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Forest ecosystems are an important anthropogenic pillar to human wellbeing, providing a multitude of ecosystem services. In Mediterranean countries, where climate change effects are exponentially increasing, the value of the forest ecosystem services is even higher and their preservation is more crucial. However, the biophysical and economic value of such services is usually not observable due to their non-marketable characteristics, leading to their underestimation by decision-makers. This paper aims to guide decision-making through a set of new management scenarios based on ecosystem services&rsquo, values and their spatial distribution. It is a cumulative multidisciplinary study based on biophysical models results, economically valued and implemented using the geographic information system (GIS) to analyze spatial data. The investigation was based on a biophysical and economic valuation of cork, grazing, carbon sequestration and sediment retention as a selection of ecosystem services provided by cork oak forest (Ain Snoussi, Tunisia). The valuation was made for the actual situation and two management scenarios (density decrease and afforestation of the shrub land), with emphasis on their spatial distribution as a basis to new management. The total economic value (TEV) of the investigated services provided by Ain Snoussi forest (3787ha) was &euro, 0.55 million/year corresponding to &euro, 194/ha/year. The assessment of two different scenarios based on the land cover changes showed that the afforestation scenario provided the highest TEV with &euro, 0.68 million/year and an average of &euro, 217/ha, while the density decrease scenario provided &euro, 0.54 million/year and an average of &euro, 191/ha. Such results may orient decision-makers about the impact new management may have, however they should be applied with caution and wariness due to the importance of the spatial dimension in this study.

Successive afforestation programmes undertaken in Tunisia have doubled the forest surface area in the last 50 years. A choice experiment exercise was used to estimate the social welfare associated with a plantation programme in Tunisia. The application dealt with different environmental services, and access of local users to the forest. The results show that having access to the forests for recreational activities has an average willingness to pay of 6.46 Tunisian dinar (TND) per person and year, for five years. In contrast, limiting access to the afforested areas for grazing and other uses decreases the overall welfare by 5.63 TND per person and year. An individual marginal value of 4.29 × 10−5 TND per ton of CO2 sequestered was obtained. Furthermore, a 1% decrease of dam sedimentation is worth 2.16 TND per person and year. However, results are subject to heterogeneity, particularly regarding rural and urban populations. This paper highlights that preferences for environmental services depend on ...

Nature is perceived and valued in starkly different and oftenconflicting ways. This paper presents the rationale for theinclusive valuation of nature's contributions to people (NCP) indecision making, as well as broad methodological steps fordoing so. While developed within the context of theIntergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), this approach is more widely applicable toinitiatives at the knowledge?policy interface, which require apluralistic approach to recognizing the diversity of values. Weargue that transformative practices aiming at sustainablefutures would benefit from embracing such diversity, which require recognizing and addressing power relationships across stake holder groups that hold different values on human nature relations and NCP Fil: Pascual, Unai. University Of Cambridge; Reino Unido Fil: Balvanera, Patricia. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México Fil: Díaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Pataki, György. Corvinus University of Budapest; Hungría Fil: Roth, Eva. University of Southern Denmark; Dinamarca Fil: Stenseke, Marie. University Goteborg; Suecia Fil: Watson, Robert T.. University of East Anglia; Reino Unido Fil: Basak Dessane, Esra. Project House; Turquía Fil: Islar, Mine. Lund University; Suecia Fil: Kelemen, Eszter. Environmental Social Science Research Group; Hungría Fil: Maris, Virginie. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Francia Fil: Quaas, Martin. Kiel University; Alemania Fil: Subramanian, Suneetha M. United Nations University; Japón Fil: Wittmer, Heidi. Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research; Alemania Fil: Adlan, Asia. University of Khartoum; Sudán Fil: Ahn, SoEun. Korea Environment Institute; Corea del Sur Fil: Al-Hafedh, Yousef S. King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology; Arabia Saudita Fil: Amankwah, Edward. Center for Environmental Governance; Ghana Fil: Berry, Pam. University of Washington; Estados Unidos Fil: Bilgin, Adem. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Breslow, Sara J. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs of Turkey; Turquía Fil: Bullock, Craig. University College Dublin; Reino Unido Fil: Caceres, Daniel Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Departamento de Desarrollo Rural; Argentina Fil: Daly-Hassen, Hamed. University of Carthage; Túnez Fil: Figueroa, Eugenio. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: van den Belt, Marjan. Victoria University of Wellington; Nueva Zelanda Fil: Verma, Madhu. Indian Institute of Forest Management; India Fil: Wickson, Fern. GenØk Centre for Biosafety, Siva innovasjonssenter; Noruega Fil: Yagi, Noboyuki. The University of Tokyo; Japón

This study presents an applied improvement in the agroforestry accounting system (AAS) approach to two public cork oak forests in the Mediterranean region: Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia). Both forests have similar environments but differ in land property rights, labour markets and countries (developed and developing economy, respectively)., The income analysis considers the differences between forest ownership, and household and landowner economic rationalities. In the case of Jerez, the public landowner has a right to exclude others from using the forest resources; community employment and natural resource conservation criteria determine Jerez's management. In the Iteimia case, the public landowner has regulated free-use rights for livestock grazing, firewood and crops so that local households can meet their needs and improve their income. Households operate by maximizing their income from the full employment of their own family workforce., The results show that Jerez's management generates negative commercial capital income for the public landowner, despite receiving significant public subsidies, while it maintains high internal forestry investment that generates additional local employment. Conversely, Iteimia produces positive commercial capital income for the public landowner and high household self-employed labour income per hectare.

Climate change is expected to reduce water availability in the Mediterranean region and water management needs to adapt to future conditions. The aims of this study were (1) to develop a participatory approach for identifying and evaluating management options for river basin climate adaptation and (2) to apply and evaluate the approach in four case-study river basins across the Mediterranean. As part of the approach, a diverse group of stakeholders joined a series of workshops and consultations in four river basins located in Cyprus, Slovenia, Spain and Tunisia. In each river basin, stakeholders expressed their views on challenges in their river basins, as well as options to tackle these challenges. We used the information on challenges, as well as the factors contributing to these challenges to develop a fuzzy cognitive map for each basin. These maps were converted into mathematical models and were used to assess the impact of a total of 102 suggested management options for the four river basins. We linked the options and their estimated impacts with a multi-criteria analysis to identify the most preferred options. The approach was positively evaluated by the participating stakeholders and allowed the link of stakeholders’ knowledge and perceptions about their river basin with their preferences for options to adapt the management of their river basins to future conditions.

The WANA region is characterized by water scarcity with 14 countries ranked in the top 20 water scarce countries, with less than 500 m3 of renewable water/year/capita. Despite this current situation, water availability per capita will be severely reduced due to climate change and the increase in water demand. On the other hand, woodlands cover only 13.1 % of the region in average, moreover, most countries (14) have very low cover rate (less than 4 %). In this context of water scarcity, the blue and green water approach has raised much interest over the last years, especially in dry areas, for analyzing water balance. The green water (evaporation and transpiration) is needed to sustain ecosystem processes and the goods and services they provide, while the blue water (surface runoff and groundwater recharge) plays a paramount role on water supply to urban populations, industry and irrigated agriculture. In such circumstances of conflicts and trade-offs, integrating hydrological, ecological and socio-economic management is a key approach towards sustainability. Mainly, the effects of the land use change on water resources and their distribution among stakeholders should be analyzed and economic instruments should be introduced when establishing a watershed management plan in a water-constrained environment.

Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia) cork oak agroforestry systems have close natural environments but they differ in land property rights, labour market and economic development contexts. These human induced differences result in similarities and dissimilarities on natural resources multiple use management. In this study we apply a simplified agroforestry accounting system (AAS) in two publicly owned cork oak agroforestry systems (COAS) for an average year, assuming steady state situation, without considering both environmental outputs (private and public) and government expenditures. The study objectives are to analyse the multiple Jerez and Iteimia agroforestry system activities intra-relationships taking into account intermediate outputs and to estimate a set of on-site cork oak agroforestry economic indicators related to single activity and the COAS as whole aggregated activities. In addition, in order to estimate separately the Iteimia open access grazing resource rent and the household's self-employed labour cost, we propose a simulated pricing approach trade-off as an alternative to close substitute goods pricing method. The study results show that Jerez generates a commercial capital income loss and employees receive competitive wage rate, while undertakes a significant investment on agroforestry natural resources conservation and improvements. Opposite to Jerez, Iteimia actual management offers a positive capital income and a high household self-employed labour income on hectare basis, mainly from livestock and, in a less extent, other agroforestry land uses carried out in the local subsistence-economy. The noteworthy dependence of Iteimia households on cork oak multiple use, with a current negative impact on that resources conservation, make household subsistence-economy highly sensitive to nature conservationist policies and measures.

Two management scenarios are simulated: a cork oak stand with regeneration treatments (sustainable scenario) and, a cork oak stand with no-regeneration treatment (unsustainable scenario), which leads the cork oaks to age until they eventually disappear. The aim of the paper is to compare the present value of income changes from the sustainable and unsustainable management scenarios in Cadiz (Spain) and Ain Snoussi (Tunisia), considering the multiple commercial uses and forest amenities enjoyed by private owners (only in Cadiz) of cork oak forests. The results show that the sustainable cork oak forest management in Ain Snoussi generates a higher present value of aggregated labour and capital incomes and leads to a capital loss when compared to the current cork oak depletion scenario. In addition, the sustainable scenario in Ain Snoussi would reduce the total self-employed income for households that depend on open-access grazing resources. In Cadiz, the cork oak forest sustainable management scenario leads to a significant capital loss for private forest owners given current cork prices and government aid to forest natural regeneration.

La Tunisie est toujours dépendante des importations pour satisfaire ses besoins en bois et produits dérivés à hauteur de 90 % malgré l’extension du couvert boisé de 500 000 ha environ au coursdescinq der- nières décennies. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’apprécier la contribution des forêts à la satisfaction des besoins en bois industriel et son évolution au cours des cinq dernières décennies, et de déterminer la capacité desindustriesdu boisà valoriser le bois local. La consommation de bois industriel a augmenté de 0,19 M m3 en 1961 à 1,30 M m3 en 2012, alors que la production de bois industriel a augmenté de 0,09 M m3 seulement durant cette période. Dans un contexte de libéralisation des marchés, la valorisation du bois indus- triel et la maîtrise des importations ne peu- vent être réalisées que s’il existe une réelle coordination entre les acteurs de la filière bois (administration chargée de la gestion forestière et de la vente du bois, exploitants, industriels) permettant d’aboutir à la com- pétitivité des industries du bois. Une mise sur le marché de 50 000 m3 de bois sup- plémentaireset leur valorisation industrielle entraîneraient une recette additionnelle de 1,5 millions de dinars tunisiens (M DT) (+22 %) pour le budget de l’État, la réduction de la valeur des importations de 12 M DT (3 % des importations de bois et ouvrages en bois), et l’accroissement de la valeur ajoutée du secteur bois de 4 M DT, en plus de la création d’emploi au niveau de l’ex- ploitation et la transformation.

L'emploi constitue un fil conducteur utile pour analyser l'économie d'un secteur particulier de l'économie : la filière-bois. L'analyse porte sur les activités de production, d'exploitation et de transformation du bois, et exclut celles de mise en oeuvre et de distribution des produits ; elle se limite à l'emploi salarié, plus facile à appréhender que l'emploi non salarié ; elle est exhaustive par rapport à la taille des entreprises concernées. Pour les effectifs considérés isolément, elle utilise des données de branche (sylviculture, exploitation forestière et scierie) ou de secteur d'établissements (autres activités : reste du travail mécanique du bois, industrie de l'ameublement en bois, industrie du papier et du carton). Pour les caractéristiques économiques que sont la valeur ajoutée par salarié, l'investissement par salarié et les rémunérations par salarié, elle utilise des données du secteur d'entreprises. Le poids de la filière-bois ainsi définie est de 1,5 % dans l'emploi salarié global et de 6 % au sein des secteurs agricoles et industriels. Les activités porteuses d'emplois sont essentiellement celles de seconde transformation du bois. La concentration industrielle est peu importante en amont de la filière (sylviculture et exploitation forestière) et dans le travail du bois. L'industrie papetière se caractérise par une forte productivité apparente du travail, liée à de hauts niveaux d'investissement et de qualification de la main-d'oeuvre. Une analyse des emplois selon leur localisation est susceptible de déboucher sur une typologie des régions fondée sur les facteurs de développement des activités du bois (ressources humaines, mais aussi ressources forestières, importations, marché final) et sur la contribution de la filière-bois à l'emploi régional.

Le patrimoine forestier nord-africain a connu une regression avancee en l'espace de quelques millenaires ; il y a deux mille ans, la couverture forestiere s'etendait presque sans discontinuite sur toute l'Afrique du Nord, de l'Atlantique, a l'ouest, au desert libyen, a l'est, et de la Mediterranee, au nord, aux contreforts de l'Atlas au sud. Les ressources genetiques forestieres nord-africaines, que cela soit au niveau specifique ou intra-specifique, sont, dans leur majorite, menacees en raison des coups de boutoir qui leur sont assenes par des milieux physique et humain de plus en plus contraignants. Au plan physique, les changements climatiques rapides soumettent les especes forestieres a de nouvelles pressions de selection contre lesquelles certaines d'entre elles'risquent d'etre desarmees du fait d'une erosion deja avancee de leurs ressources genetiques. Les especes reliques ou dont l'aire de distribution est restreinte semblent condamnees si des mesures energiques de conservation in situ et ex situ ne sont pas rapidement prises.