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In this case report, a case of tetralogy of fallot (ToF) in a two-month-old female, Holstein breed calf was described. Following necropsy examination, all tissue samples were collected and fixed in %10 buffer formalin solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 µm and stained routinely with Hematoxylin-Eosin. At necropsy, the heart was enlarged; the pericardium was edematous, opaque and was distended with fluid transudate. In the heart, pulmonary stenosis with a diameter of 1.8 cm, a defect (3 cm in diameter) in the cranial of the interventricular septum, dilatation of the right ventricle and thickening of its wall and right displacement of the aorta on the interventricular septum were observed. According to these findings, the present case was diagnosed as ToF. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the first case of ToF in Turkey.

A one-day-old female Holstein calf was presented with subcutaneous masses spread over the whole body. Macroscopically, the masses were firm in touch, greyish-white in colour, 0.5-2 cm in diameter range. Histopathological examination confirmed the cutaneous Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE). Microscopic examination of the tumor revealed sheets of spindled endothelial cells forming vascular slits. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells and capillaries gave strongly positive reaction for CD31 while vimentin, alpha smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 were negative. In this case, macroscopical, detailed histhopathological and immunohistochemical findings of congenital KHE reported firstly in a newborn calf.

Sheep and goats are sharing different helminth parasites including Haemonchus contortus. Control of these helminths is based mainly on the use of anthelmintics. However, in goats, the application of anthelmintics is often carried out mainly at dosages determined for sheep without knowing the real effects and metabolism features. One of the several anthelmintic classes used against these parasites is (pro) benzimidazoles which are still widely in use in small ruminants in many countries. The objective of this study was to determine (i) the correlation between plasma and tissue or gastrointestinal content dispositions of ricobendazole (RBZ) in goats and (ii) the in vivo exposure of ricobendazole by H. contortus. Ten goats were experimentally infected with 10,000 larvae of H. contortus. Four weeks of post-infection, the animals received RBZ subcutaneously at 5 mg/kg body weight. Two goats were sacrificed per time at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 h after drug administration and, blood, bile, urine, liver, lung, muscle and kidney gastrointestinal tissues/fluids were collected. Adult H. contortus were collected from abomasum, and all samples were analysed by HPLC system. Ricobendazole (RBZ) and its sulphone metabolite were extensively excreted by urine and distributed to all tissues and digestive tract, mainly into the abomasum fluid. RBZ concentration in the lung and ABZSO2 in the kidney were relatively higher than those of other tissues, respectively. The parent drug and its metabolite were recovered in both male and female H. contortus. This study indicates that in goats the plasma concentration profiles of RBZ are strongly correlated with those achieved in different target tissues or fluids, which in turn, reflect the amount of drug taken up by parasites.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) has been defined as a viral disease of domestic cattle and wild ruminants. We report a case of MCF caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) in a 4-year-old female Holstein cow. Microscopic examination showed that fibrinoid necrotic vasculitis in all tissues and organs; inflammatory changes in the vessel walls of the brain (pons, cerebrum and meninges); ulcerative changes in the oral mucosa; mild inflammatory cell infiltrations around the glomeruli and interstitium in the cortex of the kidney; widespread edema between the muscle bundles in the heart. PCR was performed to determine the presence of ovine herpesvirus-2 nucleic acids and 386 bp product was obtained by primer sequences that replicated the Pol gene region of OvHV-2. This PCR finding confirmed our diagnosis as sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF).

WOS: 000431511000003, PubMed ID: 29624513, Classical risk factors such as cholesterol and lipoproteins are currently not sufficient to explain all physiopathological processes of obesity-related vascular dysfunction as well as atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Therefore, the discovery of potential markers involved in vascular dysfunction in the obese state is still needed. Disturbances in hemostatic factors may be involved in the developmental processes associated with obesity-related cardiovascular disorders. We hypothesized that alterations of several hemostatic factors in the obese state could correlate with the function and morphology of the aorta and it could play an important role in the development of vascular dysfunction. To test this, we fed mice with a high-fat diet for 18 weeks and investigated the relationships between selected hemostatic factors (in either plasma or in the liver), metabolic hormones and morphology, and ex-vivo function of the aorta. Here, we show that 18-week exposure to a high-fat diet results in a higher plasma fibrinogen and prolonged prothrombin time in diet-induced obese mice compared to the controls. In addition, liver levels or activities of FII, FX, activated protein C, AT-III, and protein S are significantly different in diet-induced obese mice as compared to the controls. Curiously, FII, FVIII, FX, activated protein C, PTT, and protein S are correlated with both the aorta histology (aortic thickness and diameter) and ex-vivo aortic function. Notably, ex-vivo studies revealed that diet-induced obese mice show a marked attenuation in the functions of the aorta. Taken together, aforementioned hemostatic factors may be considered as critical markers for obesity-related vascular dysfunction and they could play important roles in diagnosing of the dysfunction., Adnan Menderes University [VTF-12006, VTF-14027], A.G.U. and M.B. designed research; C.U., A.G.U., H.U., M.A.E., E.K., M.E., H.A., F.B., and L.T. performed research; C.U., A.G.U., M.B., and L.T. analyzed data; C.U. and A.G.U. wrote the paper with comments from all of the authors. This study was supported by the grants (VTF-12006 and VTF-14027 to AGU and MB, respectively) of Adnan Menderes University. We thank Dr Murat Boyacioglu, Dr Hande Sultan Yalinkilic, Dr Omer Sevim, and Biologist Necati Gunay for technical assistance. We also gratefully thank Ms. Tze-Min Lin for correcting the English grammar mistakes of the manuscript.

Amaç: Bu araştırmada bakır sülfat pentahidrat ile gökkuşağı alabalıklarında deneysel akut ve kronik bakır toksikasyonu modeli oluşturulması ve klinik, makroskobik ve mikroskobik bulgularının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada, 30 adet gökkuşağı alabalığı iki deneme grubu [(Akut Grup (Grup I), n: 10 - Kronik Grup (Grup III), n:10)] ve iki kontrol grubu [(Akut Kontrol Grup (Grup II), n: 5 - Kronik Kontrol Grup (Grup IV), n: 5) ] olmak üzere dört gruba ayrıldı. Grup I’de bulunan balıklara 2 mg/L 5 gün ve Grup III’te bulunan balıklara ise 0.5 mg/L bakır sülfat pentahidrat olacak şekilde 21 gün uygulandı. Bulgular: Makroskobik incelemede Grup I’de karaciğerler şişkin ve konjesyonluydu. Solungaçlar ödemli, bağırsaklar ise hiperemikti. Grup III’te karaciğerin renginde açılmalar dikkati çekti. Solungaçlar solgun, deri yüzeyi ise mukusla kaplıydı. Grup I’de en belirgin mikroskobik bulguya karaciğerlerde rastlandı. Hepatositlerde dejenerasyonlar, solungaçlarda ödem, hiperemi ve kanamalardan oluşan vasküler lezyonlar ile birlikte epitellerde nekrotik değişiklikler saptandı. Böbrekte, tubulus epitellerinde yaygın dejenerasyonlar ile epitel sitoplazmalarında değişen büyüklüklerde eozinofilik hiyalin damlacıkları mevcuttu. Bakır sülfat pentahidratın düşük dozda verildiği Grup III’te hepatositlerde dejenerasyonlar yaygın olarak görüldü. Olguların tamamında hepatositlerin çekirdeklerinin veziküler görünümde olduğu dikkati çekti. Solungaçlarda hiperplaziler sonucu kalınlaşmalar oldukça belirgindi. Deride epidermisde mukus hücrelerinde artış ile hidropik dejenerasyon görüldü. Öneri: Sonuç olarak, gökkuşağı alabalıklarında su içerisindeki bakır sülfat pentahidrat miktarının alabalık yetiştiriciliğinde dikkate alınması önerilir., Aim: In this study, it was aimed an experimental model of acute and chronic copper toxicity in the form of rainbow trout with copper sulfate pentahydrate and investigate the clinic, macroscopic and microscopic findings. Materials and Methods: In the present study, thirty rainbow trout were divided into four groups: Two experiment [(Acute Group (Group I), n:10 - Chronic Group (Group III), n:10)] and two control groups [(Acute Control Group (Group II), n:5 - Chronic Control Group (Group IV), n:5)]. Copper sulphate pentahidrate was given 2 mg/L for a 5 days and 0.5 mg/L for a 21 days in Group I and III, respectively. Results: Macroscopically, livers were swollen and had dark red color in Group I. Gills were oedematous. In Group III, liver had remarkable pale color. Gill were pale and skin was covered by mucous. In Group I, the most salient microscopic finding was seen in the liver. Degenerations were seen widely in hepatocytes. In the gills, epithelial necrotic changes with vascular lesions including edema, hyperemia and hemorrhage were observed. In the kidney, there were degeneration and eosinophilic hyalin droblets with variable sized in the cytoplasm of tubular epitheliums. Liver had diffusive degenerations in Group III. Hepatocyte nucleus has remarkable vesicular appearance in all findings. There was obvious thickness caused by hyperplasia in the gills. There was an increase in the number of mucous cell and hydropic degeneration on epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Conclusion: As a result, it is recommended to consider the concentration of copper sulfate pentahydrate in water in rainbow trout aquaculture.

It was aimed to identify and evaluate the pathological and microbiological findings in rainbow trout naturally infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in two trout farms of Aydın and Muğla within this study. A total of 77 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (weighing 1 ± 02 g and 5-6 cm in size) were collected from two separate trout farms. The most common lesion seen in macroscopic examination was petechial hemorrhages that formed on the skin in different parts of the body. In addition, skin erosion and ulcers, exophthalmus and periocular hemorrhages were observed in the eyes. Microscopically, erosive foci in some areas, and ulcers in which the destructions reached the muscle layer in some areas were noted. There were bacteria clusters, hemorrhages and inflammatory cell infiltrations consisting of macrophages and lymphocytes in the ulcer foci. As a result of the bacteriological examination, the isolated bacteria were identified as Flavobacterium psychrophilum based on their morphological and biochemical character., Bu çalışma ile Aydın ve Muğla illerinde bulunan iki alabalık işletmesinde Flavobacterium psychrophilum ile doğal enfekte gökkuşağı alabalıklarında şekillenen patolojik ve mikrobiyolojik bulguların tanımlanarak birlikte değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. İki ayrı alabalık işletmesinden toplanan 1±02 g ağırlığında ve 5-6 cm büyüklüğünde toplam 77 adet gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) incelendi. Makroskobik incelemede en yaygın görülen lezyon, vücudun değişik bölgelerinde deride şekillenen peteşiyel kanamalardı. Buna ek olarak, deride erozyon ve ülserler, gözlerde ekzoftalmus ve perioküler kanama görüldü. Mikroskobik olarak, bazı alanlarda epidermisin yüzeysel olarak yıkımlandığı eroziv odaklar, bazı alanlarda ise yıkımlanmaların kas tabakasına dek ulaştığı ülserler dikkati çekti. Ülser odaklarında bakteri kümeleri, kanamalar ile makrofaj ve lenfositlerden oluşan yangısal hücre infiltrasyonları mevcuttu. Yapılan bakteriyolojik inceleme sonucu, izole edilen bakteri morfolojik ve biyokimyasal karakterine göre Flavobacterium psychrophilum olarak identifiye edildi.

Summary Background and aims Lycopene, the main antioxidant compound present in tomatoes, has high singlet oxygen- and peroxyl radicals-quenching ability, resulting in protection against oxidative damage in aerobic cell. Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and can promote oxidative damage in gastric tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of lycopene on an indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. Methods A total of 42 adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of seven animals as follows: control, indomethacin, lansoprazole, lycopene 10 mg/kg, lycopene 50 mg/kg and lycopene 100 mg/kg. Gastric ulcers were induced by oral administration of indomethacin, after which the differing doses of lycopene were administered by oral gavage. The efficacy of lycopene was compared with lansoprazole. DNA damage of lymphocytes was measured by comet assay. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and myeloperoxidase, as well as malondialdehyde and glutathione levels were determined in stomach tissue. This tissue was also taken for pathological investigations. The TUNEL method was used to detect apoptotic cells in paraffin sections. Results The results showed that 100 mg/kg lycopene administration significantly decreased % Tail DNA and Mean Tail Moment in the gastric ulcer group, compared with the other treatment groups. This same dose of lycopene also significantly decreased high malondialdehyde level and myeloperoxidase activity, and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (with the exception of catalase) in tissue. Apoptosis rates in the stomachs of the rats correlated with the biochemical and histopathological findings. Conclusions These results indicated that lycopene might have a protective effect against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer and oxidative stress in rats.

Introduction Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a potent anticancer agent; its clinical use is limited due to its marked cardiotoxicity. Aim The present study was aimed at evaluating the cardioprotective effects of silymarin (SLY) and curcumin (CUR), which have strong antioxidant properties, against the toxic effects of high-dose CP on the heart of rats. Materials and methods A total of 36 adult Wistar albino female rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group I (control group; nothing was administered), Group II (CP group; 30 mg/kg/day CP was administered intraperitoneally to each animal for seven days), Group III (SLY group; 100 mg/kg/day SLY by gavage for 14 days), Group IV (CUR group; 100 mg/kg/day CUR by gavage for 14 days), Group V (SLY + CP group; 100 mg/kg/day SLY by gavage for 14 days plus 30 mg/kg/day CP intraperitoneally starting from the seventh day) and Group VI (CUR + CP group; 100 mg/kg/day CUR by gavage for 14 days plus 30 mg/kg/day CP intraperitoneally starting from the seventh day). Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical methods were utilised for evaluation of the cardiotoxicity. Results The result showed that an increase in heart MDA and DNA fragmentation levels were detected while significant decreases were seen in SOD levels in CP alone group when compared to the other groups. CP caused severe damage in the histopathological status of heart tissue including intersititial oedema, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis in muscle fibrils and perinuclear vacuolization. A significant increase in the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and γH2AX protein expression was detected in the CP-treated group compared to the control and other treated groups. There was significant increase in the percentage of caspase 3-positive cells and decrease in the percentage of Bcl-2 positive cells in the CP group compared to the control group and other treated groups. However, a significant decrease in the percentage of cTnI and cTnT immunoreactivity was also observed in the CP-treated group compared to the control and other treated groups. In the groups in which SLY and CUR were administered concurrently with CP, biochemical parameters, histopathological and immunohistochemical results were found to be significantly lower than in the CP-only group. Conclusions These results lead to conclusion that the natural antioxidant SLY and CUR might have protective effects against CP-induced cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats.

A trial was conducted to investigate the effects of a dietary organic acid blend for a period of 35 days on the growth performance, intestinal histomorphology and microflora of male broiler chicks with delayed access to feed. One hundred and ninety two one day old broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were randomly distributed into 4 groups housed in four replicate pens with 12 birds in each. A 2 × 2 factorial design was implemented. Four experimental groups were formed by two levels of dietary organic acid blend supplementation (Control and Fysal Dry ® ) and two periods of delayed feed access (0 and 36 h). At 36 h after hatching body weight and body weight change of chicks were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than groups fed immediately after hatching. Delayed feed access had an adverse impact (P < 0.001) on the body weight and feed consumption of broiler chickens on days 14 and 28. Between the days 28 and 35 of the feeding period, these differences disappeared. The relative weight of gizzard (P < 0.05), pancreas (P < 0.01) on day 6 and intestine (P < 0.05) on day 10, and gizzard (P < 0.01) on day 10 were reduced in birds subjected to delayed feed access. Dietary organic acid blend inclusion increased villus length (P < 0.001), whereas delayed feed access decreased villus length (P < 0.05) and increased the incidence of epithelial degeneration and basal membrane separation of the propria mucosa of villus in the jejenum. A significant decrease in Enterobacteriaceae count (P < 0.01) was noted in organic acid blend supplemented groups on day 25. Pectoral muscle malondialdehyde levels were decreased (P < 0.01) with dietary organic acid blend supplementation at

An 11-year-old male Cocker Spaniel was examined for a palpable abdominal mass located in the jejunum after presenting with a history of anorexia and constipation for several weeks. In a contrast radiogram, a structure with well-defined borders adjacent to the intestine was determined. The intestinal mass, measuring 16 × 9.19 × 8.6 cm and weighing 900 g was surgically removed. At gross examination, when the lumen of a por - tion of the intestine excised together with the tumour mass was exposed, an ulcerated, oval-shaped area 1.2 × 0.6 cm in size was observed on the mucosa. The outer surface of the tumour was homogenous and expanded outwards from the intestinal wall. Histologically, the tumour was composed of fusiform-elongated spindle-shaped to polygonal neoplastic cells forming interlacing fascicles or interwoven bundles in an atypical herringbone pat - tern. Immnunohistochemically, neoplastic cells stained intensely positive for vimentin, and negative for α-SMA, desmin, cyotokeratin (AE1/AE3), S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron specific enolase and synap- tophsin. On the basis of the histopathological and immunohistochemical results, the tumour was diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma. The present report is a very rare description of fibrosarcoma of the dog intestine associated with intestinal perforation.

SUMMARY The physicochemical properties of dietary nonstarch polysaccharides in barley and soybean meals have been correlated with increases in excreta viscosity and adherence, and hence footpad dermatitis (FPD), in broiler chickens. Moreover, high litter moisture has been identified as a possible causative agent of FPD. A total of 448 birds were raised in floor pens in a design involving a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of barley (0 or 25% of diet), feed enzyme mixture (supplementation with 0 or 0.1% of Farmazyme BR-M), and litter moisture (with or without added water) and a 3-stage feeding program (8 treatments; 32 replicates; 4 replicate pens per treatment combination, with 14 birds per pen). In addition to measuring live performance, the feet were scored on all birds at 14, 28, and 42 d of age, and the severity of FPD lesions was recorded as none, mild, or severe. A subsample of birds was processed at the end of the experiment to evaluate carcass yields. Pooled litter samples were collected for moisture determination (d 5 and 42) and pH (d 42). The incidence and severity of FPD on d 14 and 28 were due only to litter moisture. No effects on litter moisture or pH were due to barley, although growth performance was adversely affected at 25% dietary inclusion. Carcass yields did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). Performance of birds was significantly improved by supplementing the feed enzyme mixture, irrespective of the addition of barley or the wetting treatment. Hence, management factors play a significant role in the etiology of FPD in broilers.

Çalışmada, doğal enfekte kınalı kekliklerde (5 adet) ve Japon bıldırcınlarında (11 adet) Mycoplasma gallisepticum tarafından oluşturulan mikoplazmozisin patomorfolojik bulguları ve immünohistokimyasal olarak da mikroorganizma antijenlerinin doku yerleşimleri tanımlandı. Her iki hayvan türünde; durgunluk, yem tüketiminde azalma, zayıflama, serözden katarala kadar değişen nazal akıntı ve konjuktivitis dikkati çeken klinik bulgulardı. Bu bulguları takiben hayvanların genellikle 3-4 hafta içinde öldüğü belirtildi. Mortalitenin kınalı kekliklerde % 43, Japon bıldırcınlarında % 37 olduğu bildirildi. Nekropside en çok göze çarpan bulgu; nazal ve paranazal sinüslerde, tek ya da çift taraflı, değişen derecelerde şişkinlik ve içleri sarımtrak renkte kazeöz eksudat birikimiydi. Bazı olgularda hava keseleri kalınlaşmış ve mat bir görünüme sahipti. Histopatolojik incelemede; sinüsler genellikle nekrotik doku kalıntıları, dökülmüş epitel hücreleri, bakteri kümeleri ve heterofil lökositlerden oluşan kazeifiye eksudat içermekte idi. Ayrıca, sinüslerde müköz bezlerde hiperplazi, submukozada fokal lenfoid hücre hiperplazileri ve/veya diffuz mononüklear hücre infiltrasyonları göze çarptı. Tavuktan elde anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum poliklonal antikoru kullanılarak yapılan immünofloresan incelemede, bakteriyel antijenler nazal ve paranazal sinüslerdeki eksudat içerisinde yoğun şekilde; daha az olmak üzere de trake, hava keseleri, akciğerler ve bağırsaklarda saptandı. Çalışma sonuçları, Mycoplasma gallisepticum’un izolasyonunun ve identifikasyonunun gerçekleştirilemediği koşullarda, immünofloresan yöntemin hızlı ve güvenilir bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymuştur, The present study describes pathomorphological findings and tissue localisation of bacterial antigens immunohistochemically in naturally infected partridges (n: 5) and Japanese quails (n: 11) with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In both animal species, marked clinical findings were lethargy, decreased food consumption and body condition, conjunctivitis as well as nasal discharge ranging from serous to catarrhal. Following these findings, death of the animals occurred usually within 3-4 weeks. The mortality rate was 43% and 37% in partridges and Japanese quails, respectively. At necropsy, nasal and paranasal sinuses were filled with yellowish caseous exudate uni- or bilaterally at varying degrees. In some cases, air sacs were thickened and opaque in appearance. In histopathological examination, sinuses were filled with caseous exudate including necrotic tissue debris, clumps of bacteria, and heterophile leukocytes. Additionally, there was hyperplasia of mucous glands and focal lymphoid cell hyperplasia and/or diffuse mononuclear cell infiltrations in submucosa of sinuses. In fluorescent antibody examination using polyclonal chicken anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum primary antibody, bacterial antigens were found abundantly in the exudate in nasal and paranasal sinuses and, to a lesser extend, in trachea, air sacs, lungs and intestines. As a result, this study indicated that if Mycoplasma gallisepticum couldn’t be isolated and identificated, immunofluorescence method could be used quickly and safely

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of silymarin (SLY) and curcumin (CUR), which have strong antioxidant properties, against the toxic effects of high dose of cyclophosphamide (CP) on the liver and kidneys of rats. For this purpose, a total of 36 adult Wistar albino female rats at the weight of, 250±10 g were used. Biochemical parameters were found to be significantly higher in the CP-only group than in the other groups. In the groups in which SLY and CUR were administered concurrently with CP, biochemical parameters were found to be significantly lower than in the CP-only group. In the SLY+CP and CUR+CP groups, biochemical parameters were correlated with the severity of histopathological findings. In genotoxic examination, the comet parameter levels in the SLY+CP and CUR+CP-treated groups were lower than those in the CP-treated group. The present study established that both SLY and CUR are effective against the toxic effects of high doses of CP.

This report describes a case of tubulopapillary carcinoma and concomitant tetrathyridiosis in a 5-year-old female cross-breed cat. A mass was located at right inguinal mammary gland and measured 5.5 × 5 × 3 cm in size with multilobulated to solid appearance. The cut surface of the mass had a centrally located large cyst (approximately 3 cm in diameter) surrounded by other smaller cysts. Histologically, the mass was diagnosed as tubulopapillary mammary carcinoma, intensely positive for AE1/AE3 cytokeratins. The cyst found at post-mortem examination was tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides species surrounded by inflammatory cells and a loose fibrous capsule. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first description of a tubulopapillary carcinoma and tetrathyridiosis found simultaneously in the mammary gland of a cat.

Neuronal and extraneuronal lipofuscinosis was determined in Merino sheep (6 sheep and 3 heads of sheep) of 2-3 years old that had grazed on Asphodelus aestivus seeds. Clinically, the sheep exhibited tremors, paresis, oral and nasal discharge, and severe respiratory distress. Haemorrhagic necrotic tracheitis, aspiration pneumonia, and subacute enteritis were observed in 6 sheep during macroscopic examinations. The brains of the animals were of firm consistency and yellowish brown in colour. Histological examination of the central nervous system revealed that most of the cytoplasm of neurons contained yellowish brown pigment granules. Pigmentations were particularly detected in the pons, medulla oblongata, and medulla spinalis. Similar pigment granules were also found in the liver, kidneys, intestines, adrenal glands, and heart. The histochemical and electron microscopic examinations identified the pigment as lipofuscin.

The aim of this study was to induce Lactococcus garvieae infection in young and adult fish through different routes [intraperitoneal (IP) and immersion (IM)] and to investigate the pathogenesis and histopathological and immunohistochemical findings comparatively. For this purpose, a total of 180 rainbow trout (90 young, 20 ± 5 g and 90 adult, 80 ± 10 g) obtained from a commercial fish farm were used. The fish were divided into eight groups, four experimental groups (Young-Adult IP groups and Young-Adult IM groups, each contain 30 fish) and four control groups (Young-Adult IP Control groups and Young-Adult IM control groups, each contain 15 fishes). The experimental study was conducted using L. garvieae, and confirmatory identification was performed by PCR. The sequence result of the PCR amplicon of 16S rDNA from isolate L. garvieae LAC1 was determined and deposited in the GenBank database under accession number KC883976. Fish in the IP groups were intraperitoneally administered an inoculate containing 10(6) cfu mL(-1) bacteria 0.1 mL. In the IM groups, fish were kept in inoculated water containing 10(8) cfu mL(-1) bacteria for 20 min. Mortality as well as clinical and pathological findings was recorded daily, and significant differences in macroscopic and microscopic results were observed between the IP and IM administration groups. All tissue samples were immunohistochemically stained by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and immunofluorescence (IF) methods using polyclonal antibody to detect L. garvieae antigens. In immunoperoxidase staining in the IP groups, positive reactions to bacterial antigens were most commonly seen in the spleen, kidney, heart, liver, peritoneum and swim bladder. In the IM groups, bacterial antigens were most commonly found in the eye, gill, spleen and kidney. In the IF method, the distribution of antigens in tissue and organs was similar to the reactions with immunoperoxidase staining. Finally, in this experimental study, an important correlation was seen between the distribution of L. garvieae antigens and lesions developing in many organ and tissues.

The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical, hematologic, gross, histopathologic and toxicologic findings and to report effective therapy application for aflatoxicosis in dogs, ascribed to the ingestion of moldy wet bread contaminated with aflatoxin. A prospective case series of 10 client-owned dogs from the same household developed toxicological signs after eating moldy bread treated with water that had been stored for an undetermined period, fully covered with a grey-green mold. All dogs exhibited vomiting followed by excessive salivation and hyperaesthesia. Among the surviving dogs (n = 7), three of them presented with diarrhea, depression, abdominal pain and two others showed icterus. One of the dead dogs was found on the initial referral. Two others were dead following initial diagnosis and prior to therapy application. The most common gross findings in the dogs were generalized icterus, mucosal or submucosal edema and petechial, to ecchymotic hemorrhages in the organs. Histopathological findings included focal necrotic areas extending from the periacinar to centroacinar regions in the liver, biliary hyperplasia, cholestasis and multifocal hemorrhages in the kidneys and lungs. Due to the sudden onset of clinical signs, the lack of exposure to other toxins, and the confirmed evidence of ingestion of moldy bread, the results of analysis of liver samples and the histopathological signs, the definitive diagnosis was mycotoxicosis. Therapeutic applications included tetrasulphate (an antidote) given orally, and supportive treatment with balanced electrolyte solutions, antiemetics and H2 receptor antagonist. All treated dogs (7/7) made a full recovery over 18-24 hours. The results of the present study reported here describe the clinicopathological features of aflatoxicosis in Rottweilers, suggesting that the use of tetrasulphate solution as an inexpensive and available therapy may have helped the survival of the dogs and might reverse the adverse health effects of mycotoxins., Svrha je ovog rada iznijeti kliničke, hematološke, patoanatomske, patohistološke i toksikološke nalaze te izvijestiti o uspješnom liječenju pasa koji su jeli pljesnivu i vlažnu hranu što je sadržavala aflatoksin. U 10 pasa jednog vlasnika primijećeni su znakovi otrovanja nakon što su jeli pljesniv kruh namočen u vodu koji je prethodno bio čuvan neodređeno vrijeme, a u potpunosti je bio prekriven sivo-zelenom plijesni. Svi su psi povraćali uz obilno slinjenje i hiperesteziju. Od sedam preživjelih pasa, tri su imala proljev, bili su potišteni te su pokazivali bol u trbuhu, a dva su imala i žuticu. Jedan od uginulih pasa na početku je upućivao na toksikozu. Dva su uginula nakon postavljene dijagnoze, a prije početka liječenja. Patoanatomski je ustanovljena generalizirana žutica, edem sluznice ili submukoze te petehijalna do ekhimotična krvarenja po organima. Patohistološki su ustanovljena nekrotična žarišna područja pružajući se od periacinarnih do centroacinarnih područja u jetri, zatim bilijarna hiperplazija, kolestaza i multifokalna krvarenja po bubrezima i plućima. Na osnovi nagle pojave kliničkih znakova, nedostatka dokaza izloženosti drugim toksinima, potvrđenog dokaza uzimanja pljesnivog kruha, rezultata analize uzoraka jetre i patohistoloških nalaza postavljena je konačna dijagnoza mikotoksikoze. Za liječenje je peroralno bio primijenjen tetrasulfat(antidot) i uravnotežena otopina elektrolita, zatim antiemetici i antagonisti H 2 receptora. Svi liječeni psi (7/7) u potpunosti su se oporavili za 18 do 24 sata. Prikazani rezultati opisuju kliničke i patološke značajke aflatoksikoze u rotvajlera i upućuju na zaključak da se ona može liječiti otopinom tetrasulfata kao jeftinim i pristupačnim lijekom koji može pomoći u preživljavanju pasa te smanjiti štetne učinke mikotoksina na zdravlje

The present study describes the pathological and bacteriological findings and diagnosis by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) naturally infected with Salmonella gallinarum obtained from three commercial budgerigar rearing farms. The course of the disease in young budgerigars was peracute or acute, whereas in adult budgerigars the disease was acute or chronic. Clinically, yellow-white diarrhoea was observed in the young budgerigars with the acute form. In the adult budgerigars with the acute and chronic forms, a decrease in feed and water consumption with loss in body condition together with greenish-yellow diarrhoea was generally noted. Peritonitis and pericarditis were the most common findings in young budgerigars at necropsy, while in adult budgerigars scattered grey-white necrotic foci were found in the livers. Histopathologically, the lesions in young budgerigars were characterized with fibrinonecrotic peritonitis and/or pericarditis and necrotic hepatitis. In adult budgerigars with acute infection, hepatic necrosis with focal heterophil infiltration was present; whilst lesions in the chronic cases were granulomatous in nature with the infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes and histiocytes. For the detection of S. Gallinarum in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex and immunofluorescence methods were used. Both methods showed bacteria to be localized in the liver, kidney, peritoneum, heart, spleen and intestines of both young and adult budgerigars. The results of the present study indicate that the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method was more sensitive than the immunofluorescence method in the detection of the bacteria.

Summary Granulosa cell tumors, arised from granulosa cells, are the most common sex-cord gonadostromal tumor of the ovary. In the present report, granulosa cell tumor in two dogs was described with its clinical and pathologic findings. In the first case (2-years-old, mongrel bitch), moderate vulvar edema and hemorrhagic vaginal discharge was observed in clinical examination. In transabdominal ultrasonography, two cysts, 8.0 and 10.0 mm in diameters, were determined on the right ovary. In the second case (9-years-old, German shepherd spayed bitch), severe vulvar edema and hemorrhagic vaginal discharge for three months were reported. A cystic formation surrounded by a hyperechogenic tissue was detected in the right paralumbal area during transabdominal ultrasonography. Macroscopically, in the first case surfaces of the both ovary had, many grayish-white nodules with firm in concistency with sizes varying from 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm in diamaters. In addition, the surface of the right ovary had also two serous cysts with 8.0 mm and 10.0 mm in diamaters. Microscopically, in both cases, cystic or solid neoplastic areas surrounded by fibrous tissue were observed. The neoplastic areas were consisted of one or more rows of pleomorphic granulosa cells with oval or round nuclei and vacuolated cytoplasm. In some of the these neoplastic structures, centrally located globular eosinophlic Call-Exner body were noted. Following postoperative treatment, a decrease in vulvar edema and vaginal bleeding were observed, and full recovery was obtained in both cases in the next weeks.