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Efforts to control and eliminate measles and rubella are aided by high-quality surveillance data—supported by laboratory confirmation—to guide decision-making on routine immunization strategies and locations for conducting preventive supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) and outbreak response. Important developments in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for measles and rubella present new opportunities for the global measles and rubella surveillance program to greatly improve the ability to rapidly detect and respond to outbreaks. Here, we review the status of RDTs for measles and rubella Immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing, as well as ongoing questions and challenges regarding the operational use and deployment of RDTs as part of global measles and rubella surveillance. Efforts to develop IgM RDTs that can be produced at scale are underway. Once validated RDTs are available, clear information on the benefits, challenges, and costs of their implementation will be critical for shaping deployment guidance and informing country plans for sustainably deploying such tests. The wide availability of RDTs could provide new programmatic options for measles and rubella elimination efforts, potentially enabling improvements and flexibility for testing, surveillance, and vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1974, WHO established the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) to ensure that all children have access to 4 routinely recommended vaccines: (1) Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG) for protection against [...]

Gavi supports countries to introduce typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) with catch-up campaigns. Available TCVs are highly efficacious, equity-focused, and critical to curbing the expansion of antimicrobial resistance. Four Gavi-supported countries have introduced TCVs since 2018. In the wake of the COVID-19 emergency, momentum is building to scale up TCV introduction worldwide, supported by global partners and Gavi's funding for improved typhoid diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Since the 1988 World Health Assembly resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis, transmission of the 3 types of wild poliovirus (WPV) has been greatly reduced. (1) WPV type 2 (WPV2) has [...]

During 2 September-4 October 2016, 4 sewage samples collected in Hyderabad in Telangana state between 3 August and 19 September 2016 and 1 sewage sample collected in Ahmedabad in Gujarat [...]

Objective To compare sentinel and population-based surveillance of the effect of seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), introduced in 2000, on the hospitalization of children aged under 5 years with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the United States of America. Methods Population surveillance data were used to identify children hospitalized between 1998 and 2006 with IPD caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes. The change from 1998 and 1999 (baseline) to 2006 in the number of hospitalized IPD cases recorded by sentinel surveillance systems involving single hospitals or groups of hospitals was compared with the change in the incidence of hospitalized IPD cases measured by population-based surveillance. Findings The change in incidence in the eight surveillance areas varied from -37 to -82% for IPD caused by any serotype and from -96 to -100% for IPD caused by serotypes contained in PCVT. All individual sentinel hospitals with more than three cases annually at baseline reported a decrease in cases by 2006. In addition, over 95% of sentinel systems with an average of more than 30 cases annually at baseline recorded a change by 2006 in the number of cases caused by any serotype that fell within the 95% confidence interval for the change in the incidence of hospitalized cases in the corresponding population surveillance area. The change in cases caused by PCV7 serotypes was accurately measured by 93% and 100% of sentinel systems with ≤ 20 and > 20 cases annually at baseline, respectively. Conclusion Sentinel surveillance can accurately measure the effect of PCV7 on the number of children hospitalized with IPD, provided sufficient cases are detected at baseline. Serotyping increases accuracy. Objectif Comparer le suivi d'un echantillon sentinelle et de la population quant a l'effet d'un vaccin conjugue pneumococcique heptavalent (PCV7), lance en l'an 2000, sur l'hospitalisation d'enfants ages de moins de 5 ans, atteints d'infection invasive a pneumocoques (IIP) aux Etats Unis d'Amerique. Methodes Les donnees de suivi de la population ont ete utilisees pour identifier les enfants hospitalises entre 1998 et 2006, souffrant d'IIP causees par les serotypes de Streptococcus pneumoniae. L'evolution entre 1998-1999 (niveau de depart) et 2006, du nombre de cas d'IIP hospitalises enregistres par les systemes de surveillance sentinelle, impliquant des hopitaux individuels ou des groupes d'hopitaux, a ete comparee a la variation d'incidence des cas d'IIP hospitalises mesures par l'epidemiosurveillance de la population. Resultats La variation de l'incidence dans les 8 zones de surveillance oscillait de -37% a -82% pour les IIP causees par n'importe quel serotype et de -96% a -100% pour les IIP engendrees par les serotypes contenus dans le PCV7. Tous les hopitaux sentinelles individuels rapportant plus de 3 cas par an au depart ont fait etat d'une diminution des cas en 2006. En outre, plus de 95% des systemes sentinelles presentant une moyenne de plus de 30 cas par an au depart ont enregistre un changement en 2006 du nombre de cas causes par tout serotype, respectant l'intervalle de confiance de 95% en regard de la variation de l'incidence des patients hospitalises dans la zone de surveillance de la population correspondante. Levolution du nombre de cas causes par les serotypes PCV7 a ete mesuree avec une precision de 93% et de 100% par les systemes sentinelles presentant respectivement [menor que o igual a] 20 et >20 cas par an au depart. Conclusion La surveillance sentinelle peut mesurer avec precision l'effet du PCV7 sur le nombre d'enfants hospitalises pour IIP, a condition qu'un nombre suffisant de cas soient detectes au depart. Le serotypage augmente cette exactitude. Objetivo Comparar los resultados de un sistema de vigilancia centinela y un sistema de vigilancia poblacional acerca del efecto de la vacuna antineumococica conjugada 7-valente (PCV7), presentada en el ano 2000, en la hospitalizacion de ninos de edad inferior a 5 anos con enfermedad neumococica invasiva (ENI) en los Estados Unidos de America. Metodos Los datos del sistema de vigilancia poblacional se emplearon para identificar a los ninos hospitatizados con ENI provocada por los serotipos de Streptococcus pneumoniae entre los anos 1998 y 2006. El cambio desde 1998 y 1999 (linea de referencia) hasta 2006 en el numero de casos de ENI hospitalizados y registrados a traves de sistemas centinela en hospitales individuales o grupos de hospitales se comparo con el cambio en la incidencia de casos de ENI hospitalizados medidos a traves del sistema de vigilancia poblacional. Resultados El cambio en la incidencia en las ocho areas de control vario de un -37 a un -82% para los casos de ENI provocados por cualquier serotipo, y de un -96 a un -100% para las ENI provocadas por los serotipos incluidos en PCV7. Todos los hospitales centinela individuales con mas de tres casos anuales en el ano de referencia registraron un descenso de casos para el ano 2006. Ademas, mas del 95% de los sistemas centinela con una media superior a 30 casos anuales en el ano de referencia registraron un cambio para el ano 2006 en cuanto al numero de casos provocados por cualquier serotipo, que descendio al 95% del intervalo de confianza para el cambio en la incidencia de casos hospitalizados en el area de control de la poblacion correspondiente. El cambio en los casos provocados por los serotipos PCV7 se midio de manera precisa en el 93% y el 100% de los sistemas centinela con [menor que o igual a] 20 y > 20 casos anuales en el ano de referencia, respectivamente. Conclusion El sistema de vigilancia centinela puede medir de manera precisa el efecto de la PCV7 en el numero de ninos hospitalizados con ENI, siempre y cuando se hayan detectado casos suficientes en el ano de referencia. El serotipado aumenta la precision., Introduction Every year Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, causes an estimated 826 000 deaths worldwide in children under 5 years of age. (1) In 2000, a seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) [...]