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This study represents a comparison among the performances of four multivariate procedures: partial least square (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) in addition to support vector regression (SVR) and extreme gradient boosting (XG Boost) algorithm for the determination of the anti-diabetic mixture of pioglitazone (PIO), alogliptin (ALG) and glimepiride (GLM) in pharmaceutical formulations with aid of UV spectrometry. Key wavelengths were selected using knowledge-based variable selection and various preprocessing methods (e.g., mean centering, orthogonal scatter correction, and principal component analysis) to minimize noise and improve model precision. XG Boost effectively enhanced computing speed and accuracy by focusing on specific spectral features rather than the entire spectrum, demonstrating its advantages in resolving complex, overlapping spectral data. The independent test results of different models demonstrated that XG Boost outperformed other methods. XG Boost achieved the lowest root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) and standard deviation (SD) values across all compounds, indicating minimal prediction error and variability. For PIO, XG Boost recorded an RMSEP of 0.100 and SD of 0.369, significantly better than PLS and ANN. For ALG, XG Boost showed near-perfect performance with an RMSEP of 0.001 and SD of 0.005, outperforming SVR and PLS, which had higher error rates. In the case of GLM, XG Boost also excelled with an RMSEP of 0.001 and SD of 0.018, demonstrating superior precision compared to the much higher errors seen in PLS and ANN. These results highlight XG Boost's exceptional ability to handle complex, overlapping spectral data, making it the most reliable and accurate model in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass and biowastes stand as sustainable and cost-effective environmentally benign alternative feedstock. Chitosan is a biocompatible, bioactive, and biodegradable biopolymer derived from chitin to achieve eight aspects out of the 12 green chemistry principles. Chitosan got significant attention in several fields including chemical analysis, in addition to chemical functionally, which enabled its use as adsorbent and its structural crosslinking using various crosslinkers. The physicochemical, technological, and optical properties of chitosan have been extensively exploited in analysis. Mainly, deacetylation degree and molecular weight are controlling its properties and hence controlling its functions. This review presents a structure, properties, and functions relationships of chitosan. It also aims to provide an overview of the different functions that chitosan can serve in each analytical technique such as supporting matrix, catalyst...etc. The contribution of chitosan in improving the ecological performance is discussed in each technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three methods were developed for simultaneous determination of diclofenac and esomeprazole in their binary mixtures. Method I is dual wavelength spectrophotometry which is based on measurement of absorbance difference [DELTA]A (281.7-315 nm) for determination of diclofenac and âA (262.6-301.6 nm) for determination of esomeprazole. Method II is derivative spectrophotometry which is based on measuring .sup.1D at 301.6 nm for determination of diclofenac and .sup.2D at 299.5 nm for determination of esomeprazole. Linearity ranges were found to be 5-25 and 2â10 [mu]g/mL for diclofenac and esomeprazole, respectively, using methods I and II. Method III is reversed phase HPLC method which involves separation of diclofenac and esomeprazole on XBridge.sup.TMC18 column using a mobile phase consisting of ethanol-phosphate buffer solution (pH 4, 60 : 40, v/v). The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min with ultraviolet detection at 290 nm. The calibration graphs are linear from 2 to 120 [mu]g/mL for diclofenac and from 5 to 60 [mu]g/mL for esomeprazole., Author(s): Mokhtar M. Mabrouk [sup.1], Sherin F. Hammad [sup.1], Fotouh R. Mansour [sup.1], Basma Z. El-Khateeb [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0000 9477 7793, grid.412258.8, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, [...]

The isocratic RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the analysis of clopidogrel bisulfate counterfeited with acetyl salicylic acid and applied for the determination of clopidogrel bisulfate in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Clopidogrel bisulfate is commonly counterfeited with acetyl salicylic acid and it is not labeled to contain acetyl salicylic acid due to their similar pharmacological effect in inhibiting platelet aggregation. The mobile phase was composed of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer 0.02M (pH 2.8) and methanol 30:70 (v/v). The flow rate was 1.5mL/min. The Diode array detector was set at 220 nm. The linearity ranges were 10-70 µg/mL and 6-50 µg/mL for clopidogrel bisulfate and acetyl salicylic acid, respectively. The retention time was 2.5 min and 10.23 min for clopidogrel bisulfate and acetyl salicylic acid, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of clopidogrel bisulfate counterfeited with acetyl salicylic acid as well as the estimation of clopidogrel bisulfate in its different dosage forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]