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En parallèle à un phénomène plus global au niveau international, les cours et programmes dispensés en langue étrangère sont de plus en plus nombreux dans l’enseignement supérieur en Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles. La recherche scientifique s’est saisie de cette question pour mieux appréhender les enjeux et implications de l’ « English as Medium of Instruction » (EMI), celui-ci se rapportant plus précisément aux cours non linguistiques dispensés en anglais dans les pays où cette langue n’est pas la langue d’enseignement officielle. Cette littérature en plein essor est cependant encore lacunaire et met en évidence l’importance de prendre en considération les spécificités locales. En Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, le cadre institutionnel a notamment conduit à la mise en œuvre de programmes partiellement en langue étrangère, avec des cours dispensés en français et en anglais mais aussi en néerlandais. Dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche, les objectifs sont d’investiguer les parcours et expériences mais aussi les stratégies et pratiques mises en œuvre dans le cadre de ces cours et programmes en langue étrangère, tant du point de vue des étudiant·es que des enseignant·es. L’objectif est de pouvoir formuler des recommandations pratiques en lien avec l’état actuel des connaissances mais aussi avec les réalités du contexte local en Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles.

Ces dernières années, l’enseignement supérieur a connu une importante croissance du nombre de cours non linguistiques dispensés en anglais dans les pays où cette langue n’est pas une langue d’enseignement officielle (Macaro, Curle, Pun, An, & Dearden, 2018). En pleine expansion, la littérature scientifique concernant l’English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) est encore lacunaire (Macaro et al., 2018). D’importantes variations sont par ailleurs constatées d’un contexte à l’autre, en fonction des modalités d’implémentation. En Belgique francophone, une grande marge de manœuvre est laissée aux institutions, ce qui les amène à proposer, outre des cours isolés, des programmes (partiellement) en langue étrangère (principalement anglais et/ou néerlandais). Dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche plus large sur ces programmes, nous avons cherché à appréhender le parcours, les perceptions et les pratiques d’enseignants issus de deux universités francophones belges dispensant des cours en langue étrangère. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés à l’été 2021 avec 13 enseignants en sciences humaines. L’analyse de contenu a fait émerger quatre thématiques principales : la diversité des conceptions des enseignants, les pratiques spécifiquement mises en œuvre, le développement professionnel principalement informel et les facteurs contextuels pouvant affecter le vécu enseignant. Dans le cadre de cette présentation, nous nous focaliserons sur les deux premières thématiques. Nos résultats indiquent tout d’abord que différentes conceptions du cours dispensé en langue étrangère peuvent coexister, notamment concernant les visées des cours (favoriser l’employabilité, la mobilité, le développement de talents, l’ouverture à la diversité ou encore l’accès aux savoirs). Ces visées sont comparables à celles identifiées dans la littérature scientifique (Briggs, Dearden, & Macaro, 2018) mais nos entretiens mettent en outre en lumière que des décalages au niveau de ces conceptions peuven

Human–wildlife conflict is becoming a serious threat for both wildlife conservation and human well-being. Its main representations are livestock predation and crop raiding. This chapter examines the problem of crop raiding by wildlife and its socio-economic implications around Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in northern Benin. Data were collected in 2017 through field observations, semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire survey of 209 farmers of the surrounding villages of the reserve, and 98% of them reported losses of crop every year due to wildlife. Crops with the highest degree of destruction are cotton, maize, millet, and sorghum, and the wild animals responsible for this are mainly baboon, warthog, and elephant. Crop raiding causes, for an average farmer, an annual financial loss ranging from $94.64 in farms of sorghum to $311.8 in farms of cotton. Compared to the annual minimum salary in Benin, these numbers are considerable. Farmers try to manage the impacts of crop raiding with various mitigation measures such as guarding, but the heavy toll of crop raiding and the low level of effectiveness of such measures clearly reveal the vulnerability of agricultural households bordering protected areas.

The complexity of ecological-economic systems significantly reduces our ability to investigate their behavior and propose policies aimed at various environmental and/or economic objectives. Following recent suggestions for integrating nonlinear dynamic modeling with input-output (IO) modeling, we develop a fully dynamic ecological-economic model by integrating IO with system dynamics (SD) for better capturing critical attributes of ecological-economic systems. We also develop and evaluate various scenarios using policy impact and policy sensitivity analyses. The model and analysis are applied to the degradation of fish nursery habitats by industrial harbors in the Seine estuary (Haute-Normandie region, France). The modeling technique, dynamization, and scenarios allow us to show trade-offs between economic and ecological outcomes and evaluate the impacts of restoration scenarios and water quality improvement on the fish population.

The complexity of ecological-economic systems significantly reduces our ability to investigate their behavior and propose policies aimed at various environmental and/or economic objectives. Following recent suggestions for integrating nonlinear dynamic modeling with input-output (IO) modeling, we develop a fully dynamic ecological-economic model by integrating IO with system dynamics (SD) for better capturing critical attributes of ecological-economic systems. We also develop and evaluate various scenarios using policy impact and policy sensitivity analyses. The model and analysis are applied to the degradation of fish nursery habitats by industrial harbors in the Seine estuary (Haute-Normandie region, France). The modeling technique, dynamization, and scenarios allow us to show trade-offs between economic and ecological outcomes and evaluate the impacts of restoration scenarios and water quality improvement on the fish population., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Establishing nature reserves protects species from land cover conversion and the resulting loss of habitat. Even within a reserve, however, many factors such as fires and defoliating insects still threaten habitat and the survival of species. To address the risk to species sur- vival after reserve establishment, reserve networks can be created that allow some redun- dancy of species coverage to maximize the expected number of species that survive in the presence of threats. In some regions, however, the threats to species within a reserve may be spatially correlated. As examples, fires, diseases, and pest infestations can spread from a starting point and threaten neighboring parcels’ habitats, in addition to damage caused at the initial location. This paper develops a reserve site selection optimization framework that compares the optimal reserve networks in cases where risks do and do not reflect spatial correlation. By exploring the impact of spatially-correlated risk on reserve networks on a stylized landscape and on an Oregon landscape, this analysis demonstrates an appropriate and feasible method for incorporating such post-reserve establishment risks in the reserve site selection literature as an additional tool to be further developed for future conservation planning.

Set covering and maximal covering problems are well-known integer programming models in location analysis. Such models have also been used in reserve site selection modeling. They aim at selecting sites to conserve species, sometimes reflecting a desire to group protected sites together or to separate sites. This paper uses such models but considers the case of land heterogeneity in terms of the risk of large disturbances that threaten species even within a reserve, such as fires, diseases, pests or invasive species. It removes the classical assumption of homogeneous land sites and considers both adjacency in areas with a low risk of multi-parcel disturbance and distance between sites in areas with a high risk of a large destructive event. The models are explored in a stylized data set and applied to a portion of the state of Oregon with comparison between the standard covering models in homogeneous and heterogeneous risk settings.

Monetary valuation techniques are often used for evaluating the effect of a change in ecosystem services on components of human wellbeing, even though they face several drawbacks. This paper seeks to reconcile monetary valuation techniques with methods that address ecosystem–economy interactions by developing a guiding framework that limits the use of monetary valuation to various market simulations. Simulations of scenarios of environmental measures are carried out with a semi-dynamic hybrid input–output model. The guiding framework ensures that monetary valuation techniques contribute to the understanding of the impact of economic activities on changes in ecosystems services and the feedback impact of these changes on economic activities. The framework operates according to three criteria: (i) the category of ecosystem components (intermediate products, ecosystem services, benefits obtained from the ecosystem), (ii) existence of a market, intention to exchange or possibility for restoration or preservation, and (iii) direct/indirect monetary valuation techniques. The methodology is then tested with a case-study.