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Objective: To determine whether clinical or radiological parameters can predict clinically significant prostate cancer (csPC) in patients with the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 3 lesions. Patients and Methods: Data were obtained from 247 patients with PI-RADS 3 lesions on mpMRI and who had received a soft-ware guided transperineal/transrectal MRI/transrectal ultrasonography (MRI/TRUS) fusion prostate biopsy with concomitant standard systematic 12-core biopsy following mpMRI in the prostate cancer and prostate biopsy database of Turkish Uroon-cology Association, between 2016 and 2020. The cut-off values of clinical parameters were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the clinical parameters in predicting csPC. Results: A total of 56 patients (22.6%) had prostate cancer, 23 (9.3%) of whom had csPC. In the lesion-based analysis, cancer detection rates (CDRs) of each lesion in targeted biopsy were found to be 6% and 5% for ISUP GG 1 and ISUP GG >= 2, respectively. In the patient-based analysis, clinically insignificant CDRs were significantly higher in systematic biopsy compared with targeted biopsy, whereas no significant difference was found in terms of clinically significant CDRs (p = 0.020 and p=0.422, respectively). The cut-off values were determined as 48.3 mL (AUC [95% CI] = 0.68 [0.53-0.82]) for prostate volume, and 0.213 ng/mL/mL (AUC [95% CI] = 0.64 (0.51-0.77]) for PSAD in predicting csPC. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, only PSAD was found to be an independent risk factor in predicting csPC (OR [95% CI]: 3.56 [1.15-10.91], p = 0.024). Conclusion: Since PSAD > 0.20 ng/mL/mL was found to be positive independent risk factor in predicting csPC, in the absence of advanced radiological parameters, PSAD could be used for the biopsy decision in patients with PI-RADS 3 lesions.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of risk factors and selected surgical methods on operative and oncological results of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) with high-risk prostate cancer (HRPC). Methods Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent RP for HRPC from 13 urology centres between 1990 and 2019 was performed. Groups were created according to the risk factors of D'Amico classification. Patients with one risk factor were included in group 1 where group 2 consisted of patients with two or three risk factors. Results A total of 1519 patients were included in this study and 1073 (70.6%) patients were assigned to group 1 and 446 (29.4%) patients to group 2. Overall (biochemical and/or clinical and/or radiological) progression rate was 12.4% in group 1 and 26.5% in group 2 (P = .001). Surgical procedure was open RP in 844 (55.6%) patients and minimally invasive RP in 675 (44.4%) patients (laparoscopic and robot-assisted RP in 230 (15.1%) and 445 (29.3%) patients, respectively). Progression rates were similar in different types of operations (P = .22). Progression rate was not significantly different in patients who either underwent pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) or not in each respective group. Conclusion RP alone is an effective treatment in the majority of patients with HRPC and PLND did not affect the progression rates after RP. According to the number of pre-operative high-risk features, as the number of risk factors increases, there is a need for additional treatment.

Duodenorenal fistula is a rare condition. The right kidney and the second part of the duodenum are in close anatomic proximity. Although unusual, fistulae can occur between these two anatomic structures. We report a patient who presented with duodenorenal fistula after radiofrequency ablation for renal cell carcinoma and its hepatic metastasis.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of single or double epirubicin instillation during the early postoperative period (EPP) in intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial cancer. Methods: Patients with primary and solitary or multiple (3 or less) Ta (grade 2–3) or T1 (grade 1–2) tumors were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive either a single dose of 100 mg epirubicin instillation within 6 h or a second 100 mg epirubicin instillation during the 12th–18th hours after a complete TUR-BT. At the end of the 60-month follow-up period, the available data were statistically analyzed. The end-points of the study were determined as disease-free survival, progression and recurrence rates, time to recurrence, and time to progression. Results: A total of 299 patients from 24 institutions were randomized between January 2002 and June 2004. There were 143 patients from 18 institutions who met the eligibility criteria. The follow-up and disease-free survival periods were 16.9 months and 16 months, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the demographic properties and the end-points between the groups. Conclusions: A single dose of intravesical 100 mg epirubicin chemotherapy during the early postoperative period for primary intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial cancer achieved 16 months of mean disease-free survival. A second intravesical epirubicin instillation did not provide any significant benefit.

Aim: To investigate the cytokine-stimulating activity of several Mycobacterium phlei cell wall extracts. Th e bacillus Calmette-Guerin application is the gold standard treatment for some types of superfi cial bladder carcinoma. However, its usage is limited due to its harmful side eff ects. Intensive research has been carried out to fi nd less toxic and more potent therapeutic agents for treatment. Researchers focus on M. phlei for this purpose. Th e cell wall extract of M. phlei is suffi cient for antitumoral activity. Materials and methods: In this study, M. phlei cells were cultured and several diff erent cell wall extracts were prepared by physicochemical procedures. Human monocytic cell lines were incubated with these extracts, and tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12 were determined in the samples. Results: Various cell extracts showed tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12 stimulating activity. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) profi les of the samples were also obtained. Th e MALDIMS spectra of the samples showed that peptides of 3808, 9207, 11,533, 12,460, and 21,587 Da may be involved in the immunostimulation activity. Conclusion: Th is study showed that peptides obtained from mycobacteria cell wall extracts may be used to prepare new antitumoral chemicals for the treatment of superfi cial bladder carcinoma.

Ultrasonografî kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsisi prostat kanseri tanısı için standart yöntemdir. Bu anketin amacı, Türkiye'deki üroloji uzmanları arasında ultrasonografî kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsilerindeki hasta hazırlığı ve biyopsi teknikleriyle ilgili farklılıkların araştırılmasıdır. Temmuz 2004'te prostat biyopsi protokollerini sorgulamak amacıyla, Üroonkoloji Derneği Üyeleri'nin e-posta adresine bir anket formu gönderildi. Anket formundaki sorular çoktan seçmeli olup, prostat biyopsilerindeki hasta hazırlığı ve teknikleri sorguluyordu. Cevaplar yine aynı yolla toplandı ve değerlendirildi. Ankete 24 merkezden 32 üroloji uzmanı katıldı. Bu merkezlerde prostat biyopsileri sadece üroloji uzmanları (%54.16), üroloji ve radyoloji uzmanı beraber (%37.5) ve sadece radyoloji uzmanları (%8.33) tarafından yapılıyordu. Ultrasonografî kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsileri büyük çoğunlukla transrektal yolla yapılıyordu. Merkezlerin %50'si biyopsi yapmak için PSA eşik değeri olarak 4 ng/ml'yi kullanıyordu. Biyopsi öncesi hazırlıkta bütün merkezler antibiyotik başlarken; yaklaşık yarısı bağırsak hazırlığı yapmaktaydı. Merkezlerin %37.5'i işlem sırasında analjezik kullanmazken; %29.1'i ağrıyı azaltmak için periprostatik sinir blokajı uyguluyordu. Üroloji uzmanlarının çoğu ilk biyopsilerde 10 veya 12 odaktan biyopsi alırken; %20.8'i rutin olarak transizyonel zon biyopsisi yapıyordu. Bu anket, Türkiye' deki üroloji uzmanları arasında ultrason kılavuzluğunda yapılan prostat biyopsilerinde hasta hazırlığı ve biyopsi teknikleriyle ilgili bir standardizasyon olmadığını ve bunun için bir kılavuz gerektiğini göstermektedir., Introduction: Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is the standard method for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The aim of the present survey is to assess the variability in patient preparation and technique of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy among Turkish Urologists. Materials and Methods: In July 2004, a questionnaire was sent out to e-mail addresses of the members of Urooncological Association, asking about the details of prostate biopsy protocol of the members. The survey consisted of multiple choice questions about the patient preparation and prostate biopsy technique. Responses were acquired via e-mail and analyzed in detail.Results: Thirty two urologists from 24 centers responded. The biopsy procedure was performed by the urologist only in 54.16% of the centers, both urologist and radiologist in 37.5%, and radiologist only in 8.33%. Transrectal route was the most common method for ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. A half of the responders performed biopsy when PSA was greater than 4 ng/ml. All of the centers administered antibiotic and a half of them used enema before the procedure. Approximately 37% of responders did not administer any type of analgesia, but 29.1% of all responders administered a periprostatic nerve block for reducing painduring the procedure. Most urologists obtained 10 or 12 biopsy cores and only 20.8% of them obtained routine transitional zone biopsy during the initial biopsy session. Conclusion: This survey demonstrated that patient preparation and technique of ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is not standardized among Turkish Urologists, and a guideline on prostate biopsy is needed.