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In this chapter we investigate the dynamics of classical nonlinear Hamiltonian systems, which—a priori—are examples of continuous dynamical systems. As in the discrete case (see examples in Chap. 2), we are interested in the classification of their dynamics. After a short review of the basic concepts of Hamiltonian mechanics, we define integrability (and therewith regular motion) in Sect. 3.4. The non-integrability property is then discussed in Sect. 3.5. The addition of small non-integrable parts to the Hamiltonian function (Sects. 3.6.1 and 3.7) leads us to the formal theory of canonical perturbations, which turns out to be a highly valuable technique for the treatment of systems with one degree of freedom and shows profound difficulties when applied to realistic systems with more degrees of freedom. We will interpret these problems as the seeds of chaotic motion in general. A key result for the understanding of the transition from regular to chaotic motion is the KAM theorem (Sect. 3.7.4), which assures the stability in nonlinear systems that are not integrable but behave approximately like them. Within the framework of the surface of section technique, chaotic motion is discussed from a phenomenological point of view in Sect. 3.8. More quantitative measures of local and global chaos are finally presented in Sect. 3.9.

Pure lattice gauge theory in two dimensions can be solved analytically, either with open or with periodic boundary conditions. The exact solution on the torus can be used as a test bed for Monte Carlo algorithms. First we study simple Abelian gauge models for which the calculation parallels the treatment of one-dimensional spin systems. The second part deals with non-Abelian theories on the torus for which we use character expansions and a recursion formula due to Migdal to calculate the free energy and the potential energy between a static quark–antiquark pair. Gauge theories in two dimensions are in the confined phase, and for weak coupling the string tension shows an exact Casimir scaling. Towards the end of this chapter we collect some facts on invariant group integration which are useful in strong coupling expansions, mean field approximations and exact solutions.

According to present day knowledge all fundamental interactions in nature are described by gauge theories. In the first part we summarized concepts and properties of continuum gauge theories which are needed in the remaining chapters of this book. These include local gauge transformations, gauge potential and field strength, covariant derivative, parallel transport and gauge invariant Lagrangians for Euclidean Higgs models. Following Wilson we discretize gauge theories on a space-time lattice by replacing the Lie algebra valued continuum gauge field by Lie group valued variables on the links. Thereby the functional integral becomes a finite-dimensional integral which can be estimated by stochastic simulation techniques. We study the weak and strong coupling limits of lattice Higgs models, calculate the mean field approximations and discuss the expected phase diagram at zero temperature. In the second part we prove Elitzur’s theorem, sketch the strong coupling expansion, introduce the string tension and show in detail how to extract glueball masses. Towards the end we comment on gauge theories at finite temperature and in particular the breaking of center symmetry in pure lattice gauge theories.

We explore a Z 2 Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory in one spatial dimension with a coupling h, without imposing any Gauss' law constraint. We show that in our model h = 0 is a free deconfined quantum critical point containing massless fermions where all Gauss' law sectors are equivalent. The coupling h is a relevant perturbation of this critical point and fermions become massive due to confinement and chiral symmetry breaking. To study the emergent Gauss' law sectors at low temperatures in this massive phase we use a quantum Monte Carlo method that samples configurations of the partition function written in a basis in which local conserved charges are diagonal. We find that two Gauss' law sectors, related by particle-hole symmetry, emerge naturally. When the system is doped with an extra particle, many more Gauss's law sectors related by translation invariance emerge. Using results in the range 0.01 h ≤ 0.15 we find that three different mass scales of the model behave like h p where p ≈ 0.579 .

This work studies the relationship between gauge-invariant and non gauge-invariant abelian vector models. Following a technique introduced by Harada and Tsutsui, we show that the Proca and the Chiral Schwinger models may both be viewed as gauge-fixed versions of genuinely gauge- invariant models. This leads to the proposal that any consistent Abelian vector model with no gauge symmetry can be understood as a gauge theory that had its gauge fixed, which establishes an equivalence between gauge-invariant and non gauge-invariant models. Finally, we show that a gauge-invariant version of the chiral Schwinger model, after integrating out the fermionic degrees of freedom, can be identified with the two-dimensional Stueckelberg model without the gauge fixing term., 20 pages

The infrared behaviour of matrix elements between coherent states of definite color is studied in non-abelian gauge theories. The matrix elements are shown to be finite to the lowest non-trivial order, and to all orders if the soft meson formula for real gluons holds to all orders. Factorization occurs in the fixed angle regime.

Real time evolution of classical gauge fields is relevant for a number of applications in particle physics and cosmology, ranging from the early Universe to dynamics of quark-gluon plasma. We present a lattice formulation of the interaction between a $shift$-symmetric field and some $U(1)$ gauge sector, $a(x)\tilde{F}_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}$, reproducing the continuum limit to order $\mathcal{O}(dx_\mu^2)$ and obeying the following properties: (i) the system is gauge invariant and (ii) shift symmetry is exact on the lattice. For this end we construct a definition of the {\it topological number density} $Q = \tilde{F}_{\mu\nu}F^{\mu\nu}$ that admits a lattice total derivative representation $Q = \Delta_\mu^+ K^\mu$, reproducing to order $\mathcal{O}(dx_\mu^2)$ the continuum expression $Q = \partial_\mu K^\mu \propto \vec E \cdot \vec B$. If we consider a homogeneous field $a(x) = a(t)$, the system can be mapped into an Abelian gauge theory with Hamiltonian containing a Chern-Simons term for the gauge fields. This allow us to study in an accompanying paper the real time dynamics of fermion number non-conservation (or chirality breaking) in Abelian gauge theories at finite temperature. When $a(x) = a(\vec x,t)$ is inhomogeneous, the set of lattice equations of motion do not admit however a simple explicit local solution (while preserving an $\mathcal{O}(dx_\mu^2)$ accuracy). We discuss an iterative scheme allowing to overcome this difficulty., Comment: 30 pages

Recently, Antoniadis, Konitopoulos and Savvidy introduced, in the context of the so-called extended gauge theory, a procedure to construct background-free gauge invariants, using non-abelian gauge potentials described by higher degree forms.In this article it is shown that the extended invariants found by Antoniadis, Konitopoulos and Savvidy can be constructed from an algebraic structure known as free differential algebra. In other words, we show that the above mentioned non-abelian gauge theory, where the gauge fields are described by p-forms with p≥2, can be obtained by gauging free differential algebras.

These notes provide an introduction to recent work by Kevin Costello in which integrable lattice models of classical statistical mechanics in two dimensions are understood in terms of quantum gauge theory in four dimensions. This construction will be compared to the more familiar relationship between quantum knot invariants in three dimensions and Chern-Simons gauge theory. (Based on a Whittaker Colloquium at the University of Edinburgh and a lecture at Strings 2016 in Beijing.)

We study gauge dependence of gravitational waves produced from a first-order phase transition in classical scale-invariant $U(1)'$ models. Accidental gauge independence of the one-loop effective potential in this class of models is spoiled by including thermal resummation. The gauge artifact in the resummed effective potential propagates to the gravitational wave spectrum and results in one order of magnitude uncertainties in the prediction under a specific gauge choice., Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure; v2: updated to match version published in PLB

It is shown that by introducing a gauge group parameter in the path integral formulation of an abelian gauge theory, the preservation of gauge invariance of the effective action is allowed, and at the same time, can be made to preserve current conservation. The procedure introduced here is shown to yield a theory in which there is no anomaly.

We consider an SU ( 2 ) -lattice gauge model in the tree gauge. Classically, this is a system with symmetries whose configuration space is a direct product of copies of SU ( 2 ) , acted upon by diagonal inner automorphisms. We derive defining relations for the orbit type strata in the reduced classical phase space. The latter is realized as a certain quotient of a direct product of copies of the complexified group SL ( 2 , C ) (sometimes named the GIT-quotient because it provides a categorical quotient in the sense of geometric invariant theory). The relations derived can be used for the construction of the orbit type costratification of the Hilbert space of the quantum system in the sense of Huebschmann.

We show that origin independence in finite basis sets for the oscillator strengths is possibly in any gauge contrary to what is stated in literature. This is proved from a discussion of the consequences in perturbation theory when the exact eigenfunctions and eigenvalues to the zeroth order Hamiltonian H 0 cannot be found. We demonstrate that the erroneous conclusion for the lack of gauge origin independence in the length gauge stems from not transforming the magnetic terms in the multipole expansion leading to the use of a mixed gauge. Numerical examples of exact origin dependence are shown.

The problem of the gauge dependence of the effective field is considered within the framework of the method of the functional renormalization group for general gauge theories.

A gauge condition is presented here to quantize non-Abelian gauge theory on the manifold $R\otimes S^{1}\otimes S^{1}\otimes S^{1}$, which is free from the Gribov ambiguity. Perturbative calculations in the new gauge behave like the axial gauge in ultraviolet region, while infrared behaviours of the perturbative series are quite nontrivial. The new gauge condition, which reads $n\cdot\partial n\cdot A=0$, may not satisfy the requirement that $A^{\mu}(\infty)=0$ in conventional perturbative calculations. However, such contradiction is not harmful for gauge theories constructed on the manifold $R\otimes S^{1}\otimes S^{1}\otimes S^{1}$., Comment: 11pages

We demonstrate Yokoyama gaugeon formalism for the Abelian one-form gauge (Maxwell) as well as for Abelian two-form gauge theory in the very special relativity (VSR) framework. In VSR scenario, the extended action due to introduction of gaugeon fields also possesses form invariance under quantum gauge transformations. It is observed that the gaugeon field together with gauge field naturally acquire mass, which is different from the conventional Higgs mechanism. The quantum gauge transformation implements a shift in gauge parameter. Further, we analyse the BRST symmetric gaugeon formalism in VSR which embeds only one subsidiary condition rather than two., Comment: 14 pages, no figure, version to appear in Nucl. Phys. B

We prove global existence of solution to space-time monopole equations in one space dimension under the spatial gauge condition A1=0 and the temporal gauge condition A0=0.

This letter examines diagrammatic cancellations for Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) in the general linear gauge. These cancellations combine Feynman graphs of various topologies and provide a method to reconstruct the gauge dependence of the electron propagator from the result of a particular gauge by means of a linear Dyson-Schwinger equation. We use this method in combination with dimensional regularization to demonstrate how the 3-loop ${\epsilon}$-expansion in the Feynman gauge determines the ${\epsilon}$-expansions for all gauge parameter dependent terms to 4 loops.

We consider the concept of deformed gauge invariance. The described formalism allows the vector gauge bosons to be massive independently of Higgs mechanism. It also allows the possibility for the variability of gauge coupling constants in space-time.

Gauge transformations are generally applied to decouple Maxwell’s equations, introducing gauge invariant vector and scalar potentials in connection with suitable gauge differential equations. This step simplifies the analytical or numerical solution of electrodynamic boundary value problems. In dielectrics, the propagation of electromagnetic waves is usually investigated restricting the problems to simple isotropic non-functional materials. On the other hand, magnetoelectric (ME) solids are of particular interest, converting electrical to magnetic energy and vice versa. The constitutive behavior of those materials has been investigated extensively, however restricting considerations to static or quasi-static loading. The goal of this paper is to combine electrodynamics in terms of the classical Maxwell equations with the constitutive behavior of ME materials. The interacting mechanisms of ME energy conversion lead to a complex behavior and are supposed to give rise to interesting phenomena influencing wave dispersion, deflection and reflection. The coupled boundary value problem is comprehensively formulated first, including mechanical stress and strain fields as well as electromagnetically induced forces. Gauge transformations are presented to decouple the electrodynamic potential equations for anisotropic ME bodies, neglecting a mechanical compliance at that point. Weak formulations are derived as a basis for numerical discretization procedures like the finite element method and simple examples demonstrate the impact of ME coupling on the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave.

We consider, in the harmonic superspace approach, the six-dimensional N = ( 1 , 0 ) supersymmetric model of abelian gauge multiplet coupled to a hypermultiplet. The superficial degree of divergence is evaluated and the structure of possible one-loop divergences is analyzed. Using the superfield proper-time and background-field technique, we compute the divergent part of the one-loop effective action depending on both the gauge multiplet and the hypermultiplet. The corresponding counterterms contain the purely gauge multiplet contribution together with the mixed contributions of the gauge multiplet and hypermultiplet. We show that the theory is on-shell one-loop finite in the gauge multiplet sector in agreement with the results of [1] . The divergences in the mixed sector cannot be eliminated by any field redefinition, implying the theory to be UV divergent at one loop.

We make two points about dualities in string theory. The first point is that the conception of duality, which we will discuss, meshes with two dual theories being ‘gauge related’ in the general philosophical sense of being physically equivalent. The second point is a result about gauge/gravity duality that shows its relation to gauge symmetries to be subtler than one might expect: each of a certain class of gauge symmetries in the gravity theory, that is, diffeomorphisms, is related to a position-dependent symmetry of the gauge theory.

The noncommutative space R 3 , a deformation of R 3 , supports a 3-parameter family of gauge theory models with gauge-invariant harmonic term, stable vacuum and which are perturbatively finite to all orders. Properties of this family are discussed. The partition function factorizes as an infinite product of reduced partition functions, each one corresponding to the reduced gauge theory on one of the fuzzy spheres entering the decomposition of R 3 . For a particular sub-family of gauge theories, each reduced partition function is exactly expressible as a ratio of determinants. A relation with integrable 2-D Toda lattice hierarchy is indicated.

We study the connection between N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theories, quantum cohomology and quantum integrable systems of hydrodynamic type. We consider gauge theories on ALE spaces of A and D-type and discuss how they describe the quantum cohomology of the corresponding Nakajima's quiver varieties. We also discuss how the exact evaluation of local BPS observables in the gauge theory can be used to calculate the spectrum of quantum Hamiltonians of spin Calogero integrable systems and spin Intermediate Long Wave hydrodynamics. This is explicitly obtained by a Bethe Ansatz Equation provided by the quiver gauge theory in terms of its adjacency matrix., 70 pages, 2 figures. Invited contribution to Journal of Geometry and Physics, special issue "Instanton Counting: Moduli Spaces, Representation Theory and Integrable Systems"

The logic of gauge theory is considered by tracing its development from general relativity to Yang-Mills theory, through Weyl’s two gauge theories. A handful of elements—which for want of better terms can be called geometrical justice, matter wave, second clock effect, twice too many energy levels—are enough to produce Weyl’s second theory; and from there, all that’s needed to reach the Yang-Mills formalism is a non-Abelian structure group (say \( \mathbb{SU}(N) \)).

In this thesis, we study the physics and critical behavior of several statistical models, e.g. O(N) model and lattice gauge models by using different approach, which including the conventional perturbative expansion and later and mostly, tensor renormalization group methods. We first start from the exact solvable model, 1-d O(2) model with open boundary conditions (OBC) and periodic boundary conditions (PBC) on a finite lattice and take the perturbative approach. We discuss the error of perturbative series by comparing it to the exact solution of the partition function and the average energy. The error (nonperturbative part) for both boundary conditions can be parametrized as Aβ−Be−Cβ but with different coefficients. For PBC, the error comes from the vortices solutions. We calculate the weak coupling expansion for finite PBC systems up to term 12 by using a new method and modify the ordinary perturbative series of the 1-link model. We also compare the small E expansion of the density of states with numerical values. We search for the Fisher’s zeros for a system with PBC and construct Migdal-Kadanoff flows for the OBC system. We conclude that the Fisher’s zeros control the geometrical properties of the flows. Motivated by recent attempts to find nontrivial infrared fixed points in 4dimensional lattice gauge theories, we discuss 2D nonlinear O(N) sigma models on a finite lattice, in the large-N limit. We explain the Riemann sheet structure and singular points of the finite L mappings between the mass gap and the ’t Hooft

In this thesis, we study the Fisher’s zeros in lattice gauge theory. The analysis of singularities in the complex coupling plane is an important tool to understand the critical phenomena of statistical models. The Fisher’s zero structure characterizes the scaling properties of the underlying models [40, 33] and has a strong influence on the complex renormalization group transformation flows in the region away from both the strong and weak coupling regimes [24]. By reconstructing the density of states, we try to develop a systematical method to investigate these singularities and we apply the method to SU(2) and U(1) lattice gauge models with a Wilson action in the fundamental representation. We first take the perturbative approach. By using the saddle point approximation, we construct the series expansions of the density of states in both of the strong and weak regimes from the strong and weak coupling expansions of the free energy density[5, 4]. We analyze the SU(2) and U(1) models. The expansions in the strong and weak regimes for the two models indicate both possess finite radii of convergence, suggesting the existence of complex singularities. We then perform the numerical calculations. We useMonte Carlo simulations to construct the numerical density of states of the SU(2) [22] and U(1) models [9]. We also discuss the convergence of the Ferrenberg-Swendsen’s method [32] whichwe use for the SU(2) model and propose a practical method to find the initial values that improve the convergence of the iterations. The strong and weak series expansions are in good agreement with the numerical results in their respective limits. The numerical calculations also enable the discussion of the finite volume effects which are important to the weak expansion. We calculate the Fisher’s zeros of the SU(2) and U(1) models at various

Superstring theory is one current, promising attempt at unifying gravity with the other three known forces: the electromagnetic force, and the weak and strong nuclear forces. Though this is still a work in progress, much effort has been put toward this goal. A set of specific tools which are used in this effort are gauge/gravity dualities. This thesis consists of a specific implementation of gauge/gravity dualities to describe k-strings of strongly coupled gauge theories as objects dual to Dp-branes embedded in confining supergravity backgrounds from low energy superstring field theory. Along with superstring theory, k-strings are also commonly investigated with lattice gauge theory and Hamiltonian methods. A k-string is a colorless combination of quark-antiquark source pairs, between which a color flux tube develops. The two most notable terms of the k-string energy are, for large quark anti-quark separation L, the tension term, proportional to L, and the Coulombic 1/L correction, known as the Luscher term. This thesis provides an overview of superstring theories and how gauge/gravity dualities emerge from them. It shows in detail how these dualities can be used for the specific problem of calculating the k-string energy in 2 + 1 and 3 + 1 space-time dimensions as the energy of Dp-branes in the dual gravitational theory. A detailed review of k-string tension calculations is given where good agreement is found with lattice gauge theory and Hamiltonian methods. In reviewing the k-string tension, we also touch on how different representations of k-strings can be described with Dp-branes through gauge/gravity dualities. The main result of this thesis is how the Luscher term is found to emerge as the one loop quantum corrections to the Dp-brane energy. In 2+1 space-time dimensions, we have Luscher term data to compare with from lattice gauge theory, where we find good agreement.

A system of two arbitrary quantum particles moving on d-dimensional lattice interacting via some attractive potential is considered. The number of eigenvalues of the family h(k) is studied depending on the interaction energy of particles and the total quasi-momentum k∈Td (Td d-dimensional torus). Depending on the interaction energy, the conditions for h( 0) that has simple or multifold virtual level at 0 are found.

We prove dispersive estimates for solutions to the Cauchy problem for the Hamiltonian system on a lattice.

Two-component Ginzburg–Landau model with one magnetic gauge potential can be used to describe the physical properties of two-gap superconductor. When the order parameters in two-gap superconductor have different phases, the gauge invariance will be destroyed. In order to preserve gauge invariance, two kinds of gauge potentials must be introduced. For seeking the origins of two kinds of gauge potentials, one suggests two kinds of order parameters are in the coherent state. Therefore, two different gauge potentials and masses of the order parameters arise through deducing the super-current of the coherent state. As a result, two different gauge potentials lead to different magnetic fields at the zero points of the order parameters. In other places, the gauge potentials have no contributions to the magnetic field. Moreover, the topological properties of two different gauge potentials are discussed in detail.

Henstock–Kurzweil integral or gauge integral is the generalization of the Riemann integral. The functions which are not integrable because of singularity in the senses of Lebesgue or Riemann are gauge integrable. In this manuscript, we have generalized Fα-calculus using the gauge integral method for the integrating of the functions on fractal set subset of real-line where they have singularities. The suggested new method leads to the wider class of functions on the fractal subset of real-line that are *Fα-integrable. Using gauge function we define *Fα-derivative of functions their Fα-derivative is not exist. The reported results can be used for generalizing the fundamental theorem of Fα-calculus.

The Hermitian Hamiltonian of a spin one-half particle with spin-orbit coupling (SOC) confined to a surface that is embedded in a three-dimensional space spanned by a general Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate (OCC) is constructed. A gauge field formalism, where the SOC is expressed as a non-Abelian $SU(2)$ gauge field is used. A new practical approach, based on the physical argument that upon confining the particle to the surface by a potential, then it is the physical Hermitian momentum operator transverse to the surface, rather than just the derivative with respect to the transverse coordinate that should be dropped from the Hamiltonian.Doing so, it is shown that the Hermitian Hamiltonian for SOC is obtained with the geometric potential and the geometric kinetic energy terms emerging naturally. The geometric potential is shown to represent a coupling between the transverse component of the gauge field and the mean curvature of the surface that replaces the coupling between the transverse momentum and the gauge field. The most general Hermitian Hamiltonian with linear SOC on a general surface embedded in any 3D OCC system is reported. Explicit plug-and-play formulae for this Hamiltonian on the surfaces of a cylinder, a sphere and a torus are given. The formalism is applied to the Rashba SOC in three dimensions (3D RSOC) and the explicit expressions for the surface Hamiltonians on these three geometries are worked out., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure

In this talk we study the light-front quantization of the restricted gauge theory of QCD2a la Cho et al.

We investigate the phase space of topological black hole solutions of su(N) Einstein–Yang–Mills theory in anti-de Sitter space with a purely magnetic gauge potential. The gauge field is described by N−1 magnetic gauge field functions ωj, j=1,…,N−1. For su(2) gauge group, the function ω1 has no zeros. This is no longer the case when we consider a larger gauge group. The phase space of topological black holes is considerably simpler than for the corresponding spherically symmetric black holes, but for N>2 and a flat event horizon, there exist solutions where at least one of the ωj functions has one or more zeros. For most of the solutions, all the ωj functions have no zeros, and at least some of these are linearly stable.

It is well known that the use of Helmholtz decomposition theorem for static vector fields , when applied to the time dependent vector fields , which represent the electromagnetic field, allows us to obtain instantaneous-like solutions all along . For this reason, some people thought (see e.g. [1] and references therein) that the Helmholtz theorem cannot be applied to time dependent vector fields and some modification is wanted in order to get the retarded solutions. However, the use of the Helmholtz theorem for static vector fields is correct even for time dependent vector fields (see, e.g. [2]), so a relation between the solutions was required, in such a way that a retarded solution can be transformed in an instantaneous one, and conversely. On this paper we want to suggest, following most of the time the mathematical formalism of Woodside in [3], that: 1) there are many Helmholtz decompositions, all equally consistent, 2) each one is naturally related to a space-time structure, 3) when we use the Helmholtz decomposition for the electromagnetic potentials it is equivalent to a gauge transformation, 4) there is a natural methodological criterion for choosing the gauge according to the structure postulated for a global space-time, 5) the Helmholtz decomposition is the manifestation at the level of the fields that a gauge is involved. So, when we relate the retarded solution to the instantaneous one what we do is to change the gauge and the space-time. And, if the Helmholtz decompositions are related to a space-time structure, and are equivalent to gauge transformations, each gauge transformation is natural for a specific space-time. In this way, a Helmholtz decomposition for Euclidean space is equivalent to the Coulomb gauge and a Helmholtz decomposition for the Minkowski space is equivalent to the Lorenz gauge. This leads us to consider that the theories defined by different gauges may be mathematically equivalent, because they can be related by means of a gauge transformation, but they are not empirically equivalent, because they have quite different observational consequences due to the different space-time structure involved.

We demonstrate null structure in the Yang-Mills equations in Lorenz gauge. Such structure was found in Coulomb gauge by Klainerman and Machedon, who used it to prove global well-posedness for finite-energy data. Compared with Coulomb gauge, Lorenz gauge has the advantage---shared with the temporal gauge---that it can be imposed globally in space even for large solutions. Using the null structure and bilinear space-time estimates, we also prove local-in-time well-posedness of the equations in Lorenz gauge, for data with finite energy. The time of existence depends on the initial energy and on the $H^s \times H^{s-1}$-norm of the initial potential, for some $s < 1$., Minor typos corrected, references updated

One of the fundamental problems of gravity to be an infinite range interaction is whether it has a gauge group via the internal structure, so that Einstein type theories couldn’t explain it yet. Gauge groups in Yang Mill type theories, i.e. weak [11] and strong [3, 8] interactions, are generally non Abelian Lie group via the Hermitian structure induced by complex valued smooth vector fields. A group labeled by U(1)⊗Ũ(d) obtained as the reduction of unitary Lie groups is presented as candidate a gauge group for each behavior at large scale and at small scale of a gauge field, in this context, integrated Einstein Yang Mills formalism on a unique geometrical frame is given. Also as seen that the (anti) self dual gauge theory of the group G = U(1) ⊗ Ũ(4) is indeed a G = U(1) theory in real 4 dimension, i.e the Maxwell theory for the electromagnetism to be an infinite range interaction. Mathematics Subject Classification: 22E15, 53C07, 53C80, 70S05, 70S15, 83C05

The spacetime lattice model involves time lattice (static lattice) model and space lattice (dynamic lattice) model, both of which have the same lattices’ domains and the same fractal structures. The behaviors of the space field obey the uncertainty relations, which gauge invariance shows the space field is a gauge field, making the electromagnetic field, gravitowagnetic field and the fermion field be gauged, and the Lorentz condition and Lorentz gauge are the intrinsic attributes of the spacetime. The quantization of the classical space field produces S bosons of spin-1, which stimulated states by charges and masses are respectively photons and gravitons. The S bosons in thermal excitation are immeasurable and their energies may be dark. The principle of partition of independent freedom degrees regularizes the degrees for all particles including neutrino, which must have mass. By the S bosons, we interpret newly the virtual photons. Using the spacetime lattice model, we investigate the breaking of the symmetry of the gradient fields and the symmetry of the curl fields for the potential functions of the space field, and the creations and the annihilations of the dark photons and the dark gravitons. The complexity requires us to rename the electroweak phase transition as electro-gravito-weak phase transition. Finally, antiparticles are discussed. Our approach for the lattice models is a kind of renormalization group theory, signifying the breaking of symmetries can be renormalized.

We construct a general class of Calabi–Yau threefolds from fiber products of rational elliptic surfaces with section, generalizing a construction of Schoen to include all Kodaira fiber types. The resulting threefolds each have two elliptic fibrations with section over rational elliptic surfaces and blowups thereof. These elliptic fibrations generally have nonzero Mordell–Weil rank. Each of the elliptic fibrations has a physical interpretation in terms of a six-dimensional F-theory model with one or more non-Higgsable abelian gauge fields. Many of the models in this class have mild singularities that do not admit a Calabi–Yau resolution; this does not seem to compromise the physical integrity of the theory and can be associated in some cases with massless hypermultiplets localized at the singular loci. In some of these constructions, however, we find examples of abelian gauge fields that cannot be “un-Higgsed” to a nonabelian gauge field without producing unphysical singularities that cannot be resolved. The models studied here can also be used to exhibit T-duality for a class of little string theories.

Employing large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations, we study the extended $XXZ$ model on the kagome lattice. A $\mathbb Z_2$ quantum spin liquid phase with effective even Ising gauge field structure emerges from the delicate balance among three symmetry-breaking phases including stripe solid, staggered solid and ferromagnet. This $\mathbb{Z}_2$ spin liquid is stabilized by an extended interaction related to the Rokhsar-Kivelson potential in the quantum dimer model limit. The phase transitions from the staggered solid to a spin liquid or ferromagnet are found to be first order and so is the transition between the stripe solid and ferromagnet. However, the transition between a spin liquid and ferromagnet is found to be continuous and belongs to the 3D $XY^*$ universality class associated with the condensation of spinons. The transition between a spin liquid and stripe solid appears to be continuous and associated with the condensation of visons., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures

In view of growing interest in tensor modes and their possible detection, we clarify the definition of tensor modes up to 2nd order in perturbation theory within the Hamiltonian formalism. Like in gauge theory, in cosmology the Hamiltonian is a suitable and consistent approach to reduce the gauge degrees of freedom. In this paper we employ the Faddeev-Jackiw method of Hamiltonian reduction. An appropriate set of gauge invariant variables that describe the dynamical degrees of freedom may be obtained by suitable canonical transformations in the phase space. We derive a set of gauge invariant variables up to 2nd order in perturbation expansion and for the first time we reduce the 3rd order action without adding gauge fixing terms. In particular, we are able to show the relation between the uniform-$\ensuremath{\phi}$ and Newtonian slicings, and study the difference in the definition of tensor modes in these two slicings.

I propose a self-dual deformation of the classical phase space of lattice Yang-Mills theory, in which both the electric and magnetic fluxes take value in the compact gauge Lie group. A local construction of the deformed phase space requires the machinery of “quasi-Hamiltonian spaces” by Alekseev et al., which is reviewed here. The results is a full-fledged finite-dimensional and gauge-invariant phase space, the self-duality properties of which are largely enhanced in (3+1) spacetime dimensions. This enhancement is due to a correspondence with the moduli space of an auxiliary noncommutative flat connection living on a Riemann surface defined from the lattice itself, which in turn equips the duality between electric and magnetic fluxes with a neat geometrical interpretation in terms of a Heegaard splitting of the space manifold. Finally, I discuss the consequences of the proposed deformation on the quantization of the phase space, its quantum gravitational interpretation, as well as its relevance for the construction of (3+1)-dimensional topological field theories with defects.

International audience; Gauge symmetries are a cornerstone of modern physics but they come with technical difficulties when it comes to quantization, to accurately describe particles phenomenology or to extract observables in general. These shortcomings must be met by essentially finding a way to effectively reduce gauge symmetries. We propose a review of a way to do so which we call the dressing field method. We show how the BRST algebra satisfied by gauge fields, encoding their gauge transformations, is modified. We outline noticeable applications of the method, such as the electroweak sector of the Standard Model and the local twistors of Penrose.