result, affects the shapes of the absorption spectra as well. Our study highlights both capabilities of the platform to enhance search efficiencies and to provide a novel chemical knowledge by analyzing datasets accumulated from the autonomous experimentations.

Question answering (QA) is a critical task for speech-based retrieval from knowledge sources, by sifting only the answers without requiring to read supporting documents. Specifically, open-domain QA aims to answer user questions on unrestricted knowledge sources. Ideally, adding a source should not decrease the accuracy, but we find this property (denoted as "monotonicity") does not hold for current state-of-the-art methods. We identify the cause, and based on that we propose Judge-Specialist framework. Our framework consists of (1) specialist retrievers/readers to cover individual sources, and (2) judge, a dedicated language model to select the final answer. Our experiments show that our framework not only ensures monotonicity, but also outperforms state-of-the-art multi-source QA methods on Natural Questions. Additionally, we show that our models robustly preserve the monotonicity against noise from speech recognition. We publicly release our code and setting., Comment: INTERSPEECH 2023 Camera Ready

We present the construction of an image similarity retrieval engine for the morphological classification of galaxies using the Convolutional AutoEncoder (CAE). The CAE is trained on 90,370 preprocessed Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxy images listed in the Galaxy Zoo 2 (GZ2) catalog. The visually similar output images returned by the trained CAE suggest that the encoder efficiently compresses input images into latent features, which are then used to calculate similarity parameters. Our Tool for Searching a similar Galaxy Image based on a Convolutional Autoencoder using Similarity (TSGICAS) leverages this similarity parameter to classify galaxies' morphological types, enabling the identification of a wider range of classes with high accuracy compared to traditional supervised ML techniques. This approach streamlines the researcher's work by allowing quick prioritization of the most relevant images from the latent feature database. We investigate the accuracy of our automatic morphological classifications using three galaxy catalogs: GZ2, Extraction de Formes Id\'ealis\'ees de Galaxies en Imagerie (EFIGI), and Nair $\&$ Abraham (NA10). The correlation coefficients between the morphological types of input and retrieved galaxy images were found to be 0.735, 0.811, and 0.815 for GZ2, EFIGI, and NA10 catalogs, respectively. Despite differences in morphology tags between input and retrieved galaxy images, visual inspection showed that the two galaxies were very similar, highlighting TSGICAS's superior performance in image similarity search. We propose that morphological classifications of galaxies using TSGICAS are fast and efficient, making it a valuable tool for detailed galaxy morphological classifications in other imaging surveys., Comment: Accepted for publication to PASP; 19 pages, 18 figures

`Scale the model, scale the data, scale the GPU-farms' is the reigning sentiment in the world of generative AI today. While model scaling has been extensively studied, data scaling and its downstream impacts remain under explored. This is especially of critical importance in the context of visio-linguistic datasets whose main source is the World Wide Web, condensed and packaged as the CommonCrawl dump. This large scale data-dump, which is known to have numerous drawbacks, is repeatedly mined and serves as the data-motherlode for large generative models. In this paper, we: 1) investigate the effect of scaling datasets on hateful content through a comparative audit of the LAION-400M and LAION-2B-en, containing 400 million and 2 billion samples respectively, and 2) evaluate the downstream impact of scale on visio-linguistic models trained on these dataset variants by measuring racial bias of the models trained on them using the Chicago Face Dataset (CFD) as a probe. Our results show that 1) the presence of hateful content in datasets, when measured with a Hate Content Rate (HCR) metric on the inferences of the Pysentimiento hate-detection Natural Language Processing (NLP) model, increased by nearly $12\%$ and 2) societal biases and negative stereotypes were also exacerbated with scale on the models we evaluated. As scale increased, the tendency of the model to associate images of human faces with the `human being' class over 7 other offensive classes reduced by half. Furthermore, for the Black female category, the tendency of the model to associate their faces with the `criminal' class doubled, while quintupling for Black male faces. We present a qualitative and historical analysis of the model audit results, reflect on our findings and its implications for dataset curation practice, and close with a summary of our findings and potential future work to be done in this area.

This paper studies the problem of open-domain question answering, with the aim of answering a diverse range of questions leveraging knowledge resources. Two types of sources, QA-pair and document corpora, have been actively leveraged with the following complementary strength. The former is highly precise when the paraphrase of given question $q$ was seen and answered during training, often posed as a retrieval problem, while the latter generalizes better for unseen questions. A natural follow-up is thus leveraging both models, while a naive pipelining or integration approaches have failed to bring additional gains over either model alone. Our distinction is interpreting the problem as calibration, which estimates the confidence of predicted answers as an indicator to decide when to use a document or QA-pair corpus. The effectiveness of our method was validated on widely adopted benchmarks such as Natural Questions and TriviaQA., Comment: Findings of ACL 2023 camera ready

The notions of a local $(k_0,k_1)$-isomorphism and a weakly local $(k_0,k_1)$-isomorphism play crucial roles in developing a digital $(k_0,k_1)$-covering space and a pseudo-$(k_0,k_1)$-covering space, respectively. In relation to the study of pseudo-$(k_0,k_1)$-covering spaces, since there are some works to be refined and improved in the literature, the recent paper \cite{H10} improved and corrected some mistakes occurred in the literature. One of the important things is that the notion of a pseudo-$(k_0,k_1)$-covering map in \cite{H6,H9} was revised to be more broadened in \cite{H10}. Thus this new version is proved to be equivalent to a weakly local $(k_0,k_1)$-isomorphic surjection \cite{H10}. The present paper contains some works in \cite{H10} and we only deals with $k$-connected digital images $(X, k)$., Comment: Since the paper contains some improvements on covering spaces and pseudocovering spaces, some people can be interesting