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A case of TEF along with subglottic stenosis in a patient as a result of prolong intubation. We performed left unilateral tracheal repair to avoid injury to left recurrent laryngeal nerve followed by endoscopic balloon repair of stenosis. Due to critical condition of the patient and COVID‐19 infection, she expired.

and importance: COVID19 is a multifunction disease where hematological disorders are reported. Coagulopathy is seen in these patients, indicated by thromboembolic events.We present case of 11 COVID19 who were presented with localized skin ecchymosis lesions in different areas of the body and retroperitoneal hematoma in the posterior wall of the abdomen and chest.Increased INR and bleeding and ecchymosis in Corona patients require discontinuation of anticoagulants and, FFP, essential and tri amino injections are needed.Diagnosis and management of hematoma is important to avoid fatality.

We presented a case of late onset of left traumatic diaphragmatic hernia with displacement of spleen and stomach to the left hemi thorax, a year after the trauma. Gastric and respiratory complications along with herniation should be immediately managed, in order to reduce the risk of cardiac arrest and mortality.

Objectives: During life, many factors cause functional impairment and imbalance in body balance process. One of these disabilities and functional impairment is Parkinsonchr('39')s Disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of attentional instructions and exercise with resistance socks on the static and dynamic balance of Parkinsonchr('39')s patients. Methods & Materials: In order to investigate this, 25 females (Mean±SD: 62.20±2.31) were purposefully selected among the patients with Parkinsonchr('39')s disease with over 60 years of age in Shahrood City and were randomly assigned into five experimental groups: 1. External attentional instruction group along with exercise with resistance socks; 2. Internal attentional instruction group along with exercise with resistance socks; 3. External attentional instruction group along with exercise without resistance socks; 4. Internal attentional instruction group along with resistance exercise without socks; and 5. Resistance exercises group without socks and without justifying instructions. The training protocol of present study was 90 minutes, three times a week for 8 weeks in a state of exercises in water for each of the five groups of resistance and non-resistance training. The static and dynamic balance of participants was recorded in the pretest-posttest phases. Results: The findings of One-way Covariance Analysis (ANCOVA) showed that the external attentional instruction group along with exercise with resistance socks performed better than other groups in the static equilibrium index, only in the open eye conditions (P= 0.04, η2= 0.31). These findings were repeated in the dynamic equilibrium index (P= 0.02, η2= 0.44). Conclusion: According to the findings of present study, it is suggested to coaches and therapists to use external attentional instructions along with exercise with resistance socks during their training and modifying interventions in the water to improve the patientchr('39')s static and dynamic equilibrium. However, future supplementary studies are suggested.

and Importance: Severe COVID19 patients under anticoagulant therapy are at the risk of developing hematoma.We present case of 11 COVID19 who were presented with localized skin ecchymosis lesions in different areas of the body and retroperitoneal hematoma in the posterior wall of the abdomen and chest.Cases of hematoma with severe COVID19 patients under anticoagulant therapy are reported in several case studies, particularly in geriatric population with the previous history of blood and/or cardiac disorders.These patients should be carefully monitored for hematomas by skilled nurse and practitioner and timely treated and monitored.

Aim Hemorrhoids of grade III and IV require surgical management. Recurrence and postoperative pain have been reported to be associated with the type of surgical method. The aim of this study was to compare the hemorrhoidectomy using harmonic and electrocautery scalpel. Materials and methods The present study was a randomized clinical trial, enrolling patients with grade III and IV hemorrhoids. The patients were randomly divided into the two groups A and B, to receive hemorrhoidectomy using electrocautery and harmonic scalpel, respectively. Outcomes such as postoperative pain, bleeding and recurrence of hemorrhoids were recorded for all the patients. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSSv22. Results The demographic data was not significantly different among the two groups P Conclusion Hemorrhoidectomy using harmonic scalpel is significant associated with reduced postoperative pain. Postoperative bleeding was also non-significantly lesser in this group.

Background The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an effective method to reduce postoperative pain and need of analgesics following abdominal surgeries. Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Marcaine (0.5% bupivacaine) TAP block on postoperative pain, patient recovery and the need of pethidine as an analgesic, following open appendectomy. Method In this randomized blinded study, 96 patients undergoing open appendectomy were randomly divided into two equal groups of 48 patients. Group A received 20 cc of Marcaine (0.5% bupivacaine) under ultrasound guidance as TAP block and group B received 20 cc of normal saline as a control group. Under general anesthesia, patients underwent open appendectomy. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to measure postoperative pain along with the patient's need of pethidine, patient's satisfaction, duration of hospitalization, complications and recovery time (time to resume walking). Result The two groups were had no statistically significant difference in terms of age, sex and BMI, P Conclusion The results of the study indicate that TAP block before open appendectomy with Marcaine (0.5% bupivacaine) is effective to manage postoperative pain and is associated reduced need of postoperative analgesia and hospitalization.

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on the three categories of somatic, affective and cognitive symptoms of depression, and to evaluate the mediating role of quality of life (QOL) domains on this effectiveness. Thirty-one female outpatients suffering from major depressive disorder aged 20-50 years were divided into intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 16) groups. The intervention group received an aerobic exercise program consisting of 36 one-hour sessions, three times a week in the gym with an intensity of 50–70% maximum heart rate and the control group received only routine treatment. Beck Depression Inventory-II and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF questionnaire were used. Post-intervention results showed a significant reduction in the intensity of the three somatic (p

OBJECTIVE: People with Down syndrome (DS) have higher variability in their motor skills compared to other counterparts without intellectual disability. Given that the effect of physical training on the variability and accuracy is unclear, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nine sessions of overhand throwing training on the variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS. METHODS: Twenty-seven children with DS randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the pretest, two groups threw the tennis ball three times to the fixed target. Absolute error (AE) and the normalized root mean square (NoRMS) of segmental couplings of shoulder-elbow (NoRMS 1) and elbow-wrist (NoRMS 2) calculated from the scores of throwing and kinematics data, respectively. Then the experimental group participated in overhand throwing training for nine sessions. After that, the post-test was taken and ten days later, the retention test performed with pretest conditions. RESULTS: The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on AE values showed the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases was more accurate than the control group. Also, AE values of the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases were significantly lower than the pretest. The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that NoRMS 1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group in the post-test and retention phases. CONCLUSION: It seems the overhand throwing training can reduce the variability and increase the accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.

Background. Sleep is assumed to be a critical factor for human physiological and cognitive function. Lack of sleep is a common condition in daily life. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 24-hour sleep deprivation on cognitive and motor skills in university students. Methods. The participants were volunteers that consisted of 290 male students aged 19-25 years. After primary screening, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of cognitive tests and motor task test. Cognitive tests were included the reaction time (simple and choice), the working memory test (1-back & 2-back task) and attention (selective and divided). In the motor group, the subjects were divided into four experimental groups including (physical, observational, mental and combined training) and four paired control groups who were exposed to badminton short service training. The experimental groups were trained with 24-h sleep deprivation and the control group was trained without sleep deprivation. In the acquisition stage, each subject was trained using his routine training method. After training, the subjects were followed a normal day-night sleep pattern. At 24, 72 and 168 h after acquisition, a short-service retention test was taken from participants. Results. The results of cognitive tests showed that sleep deprivation had no effect on reaction time, working memory (1-back) and selective attention, but it had a major effect on working memory (2-back) and divided attention (p=0.02). The results of motor test showed that sleep deprivation did not have an effect on acquisition and retention in both physical and combined groups. (p>0.05).Sleep deprivation did not have an effect on the skill acquisition in the observation group (p>0.05); however, in the retention tests, the control group significantly showed a better performance. Skill acquisition in the mental training group was significantly affected by sleep deprivation and this effect was obvious in the retention tests (p=0.0001). Conclusion. The results showed that, under conditions of sleep deprivation, some cognitive functions (working memory 2-back test & divided attention) were affected and that physical and combined training were preferred at the time of training to acquire new motor skills.

Men have been historically considered to be higher-risk patients for bariatric surgery compared to women, the perception of which is suggested to be a barrier to bariatric surgery in men. The purpose of this study is to conduct a matched-pair analysis to evaluate sex disparities in laparoscopic bariatric surgery outcomes. Data on patients who underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery from March 2013 to 2017 was collected prospectively. Then, 707 men and 707 women pair-matched for age, preoperative body mass index (BMI) and the procedure type (i.e., sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y, or one-anastomosis gastric bypass) were compared in terms of weight loss, remission of obesity-related comorbidities, and postoperative complications classified according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. There was no difference between the two sexes regarding the operation time, bleeding during surgery and length of postoperative hospital stay. We observed similar total weight loss, BMI loss, and percentage of excess BMI loss at 12, 24, and 36 months postoperatively between men and women, with no difference in remission of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia at 12 months. The rate of in-hospital, 30-day and late complications according to Clavien–Dindo classification grades was similar between men and women. Our matched-pair cohort analysis demonstrated that bariatric surgery results in comparable short- and mid-term efficacy in men and women, and is associated with similar rate and severity of postoperative complications between sexes. These findings suggest bariatric surgeons not to consider sex for patient selection in bariatric surgery.

According to the challenge point framework, task difficulty has to be appropriate to learner skill level. The pure blocked or random practice controls the task difficulty during practice monotonically. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of algorithm-based practice schedule and task similarity on motor learning in older adults. For this purpose, 60 older adults were randomly assigned into six groups of blocked-similar, algorithm-similar, random-similar, blocked-dissimilar, algorithm-dissimilar, and random-dissimilar. Sequential motor tasks were used for learning. Participants practiced absolute timing goals in similar (1350, 1500, 1650 ms) or dissimilar (1050, 1500, 1950 ms) conditions according to their practice schedule. Twenty-four hours after the acquisition phase, retention, and transfer tests were performed. Algorithm-practice was a hybrid practice schedule (blocked, serial, and random practice in forward/backward switching) that switching the schedules was according to error trial number (

Background Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity and its associated comorbidities. This is the first comprehensive report of a prospective cohort study, comparing sleeve gastrectomy (SG) with gastric bypass (GB) regarding their effectiveness and safety. Methods The prospectively collected data of patients, who presented to a specialized bariatric center and underwent a primary bariatric procedure, were compared in terms of weight loss, remission of obesity-associated comorbidities, complication rate, and quality of life improvement at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-ups. Results Of 3287 patients (78.6% female) analyzed, 67% (n = 2202) and 33% (n = 1085) underwent SG and GB, respectively. Effective outcomes were reported in both groups regarding the body composition indices. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission rate at the end of follow-up was 53.3% and 63.8% in the SG and GB groups, respectively. Following the propensity score-adjusted analysis, the T2DM remission rate was not significantly different between the groups. Conversely, the remission rate of hypertension in the 24-month follow-up (39.1% vs. 54.7%) and the remission rate of dyslipidemia in all follow-ups were lower in the SG group, compared to the GB group. Moreover, both procedures caused substantial improvements in various domains of quality of life. The surgery duration, early complication rate, and nutritional deficiencies were lower in the SG group, compared to the GB group. Conclusion Both surgical procedures were effective in the control of obesity and remission of its comorbidities. However, since SG was associated with a lower rate of complications, it seems that SG should be considered as a suitable procedure for obese patients, especially those with a healthier metabolic profile.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the neural mechanisms of the contextual interference effect (CIE) and parameter similarity on motor learning in older adults. Sixty older adults (mean age, 67.68 ± 3.95 years) were randomly assigned to one of six experimental groups: blocked-similar, algorithm-similar, random-similar, blocked-dissimilar, algorithm-dissimilar, and random-dissimilar. Algorithm practice was a hybrid practice schedule (a combination of blocked, serial, and random practice) that switching between practice schedules were based on error trial number, ≤33%. The sequential motor task was used to record the absolute timing for the absolute timing goals (ATGs). In similar conditions, the participants’ performance was near ATGs (1,350, 1,500, 1,650 ms) and in dissimilar conditions, they performed far ATGs (1,050, 1,500, 1,950 ms) with the same spatial sequence for all groups. EEG signals were continuously collected during the acquisition phase and delayed retention. Data were analyzed in different bands (alpha and beta) and scalp locations (frontal: Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4; central: C3, C4; and parietal: P3, P4) with repeated measures on the last factor. The analyses were included motor preparation and intertrial interval (motor evaluation) periods in the first six blocks and the last six blocks, respectively. The results of behavioral data indicated that algorithm practice resulted in medium error related to classic blocked and random practice during the acquisition, however, algorithm practice outperformed the classic blocked and random practice in the delayed retention test. The results of EEG data demonstrated that algorithm practice, due to optimal activity in the frontal lobe (medium alpha and beta activation at prefrontal), resulted in increased activity of sensorimotor areas (high alpha activation at C3 and P4) in older adults. Also, EEG data showed that similar conditions could affect the intertrial interval period (medium alpha and beta activation in frontal in the last six-block), while the dissimilar conditions could affect the motor preparation period (medium alpha and beta activation in frontal in the first six-block). In conclusion, algorithm practice can enhance motor learning and optimize the efficiency of brain activity, resulting in the achievement of a desirable goal in older adults.

The simulation theory argues that physical execution, action observation, and imagery share similar underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, applying a high-level psychological variable (variability of practice) should have a similar effect on all three modes. To test this theory, a total of 90 right-handed students participated in this study and were randomly divided into variable versus constant groups in three practice conditions, including physical, observational, and imagery. After a pretest (10 random trials of the putting task), the participants completed 50 practice trials. The groups performed/observed/imagined the task in the variable (different distances to different goals) or constant (fixed distance and goal) practice conditions. Also, there was an extra variable group in the physical and observational conditions, deprived of watching the feedback from the action. The participants completed a retention test 24 hr after the training. The effect of practice variability was observed in physical and observational conditions, but was not seen in the imagery condition. The no-feedback groups did not perform significantly differently from the imagery groups. The reason could be the lack of actual visual feedback during imagery.

It has been hypothesised that deficits in the functions of predictive motor control and internal modeling may contribute to motor control issues of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Virtual reality (VR) technologies have great potential to provide opportunity for Motor observation and motor imagery (MI) which could enhance learning and development of motor skills in children with DCD. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the benefits of a VR training intervention to improve predictive motor control functions of children with DCD. Forty female children with DCD (aged 7-10) were randomly assigned to VR and control groups. In this study, an experimental pre-post and follow-up design was used, and Predictive motor control functions were measured before and after the VR intervention and two-months later. Predictive motor control was evaluated using MI (by hand rotation task), action planning (by sword placement task), and rapid and online control (by rotational tracking task) tests. VR intervention consisted of a selection of Xbox 360 Kinect games that were performed for sixteen 30-min sessions over 8 weeks. Compared to the control group, the VR group improved significantly on measures of MI, motor planning, and rapid and online control scores from pre- to post-test and retained their performance to follow-up. Overall, it seems that virtual reality training program may be used as an appropriate intervention approach for developing the ability of MI and predictive motor control functions in DCD children.

Background. Although most people are aware of the advantages of physical exercise, they fail to adhere to a regular routine of exercise, which necessitates this intervention. Objectives. In this study, by controlling the moderating role of the variable of commitment to exercise, the effect of a special cognitive-behavioral intervention on the commitment and adherence to an exercise routine has been investigated in adults. Methods. The statistical population for this study comprises 635 people with over 10 years' professional experience. Of this number, 235 were selected. Then, 80 employees were randomly assigned to two groups, experimental and control, with 40 members each. The experimental group was trained in cognitive-behavioral therapy for four months over 14 sessions. To collect the data on commitment and adherence to the exercise routine, a questionnaire was used. Results. When the effect of the pretest variable on the dependent variable was adjusted, it was observed that there is a significant difference (p

The present study investigated the effects of different combinations of perceptual-motor exercises, music, and Vitamin D consumption on the nerve growth factor (NGF) in children with high-functioning autism. 48 children with autism, aged between six and nine years, were divided into four groups: Group A— perceptual-motor activities along with music (n = 12); Group B—Vitamin D supplementation (n = 12); Group C—perceptual-motor activities along with music and Vitamin D (n = 12); and Group D—control (n = 12). Participants' blood NGF level was measured before and after the intervention. The results showed a significant improvement in the NGF levels in Groups B and C due to the interventions. Also, in Group A, the NGF levels increased compared to Group D, although this increase was not significant. In addition, the intake of Vitamin D along with perceptual-motor exercises resulted in a significant increase in the levels of NGF compared to Groups A, B and D. These findings suggest that perceptual-motor exercises along with music as well as taking Vitamin D may provide two appropriate interventions for improving NGF in children with autism.

This study aimed to compare the effect of two neurofeedback protocols with two different mechanisms on learning a motor task. Forty-two volunteers aged 18–22 years old were placed in three groups o...

OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether slowness and higher reaction time of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are because of inability to pre-program and using the generalized motor program (GMP) or not. So, the purpose of this study was to examine the consistency of relative timing as a fixed feature of a GMP in overhand throwing with changing the distance to target as a varied feature. METHODS: Fifteen individuals with DS (age = 13 ± 2 y) and a control group of 12 individuals without intellectual disability (ID; age = 13 ± 2 y) were asked to throw a tennis ball to a fixed target from three distances of 2, 2.75, and 3.25 m, respectively. Instant of occurrence of the following discrete variables was recorded by motion analysis: initiation of elbow extension, maximum shoulder angular velocity, maximum elbow angular velocity, and maximum resultant hand velocity. RESULTS: Results of two-way analysis of variance test did not show any significant difference in any of the relative kinematic variables in distances and groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: It seems that individuals with DS are able to motor preprogram and they use a GMP to overhand throwing from different distances as well as those without ID. Also, slowness and reaction time are unrelated to pre-programming and GMP as it relates to overhand throwing.

Objectives: Considering the growing need for encouraging greater use of a variety of non-pharmacological methods in treating depression, the aim of this quasi experimental study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on triple categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and to investigate its psychological mediators of perceived stress and coping strategies. Methods: Forty five female outpatients with major depressive disorder were divided into three groups including exercise + usual pharmacotherapy (n = 15), psychotherapy + usual pharmacotherapy (n = 14) and a control group receiving only usual pharmacotherapy (n = 16). The exercise used was included 36 one hour session (three sessions per week) with a low to medium intensity of 50% to 70% of the maximal heart rate. The psychotherapy used in this study was the behavioral activation treatment for depression revised. The Persian version of Beck Depression Inventory-II, Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations were applied to assess the pre- and post-intervention depression, perceived stress, and coping strategies. Results: The findings indicated a significant decrease in the post-intervention scores of all three categories of affective, cognitive and somatic symptoms of depression and the perceived stress level in the adjunctive exercise and psychotherapy conditions compared with the control condition (p = 0.001), but there was no significant difference between the exercise and psychotherapy groups. In addition, no significant improvement was observed regarding the problem-centered, emotion-centered and avoidant-centered stress coping methods in the post-intervention scores of the exercise group compared with the control group. Conclusion: An adjunctive aerobic exercise program can be as effective as adding the psychotherapy to usual pharmacotherapy in further improvement in all three categories of depression symptoms especially mediated by reducing the amount of perceived stress, but not through any significant change in cognitive-behavioral coping strategies.

Objectives:The study of spatial-temporal parameters and their changes in walking with dual tasks, symmetry in right and left legs functions as well as changes in these parameters have received scant attention from researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in spatial-temporal parameters of walking due to their simultaneous execution with cognitive dual-task in older people with impaired balance. Methods & Materials:Thirty older adults with weak balance voluntarily participated in this study. The study subjects were selected through Berg and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) tests. The subjects who got scores lower than 52 in the Berg test were allowed to participate in the study. On the other hand, those who got scores lower than 23 in the MMSE test were excluded from the study. After subjects’ familiarity with the measurements and taking their informed consents, they walked 12 meters under 2 conditions; normal walking and walking with a cognitive dual-task. Spatial-temporal kinematic parameters were recorded by Vicon cameras. Then, by using the Polygon software, the variables of cadence, walking speed, step length, stride length, duration of step and stride, duration of stance and swing, time of single leg support and double leg support, separation of other leg, touching of other leg to the ground, and time of separation of fingers were calculated in terms of percentages of walking cycle. The obtained data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results:The results showed that among the examined parameters, the variables of cadence and walking speed during walking with dual-task were reduced significantly compared to normal walking. The duration of the step, stride, time of double support, time of single leg support, the time of standing and swing in walking along with dual-task compared to normal walking showed a significant reduction (P

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of perceptual-motor exercises and vitamin D(3) supplementation on the reduction of stereotypical behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: In this study, 100 eligible children with age ranging from 6 to 9 years were randomly selected and divided into four groups: Group A—perceptual-motor exercises (n = 25); Group B—25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25 (OH) D) (n = 25); Group C—perceptual-motor exercises and 25 (OH) D (n = 25); and Group D—control (n = 25). Results: The stereotypes decreased from elementary level, 17% in Group A, 13% in Group B and 28% in Group C among the participants. There was no change in the stereotypical in the control group during the interventions. Also, the stereotypes in Group C showed the highest decrease, compared to the other three groups. Conclusions: We concluded that combination of perceptual-motor exercises and vitamin D(3) supplementation in children with ASD leads to significant reduction in their stereotypic behaviors.

Background: Causal attribution has a significant role in developing and improving athletes᾿ ability. Sport attributional style scale (SASS) measures six attributional dimensions in sports. Hanrahan et al. stated that SASS has an acceptable reliability and validity in sports. However, psychometric characteristics of this scale have not yet been studied on Iranian athletes’ population. Objectives: To determine the psychometric characteristics of SASS with 16 items (long form) in elite Iranian athletes’ population. Methods: This research is a descriptive-exploratory study. The English version of SASS was translated into Persian and extra comparison of the original and backward translated versions was done. The statistical population consisted of 2,853 elite team athletes and 1,456 elite individual athletes. From that population, 192 elite team athletes and 144 elite individual athletes were randomly selected as the sample from different sport clubs in Tehran in year of 2014. Results: The content validity of the backward translation of the original version was confirmed. Coefficients of Cronbach’s alpha of SASS in team and individual sports was 0.95 and 0.98, respectively. Construct validity of four factors of SASS in team sports after failure and in individual sports after success, five factors of SASS in individual sports after failure, and six factors of SASS in team sports after success, and some items of SASS components were approved. Internal consistency, convergent validity, divergent validity, and construct reliability of new scale were approved. Conclusions: The present study showed that SASS has suitable reliability and overall, four factors and some items in this scale were detected to have acceptable validity in elite Iranian athletes’ population.

Background: The current study aimed at investigating the relationships among three variables of sport attributional style, sport self-efficacy, and creativity to provide a theoretical model of relationships between these variables in elite team athletes based on the structural equation modeling. Objectives: Providing theoretical model of relationships between sport attributional styles, sport self-efficacy, and creativity in elite team athletes using structural equation modeling. Methods: The statistical population consisted of 2853 elite team athletes. Out of the population, 192 elite team athletes were randomly selected as the sample from different sport clubs in Tehran, Iran, in 2014. The sport-confident questionnaire, sport attributional style scale, and the creativity questionnaire were employed to collect the data. Then, AMOS version 23 was used to apply structural equation modeling. Results: The measurement and structural models (after success, after failure) of elite team athletes well fitted the data. Standard coefficients of all components and indices (questions) were significant (P < 0.05), except for direct coefficients between sport attributional style and creativity (P = 0.297 after success and P = 0.640 after failure). Conclusions: The current study results showed a positive significant relationship between sport self-efficacy and sport attributional styles. Moreover, sport self-efficacy had a mediating role between sport attributional styles and creativity. Thus, identifying structural relationships between these variables was of great benefit to promote athletes’ mental health.

The present study examined how motor skill acquisition affects electroencephalography patterns and compared short- and long-term electroencephalography variations. For this purpose, 17 volunteers with no history of disease, aged 18 to 22 years, attended seven training sessions every other day to practice a pursuit tracking motor skill. Electroencephalography brainwaves were recorded and analyzed on the first and last days within pre- and post-training intervals. The results showed a significant decrease in performance error and variability with practice over time. This progress slowed at the end of training, and there was no significant improvement in individual performance at the last session. In accordance with performance variations, some changes occurred in brainwaves. Specifically, θ power at Fz and α power at Cz increased on the last test day, compared with the first, while the coherence of α at Fz-T3 and Fz-Cz decreased. β Coherence between Fz-Cz was significantly reduced from pre- to posttest. Based on these results, power changes seem to be more affected by long-term training, whereas coherence changes are sensitive to both short- and long-term training. Specifically, β coherence at Fz-Cz was more influenced by short-term effects of training, whereas θ power at Fz, α power at Cz, and α coherence at Fz-T3 and Fz-Cz were affected by longer training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in mental representation from either random or blocked practice when engaged in golf putting. Thirty participants were randomly assigned to random practice, blocked practice, and no-practice groups. First, we measured novice golfers’ initial mental representation levels and required them to perform 18 putting trials as a pre-test. We then asked random and blocked groups to practice in accordance with their group assignment for six consecutive days (10 blocks each day, 18 trials each). A week after the last practice session, we re-measured all participants’ final mental representation levels and required them to perform 18 putting trials to evaluate learning retention through practice. While those engaged in the random practice method putted more poorly during acquisition (i.e., practice) than those in blocked practice, the random practice group experienced more accurate retention during the final putting trials, and they showed a more structured mental representation than those in blocked practice, one that was more similar to that of skilled golfers. These results support the acquisition of a rich mental representation through random versus blocked practice.