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BACKGROUND: Using broiler chickens as an animal model is common in basic scientific research conducted in the laboratory. In this context, one of the significant challenges in scientific research on birds is administering appropriate anesthesia. Anesthesia in birds carries many risks. To address this issue, medication should be administered based on the physiology and anatomy of birds. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of injection and inhalation anesthesia methods and drugs in broiler chickens for stereotactic brain surgery to identify the most suitable anesthesia method for birds. METHODS: The present study was conducted on 36 male broiler chickens of the Ross 308 breed, all 21 days old, with an approximate weight of 750 g. The birds were randomly divided into three groups: group "ketamine-xylazine," group "ketamine-midazolam," and group "isoflurane," with each group containing 12 chickens. In groups "ketaminexylazine" and "ketamine-midazolam," the anesthetic was administered intramuscularly (in the pectoralis muscle), while in the group "isoflurane," it was administered via inhalation. At the end of the study, the duration of induction, maintenance, and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated in different groups. RESULTS: Our study revealed that injectable anesthetics caused the chickens to exhibit emotional and abnormal movements upon waking up. The induction of anesthesia achieved with two combinations of ketamine-xylazine and ketamine-midazolam took between 2 and 4 minutes, while it took 1 to 2 minutes when combined with isoflurane. Recovery in the first two groups was prolonged, whereas in group "isoflurane," it was rapid and smooth. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the recorded data and assessment of anesthesia quality in various groups indicated a preference for using isoflurane over other groups evaluated in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a mediatory role in cerebral insulin function by maintaining energy balance. The current study was designed to determine the role of insulin in food intake and its interaction with NPY receptors in 8 experiments using broiler cockerels (4 treatment groups per experiment, except for experiment 8). Chicks received control solution or 2.5, 5, or 10 ng of insulin in experiment 1 and control solution or 1.25, 2.5, or 5 pg of receptor antagonists B5063, SF22, or SML0891 in experiments 2, 3, and 4 through intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, respectively. In experiments 5, 6, and 7, chicks received ICV injection of B5063, SF22, SML0891, or co-injection of an antagonist + insulin, control solution, and insulin. In experiment 8, blood glucose was measured. Insulin, B5063, and SML0891 decreased food intake, while SF22 led to an increase in food intake. The hypophagic effect of insulin was also reinforced by injection of B560, but ICV injection of SF22 destroyed this hypophagic effect of insulin and increased food intake (p < 0.05). However, SML0891 had no effect on decreased food intake induced by insulin (p > 0.05). At 30 min postinjection, blood sugar in the control group was higher than that in the insulin group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the [NPY.sub.1] and [NPY.sub.2] receptors mediate the hypophagic effect of insulin in broiler cockerels.Key words: hypophagic effects, insulin, broiler cockerels, NPY receptors, ICV injection.Le neuropeptide Y (NPY) joue un role de mediateur dans la fonction cerebrale de l'insuline en preservant l'equilibre energetique. La presente etude a ete con^ue en vue d'etablir le role de l'insuline dans la consommation de nourriture et ses interactions avec les recepteurs NPY dans 8 experiences sur des coquelets a rotir (chacune avec 4 groupes de traitement a l'exception de l'experience 8). Les poulets ont re^u par injection intracerebroventriculaire (ICV) une solution temoin ou 2,5,5 ou 10 ng d'insuline dans l'experience 1, et une solution temoin ou 1,25, 2,5 ou 5 pg de B5063, de SF22 ou de SML0891 dans les experiences 2, 3 et 4, respectivement. Dans les experiences 5, 6 et 7, les poulets ont re^u des injections ICV de B5063, de SF22 et de SML0891, l'injection de chacun de ces produits avec de l'insuline, une solution temoin et de l'insuline. Dans l'experience 8, nous avons mesure la glycemie. L'administration d'insuline, de B5063 et de SML0891 a entraine une diminution de la consommation de nourriture, alors l'administration de SF22 menait a une augmentation de la consommation de nourriture. De plus, l'effet hypophagique de l'insuline etait renforce avec l'injection de B560, mais l'injection ICV de SF22 aneantissait l'effet hypophagique de l'insuline avec une augmentation de la consommation de nourriture (p < 0,05). Cependant, le SML0891 n'avait aucun effet sur la diminution de la consommation de nourriture engendree par l'insuline (p > 0,05). Trente minutes apres l'injection, la glycemie etait plus elevee dans le groupe temoin qu'avec l'insuline (p < 0,05). Par consequent, les recepteurs [NPY.sub.1] et [NPY.sub.2] agissent comme mediateurs dans l'effet hypophagique de l'insuline chez les coquelets a rotir. [Traduit par la Redaction]Mots-cles: effets hypophagiques, insuline, coquelets a rotir, recepteurs NPY, injection ICV., IntroductionThe central regulation of food intake is modulated in different parts of the brain, including the corpus striatum, nucleus tractus solitarius, amygdala, hypothalamus, and arcuate nucleus (Hamidi and Yousefvand 2017). [...]

In living organisms, the central control of nutrition is a highly complex and vital mechanism. Central control of nutrition occurs in various regions of the brain, with the hypothalamus being the most important of which is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls feeding behaviors through neural circuits, specialized nuclei, and central neurotransmitters. Different hypothalamic nuclei involved in regulating food intake include ARC, PVN, LHA, VMH, and DMH. The DMH influences feeding behavior by modulating the activity of different neurotransmitters in the brain. This nucleus receives both orexigenic and anorexic inputs through neural connections with the ARC and other regions of the brain. Due to its location in the brain, the ARC has access to nutritional inputs from the circulation. Within this nucleus, there exist two distinct neuronal populations, namely NPY and POMC. Different inputs from circulation affect two neuronal populations in the ARC. These inputs are related to second-order neurons, including DMH. The DMH integrates these inputs and sends the final output to PVN and LHA. Therefore, DMH affects the central control of feeding regulation through these neural pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: During the modification of several races, which has been done on chickens, there have been several changes in the function of neural pathways and receptor density involved in the control of food intake and appetite. Melanocortin system and its receptors are involved in the central regulation of nutritional behaviour and energy balance. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the role of this system in the central control of food and water intake in birds. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to evaluate the role of MCR3 and MCR4 receptors in controlling the food and water intake in birds. METHODS: This work was performed on 48 Ross 308 broiler chicks through two experiments (each experiment in four groups). Primarily, stereotaxic surgical guide cannula was implanted in the chickens. Subsequently, in the first experiment, the chickens were divided into the four following groups: the control solution, 0.2, 2, and 10 nmol/5µl of SHU9119 (Non-selective antagonist of MCR3 and MCR4 receptors) In the second experiment, the chickens were also divided in four groups: the received control solution, 0.2, 2, and 10 nmol/5µl of MCL0020 (Selective MCR4 receptor antagonist) via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. Afterwards, cumulative food and water intake were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after the injection. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that ICV injection of SHU9119 and MCL0020 increased cumulative food intake (P>0.05), but did not affect cumulative water intake (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: According to the findings herein, central melanocortin system is one of the systems involved in central control of food intake in birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]