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1. Integrating human biomonitoring exposure data into a primary care morbidity database: a feasibility study

Author

Pieter Jansen, Elly Den Hond, Katleen De Brouwere, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Ilona Gabaret, and Gijs Van Pottelbergh

Subjects
Biological monitoring, Environmental health, Environmental exposure, Electronic health records, Routinely collected health data, Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene, RC963-969, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background The detection of a local per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pollution hotspot in Zwijndrecht (Belgium) necessitated immediate action to address health concerns of the local community. Several human biomonitoring (HBM) studies were initiated, gathering cross-sectional exposure data from more than 10,000 participants. The linkage of these HBM data with primary care health registries might be a useful new tool in environmental health analysis. Aim We assessed the feasibility of linking exposure data from HBM programs to health outcomes from the Intego registry, which collects data from general practitioners’ electronic health records. This feasibility study uses exposure data from one of the completed PFAS HBM studies, which included 796 individuals. We describe the separate datasets, the process of integrating the HBM data into Intego, the analysis plan and the advantages and challenges of using this method. Results We established the integration of HBM data into the Intego primary care morbidity database, adhering to stringent privacy regulations and quality standards to ensure result integrity. Because of the modest sample size used in this feasibility study, no conclusions about the impact of PFAS on health endpoints can be drawn. However, with PFAS data from more than 10,000 residents available soon, more robust studies will be possible with this new method. Interpretation We introduce a novel approach for assessing the impact of environmental health hazards within primary care settings. The methods outlined here not only pave the way for larger-scale projects but also offer a promising avenue for long-term environmental health monitoring.

Published
2025
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2. Deciphering community-level knowledge of obstetric fistula and determinants: perspectives elucidated by ordinal logistic regression

Author

Miteku Andualem Limenih, Alemakef Wagnew Melesse, Chernet Baye, Beletew Shewabere, Eskedar Getie Mekonnen, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Aster Berhe, Destaye Shiferaw Alemu, and Wagaye Fentahun Chanie

Subjects
level of knowledge, obstetric fistula, community level, household, Ethiopia, ordinal regression, Gynecology and obstetrics, RG1-991, Women. Feminism, HQ1101-2030.7
Abstract

BackgroundObstetric fistula is a significant cause of maternal morbidity in resource-limited settings, where women often suffer due to a lack of prompt access to skilled obstetric services. It is imperative to comprehend and identify the factors that shape community knowledge about obstetric fistula to enhance prevention strategies, enable early detection, and provide support and treatment to affected women. However, there is a substantial gap in the available evidence concerning the level of community knowledge regarding obstetric fistula and its influencing factors within the Ethiopian context.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge regarding obstetric fistula and identify influencing factors within the communities in Gondar, Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 663 households. Households were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Descriptive statistics and exact binomial confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test or the Kruskal–Wallis test. Parameters with p-value ≤ 0.2 in the univariable ordinal regression were selected for the multivariable ordinal regression model. The proportion odds assumption was checked using the parallel lines test. A multivariable proportional ordinal regression analysis was conducted. p-values $200 USD (AOR: 7.0; 95% CI: 2.6–22.9), distance from a health facility (AOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1–2.7), non-participation in women’s conferences (AOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5–0.9), and having heard of obstetric fistula (AOR: 4.4; 95% CI: 2.8–7.1) showed statistically significant association with the likelihood of having a high level of knowledge regarding obstetric fistula compared to medium or low levels.ConclusionThe study reveals an alarmingly low level of knowledge about obstetric fistula. Higher income and prior awareness were associated with increased knowledge about obstetric fistula, while self-employment, unemployment, and non-participation in women's conferences were liked to decreased knowledge. Enhancing community knowledge requires a holistic strategy involving cooperation from all stakeholders and tackling broader socio-economic disparities.

Published
2024
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3. Development and validation of a simplified risk prediction model for preterm birth: a prospective cohort study in rural Ethiopia

Author

Eskeziaw Abebe Kassahun, Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Kokeb Tesfamariam, Bilal Shikur Endris, Meselech Assegid Roro, Yalemwork Getnet, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Nele Brusselaers, and Samuel Coenen

Subjects
Prediction model, Preterm birth, Risk score, Pregnant women, Ethiopia, Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Preterm birth is one of the most common obstetric complications in low- and middle-income countries, where access to advanced diagnostic tests and imaging is limited. Therefore, we developed and validated a simplified risk prediction tool to predict preterm birth based on easily applicable and routinely collected characteristics of pregnant women in the primary care setting. We used a logistic regression model to develop a model based on the data collected from 481 pregnant women. Model accuracy was evaluated through discrimination (measured by the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve; AUC) and calibration (via calibration graphs and the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test). Internal validation was performed using a bootstrapping technique. A simplified risk score was developed, and the cut-off point was determined using the “Youden index” to classify pregnant women into high or low risk for preterm birth. The incidence of preterm birth was 19.5% (95% CI:16.2, 23.3) of pregnancies. The final prediction model incorporated mid-upper arm circumference, gravidity, history of abortion, antenatal care, comorbidity, intimate partner violence, and anemia as predictors of preeclampsia. The AUC of the model was 0.687 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.75). The calibration plot demonstrated a good calibration with a p-value of 0.713 for the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit test. The model can identify pregnant women at high risk of preterm birth. It is applicable in daily clinical practice and could contribute to the improvement of the health of women and newborns in primary care settings with limited resources. Healthcare providers in rural areas could use this prediction model to improve clinical decision-making and reduce obstetrics complications.

Published
2024
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4. Level of cardiovascular disease knowledge, risk perception and intention towards healthy lifestyle and socioeconomic disparities among adults in vulnerable communities of Belgium and England

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mark Bowyer, Linda Gibson, Steven Abrams, and Hilde Bastiaens

Subjects
Cardiovascular, Knowledge, Risk perception, Socioeconomic variation, Belgium, England, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) greatly varies between and within countries. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and vulnerable communities of high-income countries (HIC) share disproportionately higher burden. Evidence is limited on the level of CVD knowledge and risk perception in vulnerable communities. Hence, in this study, we assessed the level of CVD knowledge, risk perception and change intention towards physical activity and healthy diet among vulnerable communities in Antwerp, Belgium and Nottingham, England. Furthermore, we investigated the socioeconomic disparities particularly in the Antwerp setting. Method A cross-sectional study was performed among 1,424 adults (958 in Antwerp and 466 in Nottingham) aged 18 or older among selected vulnerable communities. Districts or counties were selected based on socioeconomic and multiple deprivation index. A stratified random sampling was used in Antwerp, and purposive sampling in Nottingham. We determined the level of CVD knowledge, risk perception and intention towards a healthy lifestyle in Antwerp and Nottingham using a percentage score out of 100. To identify independent socioeconomic determinants in CVD knowledge, risk perception, intention to PA and healthy diet, we performed multilevel multivariable modeling using the Antwerp dataset. Results The mean knowledge percent score was 75.4 in Antwerp and 69.4 in Nottingham, and only 36.5% and 21.1% of participants respectively, had good CVD knowledge (scored 80% or above). In the multivariable analysis using the Antwerp dataset, level of education was significantly associated with (1) CVD knowledge score (Adjusted β = 0.11, 95%CI: 0.03, 0.18), (2) risk perception (0.23, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.41), (3) intention to physical activity (PA) (0.51, 95%CI: 0.35, 0.66), and (4) healthy diet intention (0.54, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.75). Furthermore, those individuals with a higher household income had a better healthy diet intention (0.44, 95%CI: 0.23, 0.65). In contrast, those who were of non-European origin scored lower on intention to have a healthy diet (-1.34, 95%CI:-2.07, -0.62) as compared to their European counterparts. On average, intention to PA was significantly higher among males (-0.43, 95%CI:-0.82, -0.03), whereas females scored better on healthy diet intention (2.02, 95%CI: 1.46, 2.57). Conclusions Knowledge towards CVD risks and prevention is low in vulnerable communities. Males have a higher intention towards PA while females towards a healthy diet and it also greatly varies across level of education. Moreover, those born outside Europe and with low household income have lower healthy diet intention than their respective counterparts. Hence, CVD preventive interventions should be participatory and based on a better understanding of the individuals’ socioeconomic status and cultural beliefs through active individual and community engagement.

Published
2022
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5. Psychometric evaluation of the ‘Attitudes and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Disease (ABCD) Risk Questionnaire’ with validation of a previously untested ‘Intentions and Beliefs around Smoking’ subscale

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Hilde Bastiaens, Mark Bowyer, and Linda Gibson

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Objectives To provide evidence of validity, reliability and generalisability of results obtained using the Attitudes and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Disease (ABCD) Risk Questionnaire with a sample of the English population surveyed within the ‘SPICES’ Horizon 2020 Project (Nottingham study site), and to specifically evaluate the psychometric and factor properties of an as-yet untested five-item subscale relating to smoking behaviours.Design and setting Community and workplace-based cross-sectional study in Nottingham, UK.Participants 466 English adults fitting inclusion criteria (aged 18+ years, without known history of cardiovascular disease, not pregnant, able to provide informed consent) participated in the study.Intervention We revalidated the ABCD Questionnaire on a sample of the general population in Nottingham to confirm the psychometric properties. Furthermore, we introduced five items related to smoking, which were dropped in the original study due to inadequate valid samples.Primary and secondary outcome measures Psychometric and factor performance of untested five-item ‘smoking behaviours’ subscale.Psychometric and factorial properties in combination with the remaining 18 items across 3 subscales.Results Analyses of the data largely confirmed the validity, reliability and factor structure of the original ABCD Risk Questionnaire. Sufficient participants in our study provided data against additional five smoking-related items to confirm their validity as a subscale and to advocate for their inclusion in future applications of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis calculations support some minor changes to the remaining subscales, which may further improve psychometric performance and therefore generalisability of the instrument.Conclusions An amended version of the ABCD Risk Questionnaire would provide public health researchers and practitioners with a brief, easy-to-use, reliable and valid survey tool. The amended tool may assist public health practitioners and researchers to survey patient or public intentions and beliefs around three key areas of individually modifiable risk (physical activity, diet, smoking).Trial registration number ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN68334579).

Published
2023
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6. Performance of individual dietary diversity score to identify malnutrition among patients living with HIV in Ethiopia

Author

Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Wondwosen Mebratu, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Anissa Mohammed Hassen, Zinet Abegaz Asfaw, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Kalkidan Hassen Abate

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract There is a lack of uniformity in developing and validating indicators of nutritional status among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Experiences from low and middle-income countries are scant, and differences in methodological and analytical approaches affect the comparability and generalizability of findings. Therefore, this study investigated the performance of individual diversity score (IDDS) as a proxy indicator of nutritional status among PLHIV. We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional study among 423 PLHIV who were under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) at clinics in Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia. We collected data on sociodemographic, dietary, clinical, and anthropometric measures. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-Hour dietary recall. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated to assess the nutritional status of study subjects. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the ability of the IDDS and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) to detect poor nutritional status. Furthermore, sensitivity, specificity, Predictive Values (PPs), and Likelihood Ratios (LRs) were calculated at different cut-off points. IDDS showed good reliability with Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.76. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of IDDS was 78.5 (95%CI 73.9–83.4). At the IDDS cut-off of 4, the sensitivity and specificity of IDDS to indicate nutritional status were 88.0% (95%CI 81.0–93.0) and 71.0% (95%CI 66.0–76.0), respectively. The AUC of MDD-W was 74.1%, and at the cut-off of 4 the sensitivity and specificity of MDD-W to indicate undernutrition were 73.0% and 72.0%, respectively. Both IDDS and MDD-W have good accuracy as a proxy indicator for measuring the nutritional status of PLHIV. In the prevention of undernutrition among PLHIV especially in a resource-limited setting, IDDS and MDD-W can be used to assess nutritional status.

Published
2021
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7. Individual and community level factors associated with unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Ethiopia

Author

Liknaw Bewket Zeleke, Addisu Alehegn Alemu, Eskeziaw Abebe Kassahun, Bewket Yeserah Aynalem, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Getachew Mullu Kassa

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Unintended pregnancy is among the major challenges of public health and a major reproductive health issue, due to its implications on the health, economic and social life of a woman and her family mainly in low and middle-income countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. The study aimed to assess unintended pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women in Ethiopia using multilevel analysis from the EDHS 2016. We used the data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, comprised of 1122 pregnant women. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was determined through descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with unintended pregnancy. Variables with a p-value

Published
2021
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8. Validation of the Dutch-Flemish translated ABCD questionnaire to measure cardiovascular diseases knowledge and risk perception among adults

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Naomi Aerts, Stefaan Demarest, Md Dilshad Manzar, Steven Abrams, and Hilde Bastiaens

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Valid and reliable measurement of an individual’s knowledge and risk perception is pivotal to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The recently developed Attitudes and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Disease (ABCD) knowledge and risk questionnaire is shown to be valid in England. In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the modified and Dutch (Flemish)-translated ABCD questionnaire using both the classical test and item response theory (IRT) analysis. We conducted a community-based survey among 525 adults in Antwerp city, Belgium. We assessed the item- and scale-level psychometric properties and validity indices of the questionnaire. Parameters of IRT, item scalability, monotonicity, item difficulty and discrimination, and item fit statistics were evaluated. Furthermore, exploratory and confirmatory factorial validity, and internal consistency measures were explored. Descriptive statistics showed that both the knowledge and risk scale items have sufficient variation to differentiate individuals’ level of knowledge and risk perception. The overall homogeneity of the knowledge and risk subscales was within the acceptable range (> 0.3). The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the risk scale supported a three-factor solution corresponding to risk perception (F1), perceived benefits and intention to change physical activity (F2), and perceived benefit and intention to change healthy dietary habit (F3). The two parametric logistic (2—PL) and rating scale models showed that the item infit and outfit values for knowledge and risk subscales were within the acceptable range (0.6 to 1.4) for most of the items. In conclusion, this study investigated the Dutch (Flemish) version of the ABCD questionnaire has good psychometric properties to assess CVD related knowledge and risk perception in the adult population. Based on the factor loadings and other psychometric properties, we suggested a shorter version, which has comparable psychometric properties.

Published
2021
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9. Type and effectiveness of community-based interventions in improving knowledge related to cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: A systematic review

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rawlance Ndejjo, Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Geofrey Musinguzi, Steven Abrams, and Hilde Bastiaens

Subjects
Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Background: Despite an improvement in the healthcare system, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improving knowledge is a key for behavioral change towards prevention of CVDs. However, up-to-date evidence is limited on the effect of interventions on CVD knowledge. Thus this study aimed to synthesize comprehensive evidence on the type and effectiveness of community-based interventions (CBIs) to improve knowledge related to CVDs. Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies that tested the effectiveness of CBIs in improving CVD knowledge. International databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PSYCINFO and Cochrane register of controlled studies were searched for studies published between January 2000 and December 2019. The Cochrane risk of bias tools were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Since CVD knowledge was measured using various tools, results were synthesized narratively and reported in line with the reporting guideline for Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM). The review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019119885). Results: 7 randomized and 9 non-randomized controlled trials involving 34,845 participants were included. Most of the interventions targeted the general population and majorities delivered the intervention to groups of individuals. Likewise, most of the interventions employed various intervention components including health education using different strategies. Overall, most studies showed that CBIs significantly improved knowledge related to CVDs. Conclusion: Community-based CVD preventive interventions are effective in improving knowledge related to CVD and risk factors. Measures to scale up CBIs are recommended to improve an individual's level of CVD knowledge, which potentially helps to counter the growing burden of CVDs.

Published
2022
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10. Poor Sleep in Community-Dwelling Polysubstance Users: Association With Khat Dependence, Metacognition, and Socio-Demographic Factors

Author

Md Dilshad Manzar, Ahmad H. Alghadir, Masood Khan, Mohammed Salahuddin, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Ahmed M. Almansour, Dejen Nureye, Eyob Tekalign, Showkat Ahmad Shah, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, and Ahmed S. Bahammam

Subjects
polydrug use, khat, alcohol, nicotine, sleep problems, metacognition, Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract

PurposePoor sleep and cognitive deficits are often associated with increased drug use. However, no study has addressed the relationship between poor sleep, substance dependence, and metacognitive deficit in polysubstance users.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling involving community-dwelling polysubstance users (n = 326, age = 18–43 years) in Mizan, Ethiopia. Participants completed a brief sleep questionnaire, severity of dependence on khat (SDS-Khat), a brief meta-cognition questionnaire, and a socio-demographic survey.ResultsMajority (56.4%) of the polysubstance users had sleep disturbance. Chronic health conditions [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–4.85], chronic conditions in the family (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.40–5.20), illiterate-primary level of educational status (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.30–4.04), higher SDS-Khat score (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.13–1.72), and lower meta-cognition score (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.97) predicted poor sleep in the polysubstance users. Moreover, low metacognition score and high SDS score also predicted additional sleep disturbances like chronic sleep insufficiency, lethargy and restlessness after nighttime sleep, socio-occupational dysfunctions, and daytime disturbances in polysubstance users.ConclusionPoor sleep, severe khat dependence, and metacognitive deficits are common in community polysubstance users. Moreover, poor sleep is associated with higher khat dependence, lower metacognitive ability, lower educational status, and the presence of chronic conditions in polysubstance users or their families.

Published
2022
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11. Data on histological characteristics, survival patterns and determinants of mortality among colorectal, esophageal and prostate cancer patients in Ethiopia

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohammed Ahmed Teka, Jemal Beksisa, and Jilcha Diribi Feyisa

Subjects
Histological characteristics, Survival, Determinant, Colorectal, Esophageal, Prostate, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

This article describes data collected retrospectively on a cohort of esophageal, colorectal and prostate cancer patients registered in the patient log book of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. The key variables studied include histological characteristics of each type of cancer, clinical and TNM stages, baseline laboratory results (Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer, hemoglobin level, etc.), clinical characteristics including sign and symptoms, family history of cancer, diagnostic and treatment modalities a patient received for each type of cancer. The event status (death) was also collected using death certificates (whenever available) and supplemented by telephone interviews with the patient or attendant. Furthermore, lifestyle characteristics of patients including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, khat (‘Catha edulis’) chewing, etc. and socioeconomic characteristics including age, sex, region of residence, marital status, and educational level were also collected. The aim that led to conduct the study that generated these data was to describe clinical presentation, histological characteristics, survival pattern, and to identify determinants of mortality among cancer patients in Ethiopia. Thus, independent survival analyzes were performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and life table analysis. Furthermore, Cox's proportional hazards regression was developed to investigate the survival pattern and determinants of cancer specific mortality among colorectal, esophageal and prostate cancer patients.

Published
2021
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12. Community-Based Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review

Author

Rawlance Ndejjo, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rhoda K. Wanyenze, David Musoke, Fred Nuwaha, Steven Abrams, Hilde Bastiaens, and Geofrey Musinguzi

Subjects
smoking, cardiovascular disease, knowledge, physical activity, alcohol, community-based, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Objectives: To synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of community-based interventions for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to inform design of effective strategies for CVD prevention.Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane register of controlled studies and PSYCINFO databases for studies published between January 2000 and June 2019. Other studies were identified from gray literature sources and review of reference lists of included studies. The primary outcomes for the review were those aimed at primary prevention of CVD targeting physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption.Results: Database searches yielded 15,885 articles and 94 articles were identified through snowball searching. After screening, the articles from LMICs were 32 emanating from 27 studies: 9 cluster randomized trials, eight randomized controlled trials and 10 controlled before and after studies. Community-based interventions successfully improved population knowledge on CVD and risk factors and influenced physical activity and dietary practices. Evidence of interventions on smoking cessation and reduced alcohol consumption was inconsistent.Conclusion: This evidence should inform policy makers in decision-making and prioritizing evidence-based interventions.

Published
2021
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13. Diagnostic performance of mid-upper arm circumference to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Binyam Girma Sisay, and Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Introduction Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has been suggested as an alternative screening tool to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Several studies have examined the diagnostic performance of MUAC to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. However, the existing literature shows a considerable variability in measures of diagnostic performance and hence makes it difficult to direct clinical and public health practice. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise evidence on the performance of MUAC to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.Methods and analysis A systematic search of databases including PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO will be conducted. The search will cover all studies until 1 April 2021. Grey literature will also be retrieved from Google Scholar. Titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool will be used to assess the risk of bias and clinical applicability of each study. To assess possible publication bias, we will use Deeks’ funnel plot. We will investigate the sources of heterogeneity by visual inspection of the paired forest plots and summary receiver operating characteristic plots. The pooled summary statistics for the area under the curve, sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratios and diagnostic ORs with 95% CI will be reported.Ethics and dissemination The underlying study is based on published articles thus does not require ethical approval. The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated in different scientific conferences and seminars.PROSPERO registration number CRD42020183148.

Published
2021
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14. Survival Status of Esophageal Cancer Patients and its Determinants in Ethiopia: A Facility Based Retrospective Cohort Study

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohammed Ahmed Teka, and Adamu Addisse

Subjects
survival, esophageal cancer, prognostic determinants, Ethiopia, cohort, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract

BackgroundGlobally, the incidence and mortality due to esophageal cancer are increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Cancer of the esophagus is the eighth in incidence and seventh in cancer mortality in Ethiopia. A few studies have shown an increasing burden, however, little is known about the survival pattern and its determinants among esophageal cancer patients in Ethiopia. Therefore, we assessed the survival pattern and its determinants among esophageal cancer patients.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study among 349 esophageal cancer patients who were diagnosed at or referred to Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia from January 2010 to May 2017. Using an abstraction form, nurses who were working at the oncology department extracted the data from patient charts. To estimate and compare the probability of survival among covariate categories, we performed a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with the log-rank test. To identify the prognostic determinants of survival, we performed a multivariable Cox proportional regression analysis.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 32 months with interquartile range of 15 to 42. Overall, the median survival time after diagnosis with esophageal cancer was 4 months with one-, two- and three-year survival of 14.4, 6.3, and 2.4% respectively. In the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, receiving chemotherapy [Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR)=0.36, 95%CI: 0.27–0.49], radiotherapy [AHR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.23–0.63] and surgery [AHR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.54–0.89] were statistically significant.ConclusionsIn Ethiopia, esophageal cancer patients have a very low one-, two- and three-year survival. Despite a very low overall survival, patients who received either chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery showed a better survival compared with those who did not receive any treatment. Hence, it is essential to improve the survival of patients with esophageal cancer through early detection and timely initiation of the available treatment options.

Published
2021
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15. Histological characteristics, survival pattern and prognostic determinants among colorectal cancer patients in Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study

Author

Mohammed Ahmed Teka, Aman Yesuf, Foziya Mohammed Hussien, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
Histological characteristics, Survival, Determinants, Colorectal cancer, Cohort, Ethiopia, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and associated mortality are rising in low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, colorectal cancer is among the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in both sexes. Although some studies provided estimations on the national burden and regional distribution, the histological characteristics, survival pattern and determinants among colorectal cancer patients are not well-documented. Aim: This study aimed to describe the histological characteristics, to determine the patterns of survival, and identify factors that determine mortality rate among CRC patients in Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among CRC patients registered at cancer treatment center of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, from January 2012 to December 2016. Data were extracted from a total of 161 patient medical records using a pretested abstraction form and supplemented by phone calls with the patients/caregivers. To determine colorectal cancer specific survival overtime, we performed a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and significance of variation in survival across covariates and treatment categories was tested using log-rank test. A multivariable Cox proportional-hazards model was performed to identify determinants of survival after diagnosis with colorectal cancer. Results: Overall, the median survival time was 21 months [95%CI: 16–35], with two-, three- and five-year CRC-specific survival rates of 46.8%, 39.5% and 28.7% respectively. In the multivariable Cox regression model, the rate of death due to CRC is significantly higher for patients with elevated baseline carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) = 2.31, 95%CI: 1.27–4.19), stage IV at diagnosis (AHR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.44–4.91), and mucinous or signet-ring cell carcinoma histology type (AHR = 4.92, 95%CI: 1.75–13.80). Moreover, patients who underwent surgery showed a better survival than those who did not (AHR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.14–0.88). Conclusion: In Ethiopia, patients diagnosed with CRC showed a low rate of cancer-specific survival. Histology type, stage of cancer and CEA level at diagnosis, and the type of treatment a patient received significantly determine mortality rate. Hence, cancer screening programs could help to detect the disease at an earlier stage and to initiate available treatments timely so as to extend the lifespan of CRC patients.

Published
2021
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16. The effect of mobile text messages on knowledge and perception towards cancer and behavioral risks among college students, Northeast Ethiopia: A randomized controlled trial protocol.

Author

Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Anissa Mohammed Hassen, Zinet Abegaz Asfaw, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundCancer is an emerging public health problem in Ethiopia. A significant proportion of premature cancer deaths are preventable. The socioeconomic impact of cancer can be considerably reduced provided that effective interventions are put in place to control risk factors. Text-messaging has been currently targeted as a simple and efficient tool for providing people with health information.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of mobile text messages in improving knowledge and perception on cancer and behavioral risks among college students.MethodsDesign: a single-blind, 2-arm randomized controlled trial will be used. Setting: the study will be conducted among public colleges in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia. Study population: students who are studying in all public colleges. Intervention: a text message related to cancer risk factors once a day for two months. Control groups will receive general health messages daily for two months. Data: Socioeconomic characteristics, health belief variables, and behavioral risk factors of cancer will be collected before and after the intervention. Text messages will be provided based on the health belief model (HBM). Primary outcomes: cancer risk knowledge score and risk perception will be measured at baseline and 6 months post-randomization. Secondary outcomes: a change in mean healthy diet score, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and tobacco use will be measured at baseline-, 3, and 6 months post-randomization. Analysis: We will compute descriptive statistics for each outcome pre and post-intervention. To test the change in knowledge and perception, paired t-test will be used. Analysis of Covariance will be used to test over group comparison.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (https://register.clinicaltrials.gov) NCT04269018.

Published
2021
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17. Cultural adaptation and validation of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in Ethiopia

Author

Nardos Wondafrash Gebru, Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Esete Habtemariam, and Dawit Shawel Abebe

Subjects
BMI, CEBQ, Children, Culture, Ethiopia, Validation, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Medicine
Abstract

Eating behaviours have been associated both with being underweight or overweight and poor growth. The Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is a widely used measure of child eating behaviours. The instrument is, however, mostly validated in high-income countries, with a scarcity of evidence among developing countries such as Ethiopia. The present study aims to assess the cultural adaptability and validity of the CEBQ to be used in Ethiopia. We conducted a school-based cross-sectional study among 542 caregivers of children aged 3–6 years in selected preschools. Tests of factorial validity, convergent validity and reliability were performed. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis model indicated that eight subscales provided the best fit (root-mean-square error of approximation = 0⋅05 (90 % CI 0⋅045, 0⋅055); Comparative Fit Index = 0⋅92 and Tucker–Lewis Index = 0⋅90) after seven items from the original CEBQ were removed. Convergent validity with child's weight status was found for emotional overeating, food fussiness, satiety responsiveness and slowness in eating subscales. Reliability, measured using Cronbach's α, provided values between 0⋅50 and 0⋅79. The eight-factor structure of the CEBQ showed adequate content validity and provided factorial, discriminant and convergent validity among preschool children. Further replication of the study among low-income countries is essential to improve the literature on children's eating behaviours.

Published
2021
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18. National incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of common micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2017: estimates from the global burden of diseases study

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Jemal Haider Ali, Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Bilal Shikur Endris, and Awoke Misganaw Temesgen

Subjects
incidence, prevalence, daly, micronutrient deficiency, iodine, iron, vitamin a, ethiopia, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Background Understanding the national burden and trend of micronutrient deficiencies helps to guide effective intervention strategies under various circumstances. There is, however, a lack of evidence on trends, age- and sex-specific variations in Ethiopia. Objective This study aimed to provide evidence on the trends of common micronutrient deficiencies including, dietary iron, iodine, vitamin A and other nutritional deficiencies in Ethiopia, from 1990 to 2017, using findings from the Global Burden of Disease study. Method We used estimates from the GBD 2017 study to report the incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years of micronutrient deficiencies in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2017. All estimates, both crude counts, as well as all-age and age-standardized rates per 100,000 population, are accompanied by 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We summarized the age- and sex-specific patterns and we compared the burden with the sub-Saharan Africa and global estimate. Results From 1990 to 2017, the age-standardized prevalence rate of dietary iron, vitamin A and iodine deficiency decreased by 20.1%, 16.7%, and 91.6%, respectively. However, MNDs still account for a large number of DALYs in the country. In 2017, the all-age total DALYs due to dietary iron deficiency were estimated to be 448.4 thousand [95% UI: 298.9–640.7], accounting for 1.18% of the total DALYs. Similarly, the all-age total DALYs due to vitamin A deficiency were 397.8 thousand [256.1–589.2]. The total DALYs due to iodine deficiency were estimated to be 89.6 thousand [48.3–155.4]. Conclusions Micronutrient deficiencies and associated morbidity and mortality are still high in Ethiopia compared with the sub-Saharan and global estimate. Adolescent and early adult females and children aged under-five are disproportionately affected segments of the population. Therefore, in collaboration with other sectors, the National Nutrition Program needs to place greater emphasis upon improving accessibility and utilization of nutrient-rich foods and supplementation, particularly for vulnerable groups of the population.

Published
2020
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19. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Aniruddha Deshpande, Molly K Miller-Petrie, Paulina A Lindstedt, Mathew M Baumann, Kimberly B Johnson, Brigette F Blacker, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mohsen Afarideh, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Mehdi Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Anwar E Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Samiah Alam, Noore Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, James Albright, Ammar Albujeer, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Animut Alebel, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Daniel Asmelash, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Shally Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Andrew S Azman, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Beheshti, Meysam Behzadifar, Masoud Behzadifar, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A. Bennett, Habib Benzian, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Robert S Bernstein, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J Brady, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B Britton, Alexandria Brown, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Ester Cerin, Binaya Chalise, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Vera Marisa Costa, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi, Tukur Dahiru, Saad M A Dahlawi, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hoa Thi Do, Christiane Dolecek, Kerrie E Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Adane Endalew, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Alebachew Fasil Fasil, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Wubalem Fekadu, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Carsten Flohr, Nataliya A. Foigt, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Masoud Foroutan, Richard Charles Franklin, Joseph Jon Frostad, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M Gad, Gregory M Garcia, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Farzaneh Ghazi Sherbaf, Tiffany K Gill, Paramjit Singh Gill, Themba G Ginindza, Alem Girmay, Zemichael Gizaw, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Alessandra C Goulart, Ayman Grada, Manfred S Green, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Harish Chander Gugnani, Davide Guido, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Giang Hai Ha, Juanita A. Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Dessalegn H Haile, Michael Tamene Haile, Brian J. Hall, Samer Hamidi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Hamidreza Haririan, Ninuk Hariyani, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Mohamed I Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Behnam Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Claudiu Herteliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Hagos Degefa de Hidru, Thomas R Hird, Chi Linh Hoang, Gillian I Hollerich, Praveen Hoogar, Naznin Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mowafa Househ, Guoqing Hu, Ayesha Humayun, Syed Ather Hussain, Mamusha Aman A Hussen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Milena D. Ilic, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rebecca Q Ivers, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Amir Jalali, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S Ji, Jost B. Jonas, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Tanuj Kanchan, André Karch, Surendra Karki, Amir Kasaeian, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye, Gebrehiwot G Kassa, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Gbenga A. Kayode, Mihiretu M Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Nauman Khalid, Rovshan Khalilov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Khaled Khatab, Mona M Khater, Amir M Khater, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mohammad Khazaei, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sonali Kochhar, Tufa Kolola, Hamidreza Komaki, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz A Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Nuworza Kugbey, Pushpendra Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Aparna Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hilton Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Georgy Lebedev, Paul H Lee, Kate E LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Aubrey J Levine, Sonia Lewycka, Shanshan Li, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Jaifred Christian F Lopez, Platon D Lopukhov, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D.R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Narayan B. Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Gabriel Martinez, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Kala M Mehta, Teferi Mekonnen, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Workua Mekonnen Metekiya, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Shafiu Mohammed, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Hassen Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Yoshan Moodley, Masoud Moradi, Ghobad Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F. Mosser, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor, Sandra B Munro, Moses K. Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Mohsen Naghavi, Gurudatta Naik, Vinay Nangia, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Ionut Negoi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Ole F Norheim, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Bogdan Oancea, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Jagadish Rao. Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Adrian Pana, Eun-Kee Park, Sangram Kishor Patel, Ashish Pathak, Ajay Patle, Kebreab Paulos, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Konrad Pesudovs, Hai Quang Pham, David M Pigott, Thomas Pilgrim, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Mario Poljak, Ian Pollock, Maarten J Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Sergio I Prada, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Siavash Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Puja C Rao, Davide Rasella, Goura Kishor Rath, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Yahya Safari, Rajesh Sagar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Ahsan Saleem, Hosni Salem, Marwa Rashad Salem, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Itamar S Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mehdi Sayyah, Alyssa N Sbarra, Lauren E Schaeffer, David C Schwebel, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Amira A Shaheen, Izza Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Rajesh Sharma, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Virendra Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ambrish Singh, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, David L Smith, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Anton Sokhan, Joan B Soriano, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Ireneous N Soyiri, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Bryan L. Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Bineyam Taye, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Akhil Soman ThekkePurakkal, Nihal Thomas, Robert L Thompson, Alan J Thomson, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Olalekan A Uthman, Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Veisani, Francesco S Violante, Sebastian Vollmer, Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Yafeng Wang, Kinley Wangdi, Daniel J Weiss, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Adhena Ayaliew Werkneh, Ronny Westerman, Taweewat Wiangkham, Kirsten E Wiens, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Mehdi Yaseri, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Heather J Zar, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2020
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20. The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000–18: a geospatial analysis

Author

Aniruddha Deshpande, Molly K Miller-Petrie, Paulina A Lindstedt, Mathew M Baumann, Kimberly B Johnson, Brigette F Blacker, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mohsen Afarideh, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Mehdi Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Anwar E Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Ali S Akanda, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Samiah Alam, Noore Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, James Albright, Ammar Albujeer, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Animut Alebel, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Muhammad Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Mina Anjomshoa, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Daniel Asmelash, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Shally Awasthi, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Samad Azari, Andrew S Azman, Ebrahim Babaee, Alaa Badawi, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Maciej Banach, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Aleksandra Barac, Miguel A Barboza, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Beheshti, Meysam Behzadifar, Masoud Behzadifar, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Michelle L Bell, Derrick A. Bennett, Habib Benzian, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Robert S Bernstein, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Somayeh Bohlouli, Soufiane Boufous, Oliver J Brady, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Gabrielle B Britton, Alexandria Brown, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Jorge Cano, Josip Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Felix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Franz Castro, Ester Cerin, Binaya Chalise, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ken Lee Chin, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natalie Maria Cormier, Vera Marisa Costa, Elizabeth A Cromwell, Abel Fekadu Fekadu Dadi, Tukur Dahiru, Saad M A Dahlawi, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Jai K Das, Rajat Das Gupta, Aditya Prasad Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Nicole Davis Weaver, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Assefa Desalew, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Preeti Dhillon, Meghnath Dhimal, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Daniel Diaz, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Hoa Thi Do, Christiane Dolecek, Kerrie E Doyle, Eleonora Dubljanin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Hisham Atan Edinur, Andem Effiong, Aziz Eftekhari, Nevine El Nahas, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ziad El-Khatib, Hajer Elkout, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Adane Endalew, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Arash Etemadi, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohammad Fareed, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Alebachew Fasil Fasil, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Valery L. Feigin, Wubalem Fekadu, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda Fernandes, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Carsten Flohr, Nataliya A. 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Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease that can cause permanent disability through disruption of the lymphatic system. This disease is caused by parasitic filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquitos. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antihelmintics is recommended by WHO to eliminate lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. This study aims to produce the first geospatial estimates of the global prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection over time, to quantify progress towards elimination, and to identify geographical variation in distribution of infection. Methods: A global dataset of georeferenced surveyed locations was used to model annual 2000–18 lymphatic filariasis prevalence for 73 current or previously endemic countries. We applied Bayesian model-based geostatistics and time series methods to generate spatially continuous estimates of global all-age 2000–18 prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection mapped at a resolution of 5 km2 and aggregated to estimate total number of individuals infected. Findings: We used 14 927 datapoints to fit the geospatial models. An estimated 199 million total individuals (95% uncertainty interval 174–234 million) worldwide were infected with lymphatic filariasis in 2000, with totals for WHO regions ranging from 3·1 million (1·6–5·7 million) in the region of the Americas to 107 million (91–134 million) in the South-East Asia region. By 2018, an estimated 51 million individuals (43–63 million) were infected. Broad declines in prevalence are observed globally, but focal areas in Africa and southeast Asia remain less likely to have attained infection prevalence thresholds proposed to achieve local elimination. Interpretation: Although the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection has declined since 2000, MDA is still necessary across large populations in Africa and Asia. Our mapped estimates can be used to identify areas where the probability of meeting infection thresholds is low, and when coupled with large uncertainty in the predictions, indicate additional data collection or intervention might be warranted before MDA programmes cease. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2020
Full Text
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21. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author

Kirsten E Wiens, Paulina A Lindstedt, Brigette F Blacker, Kimberly B Johnson, Mathew M Baumann, Lauren E Schaeffer, Hedayat Abbastabar, Sr, Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Michael R M Abrigo, Ahmed Abualhasan, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Dilaram Acharya, Maryam Adabi, Abdu A Adamu, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Sr, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Sr, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Mohsen Afarideh, Sohail Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Anwar E Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Rushdia Ahmed, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Noore Alam, Sr, Samiah Alam, Genet Melak Alamene, Turki M Alanzi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ali Almasi, Sr, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Saeed Amini, Sr, Arianna Maever L Amit, Sr, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Sr, Mina Anjomshoa, Amir Anoushiravani, Sr, Fereshteh Ansari, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Benny Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Jalal Arabloo, Hany Mohamed Amin Aref, Sr, Olatunde Aremu, Bahram Armoon, Amit Arora, Sr, Krishna K Aryal, Afsaneh Arzani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sr, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Sachin R Atre, Marcel Ausloos, Nefsu Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sr, Yared Asmare Aynalem IV, Samad Azari, Peter S Azzopardi, Ebrahim Babaee, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Alaa Badawi, Sr, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Sr, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Sr, Aleksandra Barac, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Huda Basaleem, Sanjay Basu, Vo Dinh Bay, Mohsen Bayati, Estifanos Baye, Neeraj Bedi, Mahya Mahya Beheshti Beheshti, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Michellr L Bell, 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Krishan, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Sr, Pushpendra Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Dian Kusuma, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Sheetal D Lad, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Felix Lam, Faris Hasan Lami, Sr, Prabhat Lamichhane, Van Charles Lansingh, Savita Lasrado, Avula Laxmaiah, Paul H Lee, Sr, Kate E LeGrand, Mostafa Leili, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Sr, Aubrey J Levine, Shanshan Li, Sr, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Simin Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Joshua Longbottom, Jaifred Christian F Lopez, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, D R Mahadeshwara Prasad, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Sr, Narayan B Mahotra, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Sr, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah A Mamun, Sr, Navid Manafi, Sr, Ana Laura Manda, Narendar Dawani Dawanu Manohar, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Joemer C Maravilla, Gabriel Martinez, Sr, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Anthony Masaka, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Manu Raj Mathur, Benjamin K Mayala, Mohsen Mazidi, Colm McAlinden, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sr, Kala M Mehta, Tefera C Chane Mekonnen, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Peter T N Memiah, Ziad A Memish, Sr, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Seid Tiku Mereta, Tuomo J Meretoja, Sr, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Sr, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Babak Moazen, Bahram Mohajer, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Dara K Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Yousef Mohammad, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Noushin Mohammadifard, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Sr, Shafiu Mohammed, Farnam Mohebi, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Yoshan Moodley, Sr, Catrin E Moore, Sr, Ghobad Moradi, Masoud Moradi, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Linda Morales, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Miliva Mozaffor I, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Sr, Getahun Fentaw Mulaw, Sr, Sandra B Munro, Moses K Muriithi, Christopher J L Murray, GVS Murthy, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Sr, Saravanan Muthupandian, Sr, Ashraf F Nabhan, Mehdi Naderi, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kovin S Naidoo, Gurudatta Naik, Farid Najafi, Vinay Nangia, Sr, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Sr, Javad Nazari, Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe, Sr, Ionut Negoi, Sr, Henok Biresaw Netsere Netsere, Sr, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Sr, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dabere Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu Nigatu, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Marzieh Nojomi, Vuong Minh Nong, Ole F Norheim, Sr, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Bogdan Oancea, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Sr, Eyal Oren, Doris V V Ortega-Altamirano, Sr, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Frank B Osei, Sr, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Sr, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Smita Pakhale, Sangram Kishor Patel, Angel J Paternina-Caicedo, Sr, Ashish Pathak, Sr, George C Patton, Deepak Paudel, Sr, Kebreab Paulos, Sr, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Alexandre Pereira, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Farshad Pourmalek, Sr, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Sergio I Prada, Sr, Narayan Prasad, Liliana Preotescu, Hedley Quintana, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, SHAFIUR Rahman, Fatemeh Rajati, Sr, Saleem Muhammad Rana, Sr, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Sr, Lal Rawal, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Vishnu Renjith, Andre M N Renzaho, Sr, Serge Resnikoff, Sr, Melese Abate Reta, Negar Rezaei, Mohammad sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Jennifer Rickard, Sr, Maria Rios-Blancas, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Elias Merdassa Roro, Sr, Jennifer M Ross, Enrico Rubagotti, Salvatore Rubino, Anas M Saad, Yogesh Damodar Sabde, Siamak Sabour, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sr, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari-Faramani, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, S Mohammad Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Sr, Payman Salamati, Hosni Salem, Marwa R Rashad Salem I, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Sr, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Kaushik Sarkar, Sr, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan I, Benn Sartorius, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Sonia Saxena, Sr, David C Schwebel, Sr, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta IV, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Edson Serván-Mori, Sr, Hosein Shabaninejad, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Sr, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ali S Shalash, Sr, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mohammed Shannawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Hamid Sharifi, Hatem Samir Shehata, Sr, Aziz Sheikh, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Sr, Kenji Shibuya, Sr, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Sr, Desalegn Markos Shifti, Mika Shigematsu, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Sr, Reza Shirkoohi, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Narinder Pal Singh, Virendra Singh, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Sr, Anton Sokhan, Shahin Soltani, Ranjani Somayaji, Moslem Soofi, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Sr, Ireneous N Soyiri, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Sr, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Marufa Sultana, Bruno Fokas Sunguya, Bryan L Sykes, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Jr, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Aberash Abay Tasew, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sr, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Berhe Etsay Tesfay I, Fisaha Haile Haile Tesfay, Belay Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Nihal Thomas, Alemayehu Toma Toma, Sr, Roman Topor-Madry, Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, Eugenio Traini, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Irfan Ullah, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad Shariq Usman, Sr, Benjamin S Chudi Uzochukwu, Sr, Pascual R Valdez, Santosh Varughese, Sr, Francesco S Violante, Sr, Sebastian Vollmer, Sr, Feleke Gebremeskel W/hawariat, Sr, Yasir Waheed, Mitchell Taylor Wallin, Yafeng Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Marcia Weaver, Bedilu Girma Weji, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Catherine A Welgan, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Sr, Taweewat Wiangkham, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Sr, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Sr, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sr, Getasew Taddesse Worku, Sr, Ai-Min Wu, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Tomohide Yamada, Sr, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Alex Yeshaneh, Christopher Sabo Yilgwan, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Paul Yip, Sr, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Sr, Seok-Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Hebat-Allah Salah A Yousof, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Siddhesh Zadey, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Zamani, Hamed Zandian, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Yunquan Zhang, Xiu-Ju George Zhao, Arash Ziapour, Sanjay Zodpey, Sr, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Simon I Hay, and Robert C Reiner, Jr

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings: While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000–7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910–68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation: To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2020
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22. Performance of mid-upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying adolescents with overweight and obesity.

Author

Binyam Girma Sisay, Demewoz Haile, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundAdolescent overweight and obesity is a global public health problem, associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Recently, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has been suggested as a screening tool to identify overweight and obesity among school-age children and early adolescents (5-14 years). However, little is known about the potential use of MUAC in the late adolescence period (15-19 years). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the performance of MUAC to identify overweight (including obesity) in the late adolescence period in Ethiopia.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among 851 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. We collected anthropometric data including MUAC, weight and height with the help of trained field workers. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to examine the validity of MUAC compared to BMI Z score in identifying adolescents with overweight or obesity. Furthermore, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), proportion of correctly classified, positive, and negative likelihood ratio for the proposed optimal cut-offs.ResultsMUAC was strongly correlated with BMI Z score with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.81 (95% CI; 0.79-0.84). The optimal MUAC cut-off for identifying adolescents with overweight or obesity was 27.7 cm for males and 27.9 cm for females. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.96 (95% CI; 0.93-0.98) for males and 0.96 (95% CI; 0.94-0.98) for females. The accuracy level of MUAC to identify adolescents with overweight (including obesity) was high for both sexes (overall a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 90.3%).ConclusionsMUAC has relatively equivalent accuracy with BMI Z score to identify overweight and obesity in adolescents. Hence, MUAC could be used as an alternative tool for surveillance and screening of overweight in adolescents aged 15-19 years.

Published
2020
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23. Socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of cardiovascular diseases among older adults in Belgium and France: A longitudinal analysis from the SHARE study.

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Hilde Bastiaens, Kathleen Van Royen, and Steven Abrams

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Despite advances in the healthcare system, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still an important public health problem with disparities in the burden within and between countries. Studies among the adult population documented that socioeconomic and environmental factors play a role in the incidence and progression of CVDs. However, evidence is scarce on the socioeconomic determinants and the interplay with behavioral risks among older adults. Therefore, we identified socioeconomic and behavioral determinants of CVDs among older adults. Our sample consisted of 14,322 people aged 50 years and above from Belgium and France who responded to the waves 4, 5, 6 and/or 7 of the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe. The effect of determinants on the occurrence of CVD was examined using a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) approach for binary longitudinal data. The overall rate of heart attack was 8.3%, which is 7.6% in Belgium and 9.1% in France. Whereas, 2.6% and 2.3% in Belgium and France, respectively, had experienced stroke. In the multivariable GEE model, older age [AOR: 1.057, 95%CI: 1.055-1.060], living in large cities [AOR: 1.14, 95%CI: 1.07-1.18], and retirement [AOR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.16-1.31] were associated with higher risk of CVD. Furthermore, higher level of education [AOR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.79-0.90], upper wealth quantile [AOR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.76-0.86] and having social support [AOR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.77-0.84] significantly lowers the odds of having CVD. A higher hand grip strength was also significantly associated with lower risk of CVD [AOR: 0.987, 95%CI: 0.984-0.990]. This study demonstrated that older adults who do not have social support, live in big cities, belong to the lowest wealth quantile, and have a low level of education have a higher likelihood of CVD. Therefore, community-based interventions aimed at reducing cardiovascular risks need to give more emphasis to high-risk retired older adults with lower education, no social support and those who live in large cities.

Published
2020
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24. Level of physical activity and other maternal characteristics during the third trimester of pregnancy and its association with birthweight at term in South Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study.

Author

Meseret Legesse, Jemal Haider Ali, Md Dilshad Manzar, Mohammed Salahuddin, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Birthweight continues to be the leading infant health indicator and the main focus of infant health policy. Low birthweight babies are at a higher risk of mortality and morbidity in most low-income countries. However, the physical activity level of pregnant women and its association with low birthweight is not well studied in Ethiopia. To address the above gap, we aimed to examine the maternal physical activity level and other characteristics during the third trimester and its association with birthweight at term in South Ethiopia. A community-based prospective cohort study was conducted among 247 randomly selected women in their third trimester of pregnancy. We measured the physical activity level using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, which included the type and level of various categories of activities. Anthropometric measurements of mothers were taken following standard procedures, and birthweight was recorded within 72 hours of delivery. To identify the effect of physical activity level and other maternal characteristics on low birthweight, we performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Overall, 111 (47.2%) mothers were engaged in vigorous physical activities during third trimester. The incidence of low birthweight was 21.6% and 9.68% among newborns of mothers who engaged in vigorous and moderate or low physical activity, respectively. The incidence of low birthweight at term was significantly associated with vigorous physical activity [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-6.09], prolonged standing [AOR = 3.37; 95% CI: 1.14-9.93], and squatting [AOR = 2.61; 95% CI: 1.04-6.54)] during the third trimester of pregnancy. The vast majority of pregnant women were engaged in vigorous physical activities in their third trimester. Engagement in vigorous physical activity, standing for longer hours, and squatting were the major contributors to low birthweight at term. Hence, focused counseling should be conducted to reduce vigorous physical activity, standing, and squatting during the third trimester among pregnant women.

Published
2020
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25. Survival and prognostic determinants of prostate cancer patients in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study.

Author

Jemal Beksisa, Tewodros Getinet, Sisay Tanie, Jilcha Diribi, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BACKGROUND:Globally, the incidence of prostate cancer is increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is the most common cancer among men worldwide, with higher mortality in low and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, it is the second most common cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among men. Despite a few studies done regarding the disease burden, the evidence is scarce about the survival and prognostic determinants of prostate cancer patients in Ethiopia. Thus, this study assessed the survival and prognostic determinants of patients with prostate cancer. METHODS:We retrospectively followed patients who were newly diagnosed from 2012 to 2016 at the Oncology Department of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. We extracted the data from patient charts that were available in the cancer registry using a checklist with the help of oncology nurses. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses with the log-rank test were used to estimate and compare the probability of survival among covariate categories. After checking for assumptions, a multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic determinants of survival. RESULTS:The median survival time was 28 months with an overall 2-, 3- and 5-year survival of 57%, 38.9% and 22%, respectively. The overall survival differs according to the clinical stage (P-value

Published
2020
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26. Dietary pattern and its association with iodine deficiency among school children in southwest Ethiopia; A cross-sectional study.

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Melkamu Beyene, and Jemal Haider Ali

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundDespite the universal iodization of salt in Ethiopia, iodine deficiency disorder remains a major public health problem and continued to affect a large segment of the population. It is thus essential to assess factors contributing to the unacceptably high endemic goiter rate in the country and avail evidence for further additional interventions. In line with this, we examined the association of dietary pattern and iodine deficiency among school-age children in Ethiopia.MethodWe conducted a school-based cross-sectional study among 767 children aged 6 to 12 in southwest Ethiopia. We collected socio-demographic and other important health related information using a pre-tested structured questionnaire through the interview. Dietary pattern of children was measured using modified Hellen Keller's food frequency questionnaire. We measured iodine deficiency using urinary iodine concentration level and total goiter rate, according to the World Health Organization threshold criteria. We used a multivariate linear regression model to identify dietary and sociodemographic factors that affect urinary iodine level among children.ResultOut of the 767 children included in the study, 12% and 4% of children have grade 1 and grade 2 goiter respectively, making the total goiter rate 16%. While the prevalence of iodine deficiency based on urinary iodine concentration is 58.8% of which 13.7% had severe, 18.6% had moderate and 26.5% had mild form. The proportion of children who consumed godere/taro root/, banana, corn, Abyssinian cabbage, and potato, respectively at daily basis 57.8%, 53.1%, 37.9%, and 31.2%, respectively. Age (β = -0.7, 95%CI = -1.1, -0.4), sex (β = -22.3, 95%CI = -33.8, -10.8), consumption of taro root (β = -27.4, 95%CI = -22.9, -31.8), cabbage (β = -11.7, 95%CI = -5.7, -17.6), Abyssinian cabbage (β = 12.4, 95%CI = 6.7, 18.2), and banana (β = 5.6, 95%CI = 0.01, 11.2) significantly associated with urinary iodine level.ConclusionIodine deficiency remains an important public health problem in southwest Ethiopia. Over-consumption of goitrogenic foods and under-consumption of iodine-rich foods were prevalent and associated with lower urinary iodine level. Therefore, dietary counseling apart from universal salt iodization is recommended.

Published
2019
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27. Psychometric Validation of the Athens Insomnia Scale Among Nurses: A Robust Approach Using Both Classical Theory and Rating Scale Model Parameters

Author

Md Dilshad Manzar, Abdulrhman Albougami, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Mohamed Yacin Sikkandar, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, and Ahmed S Bahammam

Subjects
Behavioral Neuroscience, Nature and Science of Sleep, Human medicine, Applied Psychology
Abstract

Md Dilshad Manzar,1 Abdulrhman Albougami,1 Hamid Yimam Hassen,2 Mohamed Yacin Sikkandar,3 Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal,4,5 Ahmed S Bahammam6,7 1Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium; 3Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia; 4Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada; 5Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; 6The University Sleep Disorders Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11324, Saudi Arabia; 7National Plan for Science and Technology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Md Dilshad Manzar, Department of Nursing College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia, Email m.manzar@mu.edu.saPurpose: Few studies have investigated the validity of the Athens insomnia scale (AIS) using a robust approach of both classical theory and the rating scale model. Therefore, in this study, we investigated psychometric validation of the AIS using both of these approaches in nurses.Methods: Nurses (n= 563, age= 33.2± 7.1 years) working in health facilities in Saudi Arabia participated in a cross-sectional study. Participants completed the AIS, socio-demographics tool, and sleep health-related questions.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) favored a 2-factor structure with both comparative fit index (CFI), and incremental fit index (IFI) having values above 0.95. The 2-factor model had the lowest values of Akaike information criterion (AIC), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), χ2, and χ2/df. This 2-factor structure showed configural invariance (CFI more than 0.95, RMSEA less than 0.08, and &KHgr;2/df less than 3), and metric, scalar, and strict invariance (based on Δ CFI ≤-0.01, and Δ RMSEA ≥ 0.015 criteria). No ceiling/floor effects were seen for the AIS total scores. Infit and outfit mean square values for all the items were within the acceptable range (< 1.4, > 0.6). The threshold estimates for each item were ordered as expected. Cronbach’s α for the AIS tool, factor-1 score, factor-2 score was 0.86, 0.82, and 0.72, respectively. AIS factor scores-1/2 were significantly associated with a habitual feeling of tiredness after usual night sleep (p< 0.001), Impairment of daytime socio-occupational functioning (p< 0.05), and with a feeling of daytime fatigue, irritability, and restlessness (p< 0.05).Conclusion: The findings favor the validity of a 2-factor structure of the AIS with adequate item properties, convergent validity, and reliability in nurses.Keywords: insomnia, reliability, factor analysis, sleep, validity

Published
2022
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28. Psychometric evaluation of the 'Attitudes and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Disease (ABCD) Risk Questionnaire' with validation of a previously untested 'Intentions and Beliefs around Smoking' subscale

Author

Mark Bowyer, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Hilde Bastiaens, and Linda Gibson

Subjects
General Medicine, Human medicine
Abstract

ObjectivesTo provide evidence of validity, reliability and generalisability of results obtained using the Attitudes and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Disease (ABCD) Risk Questionnaire with a sample of the English population surveyed within the ‘SPICES’ Horizon 2020 Project (Nottingham study site), and to specifically evaluate the psychometric and factor properties of an as-yet untested five-item subscale relating to smoking behaviours.Design and settingCommunity and workplace-based cross-sectional study in Nottingham, UK.Participants466 English adults fitting inclusion criteria (aged 18+ years, without known history of cardiovascular disease, not pregnant, able to provide informed consent) participated in the study.InterventionWe revalidated the ABCD Questionnaire on a sample of the general population in Nottingham to confirm the psychometric properties. Furthermore, we introduced five items related to smoking, which were dropped in the original study due to inadequate valid samples.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPsychometric and factor performance of untested five-item ‘smoking behaviours’ subscale.Psychometric and factorial properties in combination with the remaining 18 items across 3 subscales.ResultsAnalyses of the data largely confirmed the validity, reliability and factor structure of the original ABCD Risk Questionnaire. Sufficient participants in our study provided data against additional five smoking-related items to confirm their validity as a subscale and to advocate for their inclusion in future applications of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis calculations support some minor changes to the remaining subscales, which may further improve psychometric performance and therefore generalisability of the instrument.ConclusionsAn amended version of the ABCD Risk Questionnaire would provide public health researchers and practitioners with a brief, easy-to-use, reliable and valid survey tool. The amended tool may assist public health practitioners and researchers to survey patient or public intentions and beliefs around three key areas of individually modifiable risk (physical activity, diet, smoking).Trial registration numberISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN68334579).

Published
2023

29. Case Report: Khat Chewing and Acute Myocardial Infarction in Two Young Men without Underlying Risk Factors

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Ahmed Abdulahi Hussen, Nejib Yusuf, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, and Foziya Mohammed Hussien

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Myocardial Infarction, Catha, Disease, Chest pain, Article, Killip Class III, Khat, Virology, Internal medicine, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, Myocardial infarction, Young adult, biology, business.industry, Cardiovascular Agents, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Killip Class IV, Parasitology, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Khat (Catha edulis) chewing is linked to several social, psychological, and health-related problems. Studies show that khat is associated with gastrointestinal and nervous system diseases. However, little is known about khat’s effect on the cardiovascular system. This case report describes acute myocardial infarction (AMI) among two young adults who chew khat frequently, but who do not have underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Case 1 is a 29-year-old apparently healthy man who presented with severe, squeezing, left-side chest pain after consumption of khat. Most of the laboratory results were within the normal range except for his serum troponin level, which was 400 times more than the normal limit. The patient was diagnosed with Killip class IV, ST-segment elevation, anteroseptal AMI. Case 2 is a 25-year-old man who is a frequent khat chewer. He presented with sudden-onset, severe, squeezing, retrosternal chest pain after khat chewing and vigorous activity. The patient was diagnosed with (Killip class III) acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic pulmonary edema. These case reports describe two young adult male patients who were confirmed of having AMI with no known risk factors. Both cases had a similar history of frequent khat chewing and the onset of AMI after it, implying that khat could be an important CVD risk factor among young adults. Hence, it is essential to explore further the epidemiology and association between khat use and AMI. Both molecular and population-level studies could help to establish the causal relationship of khat and CVD.

Published
2021
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30. Performance of individual dietary diversity score to identify malnutrition among patients living with HIV in Ethiopia

Author

Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Zinet Abegaz Asfaw, Anissa Mohammed Hassen, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Wondwosen Mebratu, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, Foziya Mohammed Hussien, and Tefera Chane Mekonnen

Subjects
Science, Dietary diversity, HIV Infections, Diseases, Article, Medical research, Cronbach's alpha, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, Generalizability theory, Multidisciplinary, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, Malnutrition, Health care, Area under the curve, Reproducibility of Results, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Diet, Risk factors, Ethiopia, business, Body mass index
Abstract

There is a lack of uniformity in developing and validating indicators of nutritional status among People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Experiences from low and middle-income countries are scant, and differences in methodological and analytical approaches affect the comparability and generalizability of findings. Therefore, this study investigated the performance of individual diversity score (IDDS) as a proxy indicator of nutritional status among PLHIV. We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional study among 423 PLHIV who were under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) at clinics in Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia. We collected data on sociodemographic, dietary, clinical, and anthropometric measures. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-Hour dietary recall. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated to assess the nutritional status of study subjects. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the ability of the IDDS and Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) to detect poor nutritional status. Furthermore, sensitivity, specificity, Predictive Values (PPs), and Likelihood Ratios (LRs) were calculated at different cut-off points. IDDS showed good reliability with Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.76. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of IDDS was 78.5 (95%CI 73.9–83.4). At the IDDS cut-off of 4, the sensitivity and specificity of IDDS to indicate nutritional status were 88.0% (95%CI 81.0–93.0) and 71.0% (95%CI 66.0–76.0), respectively. The AUC of MDD-W was 74.1%, and at the cut-off of 4 the sensitivity and specificity of MDD-W to indicate undernutrition were 73.0% and 72.0%, respectively. Both IDDS and MDD-W have good accuracy as a proxy indicator for measuring the nutritional status of PLHIV. In the prevention of undernutrition among PLHIV especially in a resource-limited setting, IDDS and MDD-W can be used to assess nutritional status.

Published
2021

31. Validation of the Dutch-Flemish translated ABCD questionnaire to measure cardiovascular diseases knowledge and risk perception among adults

Author

Hilde Bastiaens, Naomi Aerts, Dilshad Manzar, Stefaan Demarest, Steven Abrams, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
Adult, Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Psychometrics, Health Status, Science, Cardiology, Psychological intervention, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, behavioral disciplines and activities, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Medical research, 0302 clinical medicine, Belgium, Rating scale, Surveys and Questionnaires, Item response theory, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Multidisciplinary, Descriptive statistics, Health care, Middle Aged, Translating, language.human_language, 3. Good health, Test (assessment), Risk perception, Flemish, Cardiovascular Diseases, Scale (social sciences), language, Medicine, Human medicine, Psychology, Engineering sciences. Technology, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Valid and reliable measurement of an individual's knowledge and risk perception is pivotal to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The recently developed Attitudes and Beliefs about Cardiovascular Disease (ABCD) knowledge and risk questionnaire is shown to be valid in England. In this study, we evaluated the psychometric properties of the modified and Dutch (Flemish)-translated ABCD questionnaire using both the classical test and item response theory (IRT) analysis. We conducted a community-based survey among 525 adults in Antwerp city, Belgium. We assessed the item- and scale-level psychometric properties and validity indices of the questionnaire. Parameters of IRT, item scalability, monotonicity, item difficulty and discrimination, and item fit statistics were evaluated. Furthermore, exploratory and confirmatory factorial validity, and internal consistency measures were explored. Descriptive statistics showed that both the knowledge and risk scale items have sufficient variation to differentiate individuals' level of knowledge and risk perception. The overall homogeneity of the knowledge and risk subscales was within the acceptable range (>0.3). The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the risk scale supported a three-factor solution corresponding to risk perception (F1), perceived benefits and intention to change physical activity (F2), and perceived benefit and intention to change healthy dietary habit (F3). The two parametric logistic (2-PL) and rating scale models showed that the item infit and outfit values for knowledge and risk subscales were within the acceptable range (0.6 to 1.4) for most of the items. In conclusion, this study investigated the Dutch (Flemish) version of the ABCD questionnaire has good psychometric properties to assess CVD related knowledge and risk perception in the adult population. Based on the factor loadings and other psychometric properties, we suggested a shorter version, which has comparable psychometric properties. This work was supported by the European Commission through the Horizon2020 research and innovation action, grant agreement ID: 733356. We express our gratitude to the administration of the city of Antwerp, particularly, Daniel Van Nijlen and Jerry Ruys for providing us the random samples and constructive suggestions on the postal and online survey procedures.

Published
2021

32. Prevalence and Predictors of Neurocognitive Impairment in Ethiopian Population Living with HIV

Author

David Warren Spence, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Dilshad Manzar, Mohammed Salahuddin, Aleem Unissa, and Unaise Abdul Hameed

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Population, Prevalence, Dermatology, 030312 virology, Asymptomatic, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Medicine, Dementia, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Health Policy, Recreational drug use, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, Infectious Diseases, medicine.symptom, business, Neurocognitive, Psychosocial
Abstract

Background Modern antiretroviral therapy has extended the life expectancies of people living with HIV; however, the prevention and treatment of their associated neurocognitive decline have remained a challenge. Consequently, it is desirable to investigate the prevalence and predictors of neurocognitive impairment to help in targeted screening and disease prevention. Materials and methods Two hundred and forty-four people living with HIV were interviewed in a study using a cross-sectional design and the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS). Additionally, the sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics of the patients were recorded. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis were used to determine the level of significance among the independent risk factors and probable neurocognitive impairment. Results The point prevalence of neurocognitive impairment was found to be 39.3%. Participants' characteristics of being older than 40 years (AOR= 2.81 (95% CI; 1.11-7.15)), having a history of recreational drug use (AOR= 13.67 (95% CI; 6.42-29.13)), and being non-compliant with prescribed medications (AOR= 2.99 (95% CI; 1.01-8.87)) were independent risk factors for neurocognitive impairment. Conclusion The identification of predictors, in the Ethiopian people living with HIV, may help in the targeted screening of vulnerable groups during cART follow-up visits. This may greatly help in strategizing and implementation of the prevention program, more so, because (i) HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment is an asymptomatic condition for considerable durations, and (ii) clinical trials on neurocognitive impairment therapies have been unsuccessful.

Published
2020
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33. Dietary Habit and Other Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Patients Attending Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen and Foziya Mohammed Hussien

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Urinalysis, medicine.diagnostic_test, Anemia, business.industry, 030232 urology & nephrology, Physical examination, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, Logistic regression, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nephrology, Internal medicine, medicine, Medical history, Family history, business, Kidney disease
Abstract

Background In low- and middle-income countries, the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising due to poor access to early detection and management services. In Ethiopia, little is known about the context-specific risk factors and their magnitude, particularly the dietary habit of patients is not studied. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the dietary and other risk factors of CKD in Northeast Ethiopia. Methods We conducted a facility-based unmatched case-control study utilizing quantitative method of data collection. Data were collected on a total of 66 cases and 134 controls using structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Dietary habit was assessed using the Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ). Medical history, patient chart review and physical examination were employed to collect other relevant information. To identify independent predictors of CKD, we conducted a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results About 54.5% cases and 46.3% of controls were female, while 40.9% of cases and 38.8% of controls were within the age group of 36-55. All cases and 128 (95.5%) controls consumed meat in the last year. Forty-six (69.7%) cases and 74 (55.2%) controls use palm oil as the main cooking oil. History of hypertension ( adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.39; 95%CI: 1.17-4.89), anemia (AOR=2.38; 95%CI: 1.04-5.42), palm oil use (AOR=2.10; 95%CI: 1.01-4.35) and family history of CKD (AOR=8.77; 95%CI: 3.73-20.63) were significantly associated with the risk of having CKD. Conclusion Meat consumption and use of palm oil are higher among patients with CKD than controls. History of hypertension, anemia, family history of CKD and palm oil consumption were found to be risk factors for CKD. Dietary counseling interventions and dietary modifications might help in CKD prevention. Furthermore, routine urinalysis and estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for all hospitalized patients with hypertension and anemia could help to detect CKD at an earlier stage for a better prognosis.

Published
2020
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34. The performance of mid-upper arm circumference for identifying children and adolescents with overweight and obesity : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Binyam Girma Sisay, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Beshada Rago Jima, Evan Atlantis, and Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus

Subjects
Male, Pediatric Obesity, Nutrition and Dietetics, Adolescent, Anthropometry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine (miscellaneous), Overweight, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Arm, Humans, Female, Human medicine, Child
Abstract

Objective:This study aimed to synthesise the existing evidence on the performance of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) to identify children and adolescents with overweight and obesity.Design:Systematic review and meta-analysis.Setting:We searched PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL and Google scholar databases from their inception to December 10, 2021, for relevant studies. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. Studies reporting measures for the diagnostic performance of MUAC compared with a reference standard for diagnosing overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 2–19 years were included.Participants:A total of 54 381 children and adolescents from twenty-one studies were reviewed; ten studies contributed to meta-analyses.Results:In boys, MUAC showed a pooled AUC of 0·92 (95 % CI 0·89, 0·94), sensitivity of 84·4 (95 % CI 84·6, 90·8) and a specificity of 86·0 (95 % CI 79·2, 90·8), when compared against BMI z-score, defined overweight and obesity. As for girls, MUAC showed a pooled AUC of 0·93 (95 % CI 0·90, 0·95), sensitivity of 86·4 (95 % CI 79·8, 91·0), specificity of 86·6 (95 % CI 82·2, 90·1) when compared against overweight and obesity defined using BMI z-scores.Conclusion:In comparison with BMI, MUAC has an excellent performance to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. However, no sufficient evidence on the performance of MUAC compared with gold standard measures of adiposity. Future research should compare performance of MUAC to the ‘golden standard’ measure of excess adiposity.

Published
2022

35. Metacognition mediates the association between drug dependence and sleep disturbances : cross-sectional findings among khat-chewing polysubstance users

Author

Md. Dilshad Manzar, Faizan Z. Kashoo, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Abdulrhman Albougami, Majumi M. Noohu, Mohammed Salahuddin, Showkat Ahmad Shah, Shabir Ahmad Mir, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, and Ahmed S. BaHammam

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health, Psychology, Human medicine
Abstract

Maladaptive metacognitive thoughts about sleep often precede incidences of sleep disturbances. While the relationship between sleep disturbances and khat dependence is known, no research has examined the function of metacognition as a potential mediator between khat dependency and sleep problems in polysubstance users. This study used a brief structured questionnaire to measure the sleep problems, the severity of khat dependence (SDS-khat), and a metacognition score on khat-chewing polysubstance users (n = 374, age = 26.95 ± 3.80 years). The association was determined using Baron and Kenny’s mediation effect model. The average SDS-khat score was 6.66 ± 1.41, and the metacognition score was 26.40 ± 4.09. Severity of khat dependence showed significant negative correlation with metacognition (b = − .53, standard error (SE) = .15, p

Published
2022

36. Poor Sleep in Community-Dwelling Polysubstance Users: Association With Khat Dependence, Metacognition, and Socio-Demographic Factors

Author

Md Dilshad Manzar, Ahmad H. Alghadir, Masood Khan, Mohammed Salahuddin, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Ahmed M. Almansour, Dejen Nureye, Eyob Tekalign, Showkat Ahmad Shah, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, and Ahmed S. Bahammam

Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health
Abstract

PurposePoor sleep and cognitive deficits are often associated with increased drug use. However, no study has addressed the relationship between poor sleep, substance dependence, and metacognitive deficit in polysubstance users.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study with a simple random sampling involving community-dwelling polysubstance users (n = 326, age = 18–43 years) in Mizan, Ethiopia. Participants completed a brief sleep questionnaire, severity of dependence on khat (SDS-Khat), a brief meta-cognition questionnaire, and a socio-demographic survey.ResultsMajority (56.4%) of the polysubstance users had sleep disturbance. Chronic health conditions [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–4.85], chronic conditions in the family (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI 1.40–5.20), illiterate-primary level of educational status (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.30–4.04), higher SDS-Khat score (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.13–1.72), and lower meta-cognition score (AOR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.84–0.97) predicted poor sleep in the polysubstance users. Moreover, low metacognition score and high SDS score also predicted additional sleep disturbances like chronic sleep insufficiency, lethargy and restlessness after nighttime sleep, socio-occupational dysfunctions, and daytime disturbances in polysubstance users.ConclusionPoor sleep, severe khat dependence, and metacognitive deficits are common in community polysubstance users. Moreover, poor sleep is associated with higher khat dependence, lower metacognitive ability, lower educational status, and the presence of chronic conditions in polysubstance users or their families.

Published
2021

37. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Mosiur Rahman, Rehab Salah, Mario F P Peres, Licia Iacoviello, Benjamin A Stark, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Yannick Béjot, Deanna Anderlini, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Feng Sha, V. E. Nwatah, Pradip Gyanwali, Boris Bikbov, Bartosz Miazgowski, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ali Bijani, Imteyaz A Khan, Yaser Mokhayeri, Bogdan Oancea, Tarang Parekh, Martin Dichgans, Linh Gia Vu, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Mona Pathak, Maciej Banach, Marissa B Reitsma, Derrick A Bennett, Treska S Hassan, Allen Seylani, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Sorin Hostiuc, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Alessandra C. Goulart, Silvia Schiavolin, Simona Sacco, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Archith Boloor, Aimé Bonny, Graeme J. Hankey, Jiregna Darega Gela, Mohamed I Hegazy, Pedram Keshavarz, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Maseer Khan, Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa, Hualiang Lin, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Simon I. Hay, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Xuefeng Liu, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maryam Zamanian, Sezer Kisa, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Alberto Raggi, Shubha Jayaram, Tahira Ashraf, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Matthias Endres, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Dominique Vervoort, Hanadi Al Hamad, Mowafa Househ, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Yousef Khader, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Yuming Guo, Yunquan Zhang, Sami Almustanyir, Lalit Dandona, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chythra R Rao, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Irena Ilic, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Priya Rathi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Gyu Ri Kim, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alaa Makki, Yun Jin Kim, Vida Abedi, Shanshan Li, Kewal Krishan, David Flood, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Michele Romoli, Gregory A. Roth, Jagdish Khubchandani, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rupak Desai, Mohammed Shannawaz, Aziz Sheikh, Claudiu Herteliu, Xiaoyue Xu, Santi Martini, Kenji Shibuya, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Kairat Davletov, Mahya Beheshti, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ismaeel Yunusa, Maria Inês Schmidt, Koustuv Dalal, Sohail Ahmad, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ranil Jayawardena, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Mitra Abbasifard, Usman Iqbal, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Alireza Rafiei, Catherine O. Johnson, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Simona Giampaoli, Gaetano Isola, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Vishnu Renjith, Farshad Farzadfar, Irina Filip, Daniel Diaz, André Karch, Samer Hamidi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, David Colozza, Gbenga A. Kayode, Dinh-Toi Chu, Truong-Minh Pham, Arielle Wilder Bell, Aziz Rezapour, David Laith Rawaf, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Ivo Iavicoli, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Omid Dadras, Anayat Ullah, Gina Agarwal, Shafiu Mohammed, Bing-Fang Hwang, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Sanjay Basu, Michael Brauer, Tanuj Kanchan, Ahmad Azam Malik, Brigid Unim, Min Seo Kim, Kia Vosoughi, Tomasz Miazgowski, Warren D. Lo, Vivek Podder, Dana Bryazka, Chuanhua Yu, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Rufus Akinyemi, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Ettore Beghi, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bay Vo, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Savita Lasrado, Jalal Arabloo, Pablo M. Lavados, Samaneh Akbarpour, Khezar Hayat, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mariam Molokhia, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Aletta E. Schutte, Zahra Kamiab, Lidia Morawska, Mohammad Ali Moni, Bo Norrving, Tommi Vasankari, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ai Koyanagi, Tissa Wijeratne, Rizwan Kalani, Chenwen Zhong, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sepideh Ahmadi, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Pradyumna Agasthi, Saeed Shahabi, Adnan Kisa, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Adnan Ansar, Matilde Leonardi, Ali Koolivand, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Daniel Asfaw Erku, Alok Atreya, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dhaval Kolte, Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Michael Ekholuenetale, Navid Manafi, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Syed Amir Gilani, Mohamed M. Gad, Christopher J L Murray, Louis Jacob, Robert Ancuceanu, Simona Costanzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Nazanin Rajai, Muhammed Elhadi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Alireza Zandifar, Walter Muruet, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Hans Orru, Mikk Jürisson, Rajeev Gupta, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Till Bärnighausen, Mark Woodward, Masao Iwagami, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Sherief Ghozy, Amanda G. Thrift, Michael A. Piradov, Florian Fischer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Stefan Lorkowski, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Ali Yadollahpour, Abdiwahab Hashi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Mika Kivimäki, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alberico L. Catapano, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fakher Rahim, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Juan Jesus Carrero, Hiroyasu Iso, Abdallah M. Samy, Stefan Stortecky, Reza Malekzadeh, Ashwin Kamath, Nevine El Nahas, Ayesha Humayun, Miguel A Barboza, Sheng-Chia Chung, Carlo La Vecchia, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Rita Krishnamurthi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Milena Ilic, Lalit Yadav, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Abdel Douiri, Yousef Mohammad, Jason H Y Wu, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Ramesh Holla, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Itamar S. Santos, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Ben Lacey, Zahra Aryan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Moien Ab Khan, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Ramin Zand, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sung In Jang, Rakhi Dandona, Emanuele D'Amico, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Jaykaran Charan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Davide Sattin, Akram Pourshams, Markus P. Schlaich, Arief Hargono, Samaneh Asgari, Ovidiu Baltatu, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jakub Morze, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Manjari Tripathi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Soraya Siabani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vivek Gupta, Klara Dokova, Alireza Vakilian, Vardhmaan Jain, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Umar Farooque, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Vera Marisa Costa, Alessandro Gialluisi, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Suzanne Polinder, Nermin Ghith, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Michael H. Criqui, Asif Hanif, Ahmed Abualhasan, Veer Bala Gupta, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Zahid A Butt, Budi Aji, Baye Dagnew, Rasmus Havmoeller, Victor Volovici, Jitendra Singh, Paramjit Gill, Saverio Stranges, Eun Cheol Park, Andrew T Olagunju, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Woldesellassie M. Bezabhe, Sheikh M. Alif, Junjie Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Yvonne Teuschl, Rajkumar Doshi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Marcel Ausloos, Mohsen Naghavi, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Maarten J. Postma, Ghozali Ghozali, Yanzhong Wang, Ali H. Mokdad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Nitin Joseph, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Athar, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Albertino Damasceno, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Marcello Tonelli, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Sonali G. Choudhari, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Walter D. Johnson, Ro-Ting Lin, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Hermann Brenner, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Tea Lallukka, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, V. L., Stark, B. A., Johnson, C. O., Roth, G. A., Bisignano, C., Abady, G. G., Abbasifard, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abedi, V., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Agarwal, G., Agasthi, P., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, S., Salih, Y. A., Aji, B., Akbarpour, S., Akinyemi, R. O., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alif, S. M., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Salman, R. A. -S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Ansar, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Arabloo, J., Arnlov, J., Artanti, K. D., Aryan, Z., Asgari, S., Ashraf, T., Athar, M., Atreya, A., Ausloos, M., Baig, A. A., Baltatu, O. C., Banach, M., Barboza, M. A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barone, M. T. U., Basu, S., Bazmandegan, G., Beghi, E., Beheshti, M., Bejot, Y., Bell, A. W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Bezabhe, W. M., Bezabih, Y. M., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhattacharyya, K., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birhanu, M. M., Boloor, A., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brenner, H., Bryazka, D., Butt, Z. A., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cantu-Brito, C., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catapano, A. L., Chakraborty, P. A., Charan, J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Chung, S. -C., Colozza, D., Costa, V. M., Costanzo, S., Criqui, M. H., Dadras, O., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Damasceno, A. A. M., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Gela, J. D., Davletov, K., De La Cruz-Gongora, V., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Dokova, K., Doshi, R., Douiri, A., Duncan, B. B., Eftekharzadeh, S., Ekholuenetale, M., El Nahas, N., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Erku, D. A., Faraon, E. J. A., Farooque, U., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, S., Gheshlagh, R. G., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Ghozy, S., Gialluisi, A., Giampaoli, S., Gilani, S. A., Gill, P. S., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Golechha, M., Goulart, A. C., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Gyanwali, P., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Hargono, A., Hashi, A., Hassan, T. S., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Iacoviello, L., Iavicoli, I., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Iso, H., Isola, G., Iwagami, M., Jacob, L., Jain, V., Jang, S. -I., Jayapal, S. K., Jayaram, S., Jayawardena, R., Jeemon, P., Jha, R. P., Johnson, W. D., Jonas, J. B., Joseph, N., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalani, R., Kalhor, R., Kalkonde, Y., Kamath, A., Kamiab, Z., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karch, A., Katoto, P. D. M. C., Kayode, G. 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M., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sathian, B., Sattin, D., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Sha, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shannawaz, M., Shawon, Md. S. R., Sheikh, A., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shibuya, K., Siabani, S., Silva, D. A. S., Singh, J. A., Singh, J. K., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sobaih, B. H., Stortecky, S., Stranges, S., Tadesse, E. G., Tarigan, I. U., Temsah, M. -H., Teuschl, Y., Thrift, A. G., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathi, M., Tsegaye, G. W., Ullah, A., Unim, B., Unnikrishnan, B., Vakilian, A., Tahbaz, S. V., Vasankari, T. J., Venketasubramanian, N., Vervoort, D., Vo, B., Volovici, V., Vosoughi, K., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wafa, H. A., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y., Wijeratne, T., Winkler, A. S., Wolfe, C. D. A., Woodward, M., Wu, J. H., Hanson, S. W., Xu, X., Yadav, L., Yadollahpour, A., Jabbari, S. H. Y., Yamagishi, K., Yatsuya, H., Yonemoto, N., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zaman, M. S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zand, R., Zandifar, A., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Murray, C. J. L., Public Health, Neurosurgery, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Feigin, V, Stark, B, Johnson, C, Roth, G, Bisignano, C, Abady, G, Abbasifard, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abedi, V, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Rmeileh, N, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agarwal, G, Agasthi, P, Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, S, Salih, Y, Aji, B, Akbarpour, S, Akinyemi, R, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Alif, S, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almustanyir, S, Al-Raddadi, R, Salman, R, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Ansar, A, Antonazzo, I, Arabloo, J, Arnlov, J, Artanti, K, Aryan, Z, Asgari, S, Ashraf, T, Athar, M, Atreya, A, Ausloos, M, Baig, A, Baltatu, O, Banach, M, Barboza, M, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barone, M, Basu, S, Bazmandegan, G, Beghi, E, Beheshti, M, Bejot, Y, Bell, A, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Bezabhe, W, Bezabih, Y, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)

Subjects
Male, Aging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Stroke data, GUIDELINES, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Strokes, YOUNG-ADULTS, Prevalence, 80 and over, Aetiology, 610 Medicine & health, Stroke, POPULATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Middle Aged, Stroke types, ddc, 3. Good health, ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Income, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GBD, Population, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Neurology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, education, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Global burden, Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, MORTALITY, Prevention, 3112 Neurosciences, Neurosciences, 1103 Clinical Sciences, SERVICES, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Brain Disorders, Good Health and Well Being, Attributable risk, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosciences & Neurology, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, RC
Abstract

Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2021
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38. Data on histological characteristics, survival patterns and determinants of mortality among colorectal, esophageal and prostate cancer patients in Ethiopia

Author

Jilcha Diribi Feyisa, Jemal Beksisa, Mohammed Ahmed Teka, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Science (General), Survival, Colorectal cancer, Determinant, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Prostate cancer, Q1-390, Carcinoembryonic antigen, Prostate, Internal medicine, Medicine, Esophageal, Family history, Colorectal, Data Article, Cancer, Multidisciplinary, biology, business.industry, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cohort, biology.protein, Marital status, Ethiopia, Human medicine, Histological characteristics, business, Engineering sciences. Technology
Abstract

This article describes data collected retrospectively on a cohort of esophageal, colorectal and prostate cancer patients registered in the patient log book of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2017. The key variables studied include histological characteristics of each type of cancer, clinical and TNM stages, baseline laboratory results (Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer, hemoglobin level, etc.), clinical characteristics including sign and symptoms, family history of cancer, diagnostic and treatment modalities a patient received for each type of cancer. The event status (death) was also collected using death certificates (whenever available) and supplemented by telephone interviews with the patient or attendant. Furthermore, lifestyle characteristics of patients including tobacco use, alcohol consumption, khat (‘Catha edulis’) chewing, etc. and socioeconomic characteristics including age, sex, region of residence, marital status, and educational level were also collected. The aim that led to conduct the study that generated these data was to describe clinical presentation, histological characteristics, survival pattern, and to identify determinants of mortality among cancer patients in Ethiopia. Thus, independent survival analyzes were performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates and life table analysis. Furthermore, Cox's proportional hazards regression was developed to investigate the survival pattern and determinants of cancer specific mortality among colorectal, esophageal and prostate cancer patients.

Published
2021

39. Knowledge and practice regarding the behavioural risks of cancer among college students in Ethiopia

Author

Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Anissa Mohammed Hassen, Zinet Abegaz Asfaw, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, Yeshimebet Ali Dawed, Ahmed Hussien Asfaw, Erkihun Tadesse Amsalu, and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract

In recent years, morbidity and mortality due to cancer has been increasing in Ethiopia, putting it among the most important public health issues. Cancer and associated complications can be prevented provided that effective interventions are put in place to control risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and practice of preventable behavioural risk factors of cancer. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 200 college students in Northeast Ethiopia utilising quantitative methods of data collection. Data on socioeconomic characteristics, health belief variables, knowledge and behavioural risk factors (alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, physical activity and dietary practice) were collected. The level of knowledge and practice was summarised using descriptive statistics. To investigate the variation in knowledge and practice across sociodemographic characteristics, we performed Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The majority (81.0%) of participants was male and 82.0% were in the age group of 18-24 years. More than half (61.0%) of them had poor knowledge about the behavioural risk factors of cancer. Nearly one-third (30.5%) consume alcohol, whereas 16.0%, 18.0% and 20.0%, respectively, smoke tobacco, consume street food and packed-fried snacks daily. Alcohol consumption (

Published
2021

40. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality

Author

Zohreh Arefi, Rasmus Havmoeller, Pietro Ferrara, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Payman Salamati, Agegnehu Bante Getenet, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Alexander C. Tsai, Andrew T Olagunju, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Tim Driscoll, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Taras Kavetskyy, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Richard C. Franklin, Naznin Hossain, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Suzanne Polinder, Ziad El-Khatib, Ashish Pathak, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, David M. Pigott, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik, Hadi Hassankhani, Nuworza Kugbey, Lal B. Rawal, Masoud Foroutan, Dejana Braithwaite, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Grant M. A. Wyper, Joht Singh Chandan, Akbar Barzegar, Hamid Safarpour, Kate E. LeGrand, Giulio Castelpietra, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Amin Soheili, Azeem Majeed, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Walter Mendoza, Ghulam Mustafa, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Pengpeng Ye, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Masoud Moradi, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Mohammad Rabiee, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Jack T Fox, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Pallab K. Maulik, Ai-Min Wu, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Fatemeh Rajati, Nathaniel J Henry, David C. Schwebel, Ali H. Mokdad, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Leonardo Roever, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Khalid A Altirkawi, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Farhad Ghamari, Ramesh Holla, Arash Sarveazad, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Suresh Jungari, Rohan Borschmann, Irfan Ullah, Nitin Joseph, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Ivo Rakovac, Mohammad Zamani, Antonio Maria Borzì, Atif Amin Baig, Mohsen Bayati, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mehdi Sayyah, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Fakher Rahim, Dillon O Sylte, Feng Sha, Palash Chandra Banik, Mohan Bairwa, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Yong Yu, Delia Hendrie, Spencer L. James, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Seok Jun Yoon, Siavash Rahimi, Jost B. Jonas, Michael R. Phillips, Diana Silva, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Samath D Dharmaratne, Roba Khundkar, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Joemer C. Maravilla, Eleonora Dubljanin, Arun Balachandran, Arman Latifi, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Alessandra C. Goulart, Andreea Mirica, Fatemeh Zarei, Habte Belete, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Atte Meretoja, Jasvinder A. 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Z.A., Memiah, P.T.N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, M.M., Meretoja, T.J., Meretoja, A., Merie, H.E., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Darwesh, A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J.A., Mohebi, F., Bandpei, M.A.M., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moradi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Velásquez, I.M., Morrison, S.D., Mossie, T.B., Muluneh, A.G., Musa, K.I., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Naik, G., Naimzada, M.D., Najaf, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B.R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V., Nazari, J., Ndwandwe, D.E., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, T.H., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, D.N., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nikbakhsh, R., Ningrum, D.N.A., Nnaji, C.A., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F.A., Oghenetega, O.B., Oh, I.-H., Olagunju, A.T., Olagunju, T.O., Bali, A.O., Onwujekwe, O.E., Orpana, H.M., Ota, E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S.S., Mahesh, A.P., Padubidri, J.R., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E.-K., Patel, S.K., Pathak, A., Pati, S., Paulos, K., Peden, A.E., Pepito, V.C.F., Pereira, J., Phillips, M.R., Polibin, R.V., Polinder, S., Pourmalek, F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Prakash, S., Pribadi, D.R.A., Puri, P., Syed, Z.Q., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rafee, A., Rafei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, S., Rahman, M.A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Rao, S.J., Rashedi, V., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Renjith, V., Resnikoff, S., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A.I., Rickard, J., González, C.M.R., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Saddik, B., Safarpour, H., Safdarian, M., Sajadi, S.M., Salamati, P., Salem, M.R.R., Salem, H., Salz, I., Samy, A.M., Sanabria, J., Riera, L.S., Milicevic, M.M.S., Sarker, A.R., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., 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Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S.-J., Youm, Y., Younis, M.Z., Yousef, Z., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Moghadam, T.Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zarei, F., Zhang, Z.-J., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Dandona, R., Dharmaratne, S.D., Hay, S.I., Mokdad, A.H., Pigott, D.M., Reiner, R.C., Vos, T., Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Fox, Jack T, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, and Public Health

Subjects
Male, Populations/contexts, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Global injuries, population, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, contexts, context, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research, Data, populations/contexts, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, methodology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Female, Public Health, TERRITORIES, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, descriptive epidemiology, Human, Disabilities, 195 COUNTRIES, statistical issue, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Life Expectancy, Environmental health, Injury prevention, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, statistical issues, Humans, Mortality, Estimation, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, DISABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, populations, Morbidity, Wounds and Injuries, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 1701 Psychology, Quality-adjusted life year, Years of potential life lost, 1701 Psychology, Life expectancy, Estimates, Human medicine, populations/context
Abstract

Background. While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods. In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results. GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions. GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. Seyed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Alaa Badawi acknowledges support by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Till Bärnighausen acknowledges support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Traolach Brugha received support from NatCen Social Research (http://natcen.ac.uk/) via NHS Digital and Department of Health and Social Care London, for the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) programme. Felix Carvalho received support from UID/MULTI/04378/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera M Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Kebede Deribe is supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust [grant number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Tim Driscoll acknowledges that work on occupational risk factors was partially supported by funds from the World Health Organization. Eduarda Fernandes acknowledges support from UID/QUI/50006/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Yuming Guo acknowledges support from Career Development Fellowships of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (numbers APP1107107 and APP1163693). Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges support by the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia through the Grant number OI175014; publication of results was not contingent upon Ministry's censorship or approval. Sudha Jayaraman acknowledges support from: NIH R21: 1R21TW010439-01A1 (PI); Rotary Foundation Global Grant #GG1749568 (PI); NIH P20: 1P20CA210284-01A1 (Co-PI) and DOD grant W81XWH-16-2-0040 (Co-I), during the period of this study. Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from a grant from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [grant number: XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001]. Kewal Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Mansai Kumar acknowledges support from FIC/ NIH K43 1K43MH114320-01. Amanda Mason-Jones acknowledges support by the University of York. Mariam Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’s National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Ilais Moreno Velasquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI, Senacyt, Panama). Mukhammad David Naimzada acknowledges support from Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Duduzile Ndwandwe acknowledges support from Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council. Stanislav S. Otstavnov acknowledges the support from the Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Ashish Pathak acknowledges support from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India (Grant number 2013-1253). Michael R Phillips acknowledges support in part by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81761128031). Abdallah M. Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena Santric Milicevic acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Sojib Bin Zaman acknowledges support from an "Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship.

Published
2020
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41. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years

Author

Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Félix Carvalho, Luke D. Knibbs, Sonia Lewycka, Sonali Kochhar, Aaron Cohen, Luca Ronfani, Ebrahim M Yimer, Srinivas Murthy, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Josip Car, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Babak Moazen, Mostafa Qorbani, Javad Nazari, Nancy Fullman, Niranjan Kissoon, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Marissa B Reitsma, Benn Sartorius, Ashish Awasthi, Aman Yesuf Endries, Christopher Troeger, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Alessandra C. Goulart, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Ahmad Daryani, Fakher Rahim, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Justin R. Ortiz, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Alaa Badawi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Sezer Kisa, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Ai Koyanagi, Long Hoang Nguyen, Alireza Rafiei, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Abdallah M. Samy, Catrin E. Moore, André Karch, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Chi Linh Hoang, Katie R Nielsen, Eleonora Dubljanin, Giuseppe Gorini, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Christopher J L Murray, Khanh Bao Tran, Maarten J. Postma, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Bartosz Miazgowski, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Aziz Sheikh, Reginald Quansah, Kirsten E. Wiens, Mika Shigematsu, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Yasir Waheed, Robert Reiner, Smita Pakhale, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahesh P A, Ruth W Kimokoti, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Zakir Hussain, Naohiro Yonemoto, Noore Alam, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Adane Teshome Kefale, Ali H. Mokdad, Rachel L Updike, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Veisani, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Mina Anjomshoa, Corey B. Bills, Puja C Rao, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Lorenzo Monasta, Zoubida Zaidi, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Ali Bijani, Tommi Vasankari, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Young-Ho Khang, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Joseph Frostad, Ghulam Mustafa, Jalal Arabloo, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Shanshan Li, David L. Smith, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Andrew T Olagunju, Suleman Atique, Abdullah T Khoja, Ibrahim A Khalil, William M. Gardner, Zikria Saleem, Addisu Melese, Stephen S Lim, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Hmwe H Kyu, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Aleksandra Barac, Spencer L. James, Salvatore Rubino, Lalit Dandona, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Kate Causey, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Simon I. Hay, Ravi Prakash Jha, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Son Hoang Nguyen, Belay Tessema, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alireza Ahmadi, Theo Vos, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Irfan Ullah, Molly H Biehl, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Tinuke O Olagunju, Florian Fischer, Olatunde Aremu, Brigette F. Blacker, Derrick A Bennett, Vahid Alipour, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Manisha Dubey, Tuomo J. Meretoja, G Anil Kumar, Varshil Mehta, Molly R Nixon, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Anselm Okoro, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shafiu Mohammed, Nuruzzaman Khan, Jost B. Jonas, Samah Awad, Miloje Savic, Soewarta Kosen, Quique Bassat, Amha Admasie, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chalachew Genet Akal, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Adnan Kisa, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Jonathan F. Mosser, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Birhanu Geta, Nobuyuki Horita, Gulfaraz Khan, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Rakhi Dandona, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Samer Hamidi, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Helena Manguerra, Shirin Djalalinia, Degu Abate, Rakesh Lodha, Samuel B. Albertson, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Abdullah Al Mamun, Neeraj Bedi, Parvaiz A Koul, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Katie Welgan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Marek Majdan, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim Ahmed, Public Health, GBD Lower Resp Infect, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Collaborators, GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections, Clinicum, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Staff Services, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, and Department of Oncology

Subjects
Male, Psychological intervention, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Case fatality rate, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Respiratory Tract Infections, INFLUENZAE TYPE-B, education.field_of_study, NUTRITION TRANSITION, CHALLENGES, Trastornos respiratorios, Incidence (epidemiology), Mortality rate, Incidence, Enfermedades en niños, CHILDHOOD PNEUMONIA, Children younger than 5 years, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Child Mortality, Female, TERRITORIES, CONJUGATE VACCINE, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, 195 COUNTRIES, Infections, Article, CHINA, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, Nutrition transition, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, Risk factor, education, Lower respiratory, Models, Statistical, business.industry, AIR-POLLUTION, Verbal autopsy, Enfermedades respiratorias, Socioeconomic Factors, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract

Background Despite large reductions in under-5 lower respiratory infection (LRI) mortality in many locations, the pace of progress for LRIs has generally lagged behind that of other childhood infectious diseases. To better inform programmes and policies focused on preventing and treating LRIs, we assessed the contributions and patterns of risk factor attribution, intervention coverage, and sociodemographic development in 195 countries and territories by drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) LRI estimates. Methods We used four strategies to model LRI burden: the mortality due to LRIs was modelled using vital registration data, demographic surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data in a predictive ensemble modelling tool; the incidence of LRIs was modelled using population representative surveys, health-care utilisation data, and scientific literature in a compartmental meta-regression tool; the attribution of risk factors for LRI mortality was modelled in a counterfactual framework; and trends in LRI mortality were analysed applying changes in exposure to risk factors over time. In GBD, infectious disease mortality, including that due to LRI, is among HIV-negative individuals. We categorised locations based on their burden in 1990 to make comparisons in the changing burden between 1990 and 2017 and evaluate the relative percent change in mortality rate, incidence, and risk factor exposure to explain differences in the health loss associated with LRIs among children younger than 5 years. Findings In 2017, LRIs caused 808 920 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 747 286–873 591) in children younger than 5 years. Since 1990, there has been a substantial decrease in the number of deaths (from 2 337 538 to 808 920 deaths; 65·4% decrease, 61·5–68·5) and in mortality rate (from 362·7 deaths [330·1–392·0] per 100 000 children to 118·9 deaths [109·8–128·3] per 100 000 children; 67·2% decrease, 63·5–70·1). LRI incidence declined globally (32·4% decrease, 27·2–37·5). The percent change in under-5 mortality rate and incidence has varied across locations. Among the risk factors assessed in this study, those responsible for the greatest decrease in under-5 LRI mortality between 1990 and 2017 were increased coverage of vaccination against Haemophilus influenza type b (11·4% decrease, 0·0–24·5), increased pneumococcal vaccine coverage (6·3% decrease, 6·1–6·3), and reductions in household air pollution (8·4%, 6·8–9·2). Interpretation Our findings show that there have been substantial but uneven declines in LRI mortality among countries between 1990 and 2017. Although improvements in indicators of sociodemographic development could explain some of these trends, changes in exposure to modifiable risk factors are related to the rates of decline in LRI mortality. No single intervention would universally accelerate reductions in health loss associated with LRIs in all settings, but emphasising the most dominant risk factors, particularly in countries with high case fatality, can contribute to the reduction of preventable deaths. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2020
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42. Determinants of Acute Respiratory Infection Among Children in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey

Author

Zelalem Alamrew Anteneh and Hamid Yimam Hassen

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Public health, Multilevel model, Respiratory infection, General Medicine, Odds ratio, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Logistic regression, Disease cluster, Odds, Child mortality, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Environmental health, medicine, business
Abstract

Background Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the leading public health challenges among children in low- and middle-income countries. Child mortality due to ARI is disproportionately higher in African regions. In Ethiopia, an encouraging progress in the reduction of ARI was observed until 2010, however, since then the national prevalence is unchanged. There is limited information for the persistently higher prevalence of the infection. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine regional variations and identify factors associated with the infection. Methods This study used data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) conducted in 2016. The analysis used information from 10,006 children. A two-level logistic regression analysis was used to consider the cluster random effect. Results Out of 10,006 children included, 15.9%, 8.9%, and 8.8% reported cough, short rapid breaths, and chest complaint respectively two weeks before the survey, making the overall prevalence of ARI 8.8%. Children aged six to 11 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.466, 95%CI: 1.143-1.881), and 12 to 23 (AOR=1.390, 95%CI: 1.109-1.742), small birth size (AOR=1.387, 95%CI), and animal dung as cooking fuel (AOR=1.904, 95%CI: 1.152-3.146) are significantly associated with higher odds of ARI in the final multilevel modeling. The AOR (95%CI) for ARI for differing levels of altitude were: 1000 to 2000, 1.805 (1.403-2.483); 2000 to 3000, 1.882 (1.427-2.483); above 3000, 2.24 (1.023-4.907). Conclusion ARI is still a significant public health problem in Ethiopia among children underfive, with a huge variation in the burden across the regional states. Age of children, birth size, household cooking fuel, and altitude above sea level were important variables. Therefore, regional governments, health-care workers and concerned organizations should give emphasis to minimize ARI and the consequences associated with the disease.

Published
2020
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43. Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Molly R Nixon, Saeid Safiri, Ahmad Daryani, Mostafa Qorbani, Nahla Anber, Tahiya Alam, Amir Kasaeian, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Khanh Bao Tran, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Bach Xuan Tran, Irina Filip, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Mari Smith, Reza Shirkoohi, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Ibrahim A Khalil, Emma Nichols, Ebrahim M Yimer, Zoubida Zaidi, Ahmed Abdelalim, Ashish Awasthi, Mehdi Sharif, Foad Abd-Allah, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Christina Fitzmaurice, Eduarda Fernandes, Abdallah M. Samy, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Gabriel David Pinilla-Monsalve, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Hosein Safari, Elisabete Weiderpass, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Huyen Phuc Do, Fares Alahdab, Gabriele Nagel, Gurudatta Naik, James D. Harvey, Hossein Poustchi, Simon I. Hay, Rajesh Sharma, Mohsen Naghavi, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Andrew T Olagunju, Ali H. Mokdad, Masood Ali Shaikh, Dominic Agius, Christine A. Allen, Abate Bekele Belachew, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Anoop P. Patel, Ravi Prakash Jha, Ali Bijani, Samer Hamidi, Jasvinder A. Singh, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, David M. Pereira, Theo Vos, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Kyle J Foreman, Meaza Girma Degefa, Irfan Ullah, Valery L. Feigin, James L. Fisher, Gholamreza Roshandel, Young-Ho Khang, Ferrán Catalá-López, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Long Hoang Nguyen, Amir Radfar, Christopher J L Murray, Jemal Abdela, Robert Reiner, Vesna Zadnik, Manisha Dubey, Getnet Mengistu, Hamid Badali, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Tone Bjørge, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and GBD 2016 Brain CNS Canc

Subjects
Adult, Male, Burden of disease, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Total fertility rate, CNS cancer, Global Burden of Disease, Central Nervous System Neoplasms, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Child, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Estimation, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Age Factors, 1. No poverty, Infant, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Cancer registry, Fertility, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Brain and CNS cancers (collectively referred to as CNS cancers) are a source of mortality and morbidity for which diagnosis and treatment require extensive resource allocation and sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic technology. Previous epidemiological studies are limited to specific geographical regions or time periods, making them difficult to compare on a global scale. In this analysis, we aimed to provide a comparable and comprehensive estimation of the global burden of brain cancer between 1990 and 2016. METHODS: We report means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) estimates for CNS cancers (according to the International Classification of Diseases tenth revision: malignant neoplasm of meninges, malignant neoplasm of brain, and malignant neoplasm of spinal cord, cranial nerves, and other parts of CNS) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016. Data sources include vital registration and cancer registry data. Mortality was modelled using an ensemble model approach. Incidence was estimated by dividing the final mortality estimates by mortality to incidence ratios. DALYs were estimated by summing years of life lost and years lived with disability. Locations were grouped into quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: In 2016, there were 330 000 (95% UI 299 000 to 349 000) incident cases of CNS cancer and 227 000 (205 000 to 241 000) deaths globally, and age-standardised incidence rates of CNS cancer increased globally by 17·3% (95% UI 11·4 to 26·9) between 1990 and 2016 (2016 age-standardised incidence rate 4·63 per 100 000 person-years [4·17 to 4·90]). The highest age-standardised incidence rate was in the highest quintile of SDI (6·91 [5·71 to 7·53]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased with each SDI quintile. East Asia was the region with the most incident cases of CNS cancer for both sexes in 2016 (108 000 [95% UI 98 000 to 122 000]), followed by western Europe (49 000 [37 000 to 54 000]), and south Asia (31 000 [29 000 to 37 000]). The top three countries with the highest number of incident cases were China, the USA, and India. CNS cancer was responsible for 7·7 million (95% UI 6·9 to 8·3) DALYs globally, a non-significant change in age-standardised DALY rate of -10·0% (-16·4 to 2·6) between 1990 and 2016. The age-standardised DALY rate decreased in the high SDI quintile (-10·0% [-27·1 to -0·1]) and high-middle SDI quintile (-10·5% [-18·4 to -1·4]) over time but increased in the low SDI quintile (22·5% [11·2 to 50·5]). INTERPRETATION: CNS cancer is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, and incidence increased between 1990 and 2016. Significant geographical and regional variation in the incidence of CNS cancer might be reflective of differences in diagnoses and reporting practices or unknown environmental and genetic risk factors. Future efforts are needed to analyse CNS cancer burden by subtype. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sí

Published
2019
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44. Progress in health among regions of Ethiopia, 1990-2019: a subnational country analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Awoke Misganaw, Mohsen Naghavi, Ally Walker, Alemnesh H Mirkuzie, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Tezera Moshago Berheto, Ebba Abate Waktola, John H Kempen, Getachew Tollera Eticha, Tsigereda Kifle Wolde, Dereje Deguma, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Yonas Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Misrak Getnet Beyene, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Biruk Tesfaye Birhanu, Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Amare Belachew Dagnew, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Nebiyu Dereje, Kebede Deribe, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Munir Kassa Eshetu, Tomas Y Ferede, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Abraham Geremew, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Lemma Getacher, Scott D Glenn, Aregash Samuel Hafebo, Abdiwahab Hashi, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Simon I Hay, Diriba Fufa Hordofa, Dawit Hoyiso Huluko, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Getinet Kassahun Azene, Ermiyas Mulu Kebede, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Bayew Kelkay, Samuel Z Kidane, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Wondimu Ayele Manamo, Yohannes Adama A Melaku, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Sisay Derso Mengesha, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Abera M Mersha, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Mizan Kiros Mirutse, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Hussen Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Dabere Nigatu, Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Daniel Bogale Odo, Muktar Omer, Lemma Demissie Regassa, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Mohammed Feyisso Shaka, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Abiy H Sinke, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Zemenu Tamir, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Amare Abera Tareke, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Yohannes Tekalegn, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Tefera Tadele Tesema, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Tadesse Tilahun, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Geremew Tassew Weledesemayat, Taklo Simeneh Yazie, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Desalegn Tegabu Zegeye, Christopher J L Murray, Lia Tadesse Gebremedhin, and GBD 2019 Ethiopia Subnational-Level Disease Burden Initiative Collaborators

Subjects
Adult, Infant, Newborn, Bayes Theorem, General Medicine, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Life Expectancy, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Humans, Human medicine, Ethiopia, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Child, Aged
Abstract

Background\ud Previous Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) studies have reported national health estimates for Ethiopia. Substantial regional variations in socioeconomic status, population, demography, and access to health care within Ethiopia require comparable estimates at the subnational level. The GBD 2019 Ethiopia subnational analysis aimed to measure the progress and disparities in health across nine regions and two chartered cities.\ud \ud Methods\ud We gathered 1057 distinct data sources for Ethiopia and all regions and cities that included census, demographic surveillance, household surveys, disease registry, health service use, disease notifications, and other data for this analysis. Using all available data sources, we estimated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), total fertility rate (TFR), life expectancy, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years, and risk-factor-attributable health loss with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for Ethiopia's nine regions and two chartered cities from 1990 to 2019. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, cause of death ensemble model, Bayesian meta-regression tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, and other models were used to generate fertility, mortality, cause of death, and disability rates. The risk factor attribution estimations followed the general framework established for comparative risk assessment.\ud \ud Findings\ud The SDI steadily improved in all regions and cities from 1990 to 2019, yet the disparity between the highest and lowest SDI increased by 54% during that period. The TFR declined from 6·91 (95% UI 6·59–7·20) in 1990 to 4·43 (4·01–4·92) in 2019, but the magnitude of decline also varied substantially among regions and cities. In 2019, TFR ranged from 6·41 (5·96–6·86) in Somali to 1·50 (1·26–1·80) in Addis Ababa. Life expectancy improved in Ethiopia by 21·93 years (21·79–22·07), from 46·91 years (45·71–48·11) in 1990 to 68·84 years (67·51–70·18) in 2019. Addis Ababa had the highest life expectancy at 70·86 years (68·91–72·65) in 2019; Afar and Benishangul-Gumuz had the lowest at 63·74 years (61·53–66·01) for Afar and 64.28 (61.99-66.63) for Benishangul-Gumuz. The overall increases in life expectancy were driven by declines in under-5 mortality and mortality from common infectious diseases, nutritional deficiency, and war and conflict. In 2019, the age-standardised all-cause death rate was the highest in Afar at 1353·38 per 100 000 population (1195·69–1526·19). The leading causes of premature mortality for all sexes in Ethiopia in 2019 were neonatal disorders, diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, tuberculosis, stroke, HIV/AIDS, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, congenital defects, and diabetes. With high SDIs and life expectancy for all sexes, Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and Harari had low rates of premature mortality from the five leading causes, whereas regions with low SDIs and life expectancy for all sexes (Afar and Somali) had high rates of premature mortality from the leading causes. In 2019, child and maternal malnutrition; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; air pollution; high systolic blood pressure; alcohol use; and high fasting plasma glucose were the leading risk factors for health loss across regions and cities.\ud \ud Interpretation\ud There were substantial improvements in health over the past three decades across regions and chartered cities in Ethiopia. However, the progress, measured in SDI, life expectancy, TFR, premature mortality, disability, and risk factors, was not uniform. Federal and regional health policy makers should match strategies, resources, and interventions to disease burden and risk factors across regions and cities to achieve national and regional plans, Sustainable Development Goals, and universal health coverage targets.\ud \ud Funding\ud Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2021

45. Diagnostic performance of mid-upper arm circumference to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Binyam Girma Sisay

Subjects
Pediatric Obesity, Funnel plot, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, education, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Overweight, paediatrics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Forest plot, Humans, Mass Screening, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, General Medicine, Publication bias, Systematic review, Research Design, Family medicine, Meta-analysis, Arm, Public Health, medicine.symptom, business, Systematic Reviews as Topic
Abstract

IntroductionMid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has been suggested as an alternative screening tool to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Several studies have examined the diagnostic performance of MUAC to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. However, the existing literature shows a considerable variability in measures of diagnostic performance and hence makes it difficult to direct clinical and public health practice. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise evidence on the performance of MUAC to identify overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.Methods and analysisA systematic search of databases including PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO will be conducted. The search will cover all studies until 1 April 2021. Grey literature will also be retrieved from Google Scholar. Titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool will be used to assess the risk of bias and clinical applicability of each study. To assess possible publication bias, we will use Deeks’ funnel plot. We will investigate the sources of heterogeneity by visual inspection of the paired forest plots and summary receiver operating characteristic plots. The pooled summary statistics for the area under the curve, sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratios and diagnostic ORs with 95% CI will be reported.Ethics and disseminationThe underlying study is based on published articles thus does not require ethical approval. The findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated in different scientific conferences and seminars.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020183148.

Published
2021

46. Diagnostic performance of midupper arm circumference for detecting severe wasting among infants aged 1–6 months in Ethiopia

Author

Yalemwork Getnet, Paluku Bahwere, Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Beshada R Jima

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Nutrition and Dietetics, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, 030231 tropical medicine, Youden's J statistic, Medicine (miscellaneous), Calibration test, Standard score, Circumference, medicine.disease, Cachexia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Cutoff, 030212 general & internal medicine, Human medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Wasting
Abstract

Background Midupper arm circumference (MUAC) is used as an independent diagnostic tool to detect wasting in children aged 6–59 mo. However, little is known about the diagnostic performance of MUAC for detecting wasting among infants aged 1–6 mo. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MUAC in detecting severe wasting in infants aged 1–6 mo. Methods We conducted a facility-based cross-sectional study among 467 hospitalized infants aged 1–6 mo in Ethiopia. Severe wasting was defined as having a weight for length z score (WLZ) below the cutoff value of −3 SDs from the median as per the WHO 2006 child growth standards. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis along with the calibration test was used to test the discriminatory performance of MUAC. Furthermore, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the proposed optimal cutoffs. Results The median age, MUAC, and WLZ were 100 d (IQR: 69–145 d), 119 mm (IQR: 103–130 mm), and −1.27 (IQR: −2.66 to 0.34), respectively. The prevalence of severe and moderate wasting was n = 101 (21.6%) and n = 61 (13.0%), respectively. The MUAC area under the ROC curve accuracy level in identifying severe wasting was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.89). The optimal MUAC cutoff of ≤112 mm yielded the highest Youden index of 0.61, with a sensitivity of 85.1% (95% CI: 76.7%, 91.4%) and a specificity of 76.0% (95% CI: 71.2%, 80.2%). Conclusions A MUAC cutoff of ≤112 mm performed well in detecting severe wasting among infants aged 1–6 mo. Further research is needed to evaluate the performance of MUAC for detecting wasting at community level and for predicting mortality among infants aged

Published
2021

47. Lathyrism and socioeconomic disparities : a neglected public health problem in northeast Ethiopia

Author

Hamid Yimam Hassen, Aragaw Yimer Ahmed, Mareamlak Mengistie Dagnaw, and Foziya Mohammed Hussien

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Lathyrism, Neurological disorder, Disease, Foodborne Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, Environmental health, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Lathyrus, Spastic, Paralysis, Prevalence, Humans, Cooking, Socioeconomic status, biology, business.industry, Public health, food and beverages, Articles, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Lower Extremity, Socioeconomic Factors, Parasitology, Female, Ethiopia, Public Health, Human medicine, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract

Lathyrism is an incurable neurological disorder, resulting from excessive consumption of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus), which clinically manifests as paralysis of lower limbs. Because of the high production of grass peas, a large number of people are expected to be affected by the disease in Northeast Ethiopia. However, there is no comprehensive study that quantified the magnitude of the problem. Therefore, in this study, we determined the prevalence of lathyrism and socioeconomic disparities in Northeast Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was used which used a quantitative method of data collection from January to February 2019. Data were collected from a total of 2,307 inhabitants in the study area using structured questionnaires. Lathyrism cases were identified using a case definition of symmetrical spastic leg weakness, and subacute or insidious onset, with no sensory deficit, and with a history of grass pea consumption before and at the onset of paralysis. The majority (56.8%) of participants were male, and 34.7% were aged 45 years or older. Overall, the prevalence of lathyrism was 5.5%, and it was higher in males (7.9%) than in females (2.5%). Moreover, the prevalence was higher among farmers (7.0%) than merchants (0.3%), very poor economic status (7.2%) than very rich (1.1%), who produced (9.6%) grass pea than not produced (0.9%), and those who used clay pottery (6.2%) than metal (4.8%) for cooking. The prevalence of lathyrism in Northeast Ethiopia is remarkably high. Therefore, we recommend lathyrism to be among the list of reportable health problems and incorporated in the national routine surveillance system.

Published
2021

48. Effectiveness of community-based cardiovascular disease prevention interventions to improve physical activity : a systematic review and meta-regression

Author

Steven Abrams, Jean-Pierre Van Geertruyden, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rawlance Ndejjo, Geofrey Musinguzi, and Hilde Bastiaens

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Population, Psychological intervention, MEDLINE, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Metabolic equivalent, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Bias, medicine, Humans, Meta-regression, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Exercise, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Guideline, 3. Good health, Cardiovascular Diseases, Strictly standardized mean difference, Meta-analysis, Physical therapy, Human medicine, business
Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite preventive community-based interventions (CBIs) seem efficacious in reducing CVD risks, a comprehensive up-to-date synthesis on the effectiveness of such interventions in improving physical activity (PA) is lacking. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based CVD preventive interventions aimed at improving PA level. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane register and PSYCINFO databases were searched in October 2019 for studies reported between January 2000 and June 2019. We assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tools. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression to pool estimates of various effect measures. Results are reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Our study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019119885). A total of 44 randomized and 20 non-randomized controlled studies involving 98,919 participants were included. Meta-analyses found that CBIs improved the odds of attaining the recommended PA level (at least 150 min of moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA)/week) at 12 month (OR: 1.62; 95%CI: 1.25–2.11) and 18 to 24 months of follow-up (OR: 1.46; 95%CI: 1.12–1.91). Furthermore, interventions were effective in improving metabolic equivalents of task at 12 month (standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.28; 95% CI: 0.03–0.53), MVPA time at 12 to 18 months (SMD: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.05–0.64), steps per day (SMD: 0.32; 95%CI: 0.08–0.55), and sitting time (SMD: –0.25; 95%CI: −0.34 to −0.17). Subgroup analyses found that interventions in low- and middle-income countries showed a greater positive effect on attainment of recommended PA level (OR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.02–1.92) than those in high-income countries (OR: 1.31; 95%CI: 0.96–1.78). Moreover, interventions targeting high-risk groups showed greater effectiveness than those targeting the general population (OR: 1.76; 95%CI: 1.30–2.39 vs. 1.17; 95%CI: 0.89–1.55). In conclusion, community-based CVD preventive interventions have a positive impact on improving the PA level, albeit that relevant studies in lower-middle and low-income countries are limited. With the rising burden of CVDs, rolling out CBIs targeting the general population and high-risk groups are needed to control the growing CVD-burden.

Published
2021

49. Mid-upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying adolescents with thinness

Author

Demewoz Haile, Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Binyam Girma Sisay

Subjects
Male, Adolescent, Mid upper arm circumference, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), Thinness, Humans, Mass Screening, Medicine, Screening tool, education, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, Anthropometry, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Late adolescence, Circumference, Predictive value, Cross-Sectional Studies, Arm, Female, Ethiopia, Human medicine, business, Research Paper, Demography
Abstract

Objective:To evaluate the performance of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) to identify thinness in the late adolescence period (aged 15–19 years) in Ethiopia.Design:We conducted a school-based cross-sectional study. The receiver operating characteristics curve was used to examine the validity of MUAC compared with BMIZ-score to identify adolescents with thinness (BMIZ-score sd).Settings:Fifteen high schools (grade 9–12) located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Participants:A total of 851 adolescent (456 males and 395 females) were included in the study.Results:The prevalence of thinness and severe thinness among high-school adolescents in Addis Ababa was 9·5 % (95 % CI 7·7, 11·7 %). The overall AUC for MUAC against BMIZ-score Conclusions:MUAC has a comparable level of accuracy with BMIZ-score to identify thinness in adolescents aged 15–19 years. Hence, MUAC could be used as an alternative tool for surveillance and screening of thinness among adolescents aged 15–19 years. The optimum cut-off proposed by this study may incorrectly include a large number of adolescents when used in a relatively well-nourished population. In this situation, it would be necessary to choose a cut-off with greater positive predictive value.

Published
2021

50. The effect of mobile text messages on knowledge and perception towards cancer and behavioral risks among college students, Northeast Ethiopia : a randomized controlled trial protocol

Author

Anissa Mohammed Hassen, Zinet Abegaz Asfaw, Foziya Mohammed Hussien, Hamid Yimam Hassen, and Aragaw Yimer Ahmed

Subjects
Male, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Epidemiology, Social Sciences, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, Sociology, Randomized controlled trial, Risk Factors, law, Neoplasms, Breast Tumors, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Health belief model, Single-Blind Method, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Health Education, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Schools, Multidisciplinary, Cancer Risk Factors, Audit risk, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health, Cancer Prevention, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Colleges, Science, Education, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Registered Report Protocol, Breast Cancer, Humans, Students, Socioeconomic status, Nutrition, Colorectal Cancer, Text Messaging, Descriptive statistics, business.industry, Public health, Cancers and Neoplasms, Biology and Life Sciences, Physical activity level, Risk perception, Medical Risk Factors, Family medicine, Ethiopia, Human medicine, business
Abstract

Background Cancer is an emerging public health problem in Ethiopia. A significant proportion of premature cancer deaths are preventable. The socioeconomic impact of cancer can be considerably reduced provided that effective interventions are put in place to control risk factors. Text-messaging has been currently targeted as a simple and efficient tool for providing people with health information. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile text messages in improving knowledge and perception on cancer and behavioral risks among college students. Methods Design: a single-blind, 2-arm randomized controlled trial will be used. Setting: the study will be conducted among public colleges in Dessie town, Northeast Ethiopia. Study population: students who are studying in all public colleges. Intervention: a text message related to cancer risk factors once a day for two months. Control groups will receive general health messages daily for two months. Data: Socioeconomic characteristics, health belief variables, and behavioral risk factors of cancer will be collected before and after the intervention. Text messages will be provided based on the health belief model (HBM). Primary outcomes: cancer risk knowledge score and risk perception will be measured at baseline and 6 months post-randomization. Secondary outcomes: a change in mean healthy diet score, physical activity level, alcohol intake, and tobacco use will be measured at baseline-, 3, and 6 months post-randomization. Analysis: We will compute descriptive statistics for each outcome pre and post-intervention. To test the change in knowledge and perception, paired t-test will be used. Analysis of Covariance will be used to test over group comparison. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (https://register.clinicaltrials.gov) NCT04269018.

Published
2021

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