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Roll‐to‐roll (R2R) fabrication of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains challenging for PSC commercialization. Herein, the R2R‐suitable electron transfer layer (ETL) SnO2 ink system for flexible PSCs is investigated. Water‐dispersed SnO2 inks, commonly used for flexible PSCs, form dewetting pinholes during R2R slot‐die coating owing to slower evaporation compared to spin coating. To prevent the dewetting of the pinhole, a low surface tension solvent (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is added to the SnO2 ink. The IPA addition reduced surface tension, enhancing wetting behavior, but increased SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) aggregation. Interestingly, the fabricated ETL films with highly aggregated SnO2 NPs are smooth, in contrast to the rough layers obtained via the spin‐coating process, owing to the high shear rate. Herein, NP aggregation and surface morphology are explored using Brownian dynamics simulations under shear conditions. Consequently, when the particles are agglomerated, the PSCs with slot‐die coating exhibit higher power conversion efficiency compared to ETL spin‐coated PSCs. Therefore, IPA addition to SnO2 ink is preferred for the R2R slot‐die process by improving the wetting properties and forming smooth films. In this study, a framework is provided for obtaining high‐quality films using the slot‐die coating of ETL and promotes the commercialization of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological requirements are changing, and there is a push for more effective energy production and conversion technologies as a result of a social desire for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Solar energy conversion, particularly photovoltaic cells, offers a potentially helpful solution in this situation. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been reported to have increased significantly from 3% to 26.1%. The transition from laboratory PSCs to their commercialization needs scalable deposition techniques, high efficiency at a scalable level, and perovskite photovoltaic with minimal loss in PCE. In this review article, the scalable fabrication processes for perovskite solar modules (PSMs) and their fabrication challenges, as well as latest developments in PSM stability, are focused on. Finally, the future prospectus and challenges for PSMs are presented. This review will give us an overall understanding of the thin film coating inside the PSM and good insight into the future direction of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a simple approachto prepare a transparentsuperhydrophobic coating and a translucent superamphiphobic coatingvia spraying silica–fluoropolymer hybrid nanoparticles (SFNs)without any pre- or post-treatment of substrates; these nanoparticlescreate both microscale and nanoscale roughness, and fluoropolymeracts as a low surface energy binder. We also demonstrate the effectsof varying the concentration of the SFN sol on the water and hexadecanerepellency and on the transparency of the coated glass substrates.An increase in the concentration of the sol facilitates the transitionbetween the superhydrophobic/transparent and superamphiphobic/translucentstates. This transition results from an increase in the discontinuitiesin the three-phase (solid–liquid–gas) contact line andin the light scattering properties due to micropapillae tuned by varyingthe concentration of the sol. This versatile and controllable approachcan be applied to a variety of substrates over large areas and mayprovide a wide range of applications for self-cleaning coatings ofoptoelectronics, liquid-repellent coatings, and microfluidic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]