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6. Roadway lighting shows safety benefits at rural intersections

Author

Isebrands, Hillary N., Hallmark, Shauna L., Li, Wen, McDonald, Tom, Storm, Richard, and Preston, Howard

Subjects
Minnesota -- Transportation policy, Street lighting -- Installation, Traffic accidents -- Control, Roadside improvement -- Management, Roads -- Interchanges and intersections, Roads -- Accidents, Technology installation instructions, Company business management, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology, Transportation industry
Abstract

Intersection-related crashes account for approximately 31% of fatal crashes in Minnesota and roughly 37% of those occurred at night, dusk, or dawn. Nationally, intersection-related fatal crashes accounted for 21% of all fatal crashes and 40% of those crashes occurred during dark, dusk, or dawn light conditions while only 25-33% of the vehicle miles traveled occur at night. Furthermore, Minnesota experienced 70% of its fatal crashes in rural areas, as compared to 58% nationally. As a result, rural intersections at night are at higher risk for fatal crashes than other locations in Minnesota. This research was part of Research Rep. No. MN/RC- 2006-35, 'Safety impacts of street lighting at isolated rural intersections--Part II.' This research evaluated the effectiveness of roadway lighting in reducing nighttime crashes at isolated rural intersections. A before-and-after study was used to evaluate the impact of lighting at 33 intersections with 3 years of before data and 3 years of after data. A Poisson regression model evaluated the change in the expected number of crashes after installation of lighting. Crash rate was calculated using this information and used to compare day versus night since volumes are expected to differ. Results indicated that the night crash rate was 37% lower after lighting was installed and was statistically significant. The change in daytime crash rate from the before to after period was 4% but was not statistically significant indicating that there was no overall change in crash rate during the analysis period due to other factors. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000161 CE Database subject headings: Streets; Light; Intersections; Traffic safety; Statistics; Rural areas; Minnesota. Author keywords: Street lighting; Intersection; Safety; Statistical model.

Published
2010

7. Investigation of violation reduction at intersection approaches with automated red light running enforcement cameras in Clive, Iowa, using a cross-sectional analysis

Author

Fitzsimmons, Eric J., Hallmark, Shauna L., Orellana, Massiel, McDonald, Thomas, and Matulac, David

Subjects
Clive, Iowa -- Buildings and facilities, Surveillance equipment -- Usage, Traffic violations -- Control, Electronic traffic controls -- Equipment and supplies, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology, Transportation industry
Abstract

Red light running causes more than 100,000 crashes and 1,000 fatalities annually and results in an estimated economic loss of over $14 billion per year in the United States. Red light running is a significant safety issue facing communities which rarely have the resources to place additional law enforcement in the field. As a result, communities are increasingly turning to automated red light running camera-enforcement systems to address the problem. The effectiveness of red light running cameras in reducing the number of drivers who run the red light (violations) in an Iowa community was evaluated. The number of red light running violations at camera-enforced intersection approaches were compared to violations at approaches at intersections where cameras were not used within the same metropolitan area using a cross-sectional analysis. A Poisson lognormal regression was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the cameras in reducing violations. Results indicated that red light running cameras substantially reduced the number of violations at camera-enforced approaches as compared to control approaches. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000079 CE Database subject headings: Traffic signals; Traffic management: Iowa: Intersections.

Published
2009

9. Impact of left-turn phasing on older and younger drivers at high-speed signalized intersections

Author

Mueller, Kim, Hallmark, Shauna L., Wu, Huaiqing, and Pawlovich, Michael

Subjects
Aged automobile drivers -- Research, Aged automobile drivers -- Behavior, Traffic signs and signals -- Research, Traffic accidents -- Research, Traffic accidents -- Prevention, Roads -- Interchanges and intersections, Roads -- Research, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology, Transportation industry
Abstract

The study reports on research that evaluated the impact of different types of left-turn phasing on older and younger drivers at high-speed signalized intersections. Using Poisson regression, the likelihood that a driver in a particular age group would be responsible for a left-turn crash under different types of phasing was evaluated. The induced exposure method was used to estimate exposure by age group. The variable of interest was left-turn crash rate for left-turning drivers who were responsible for circumstances contributing to the crash. Older drivers had higher crash rates than younger or middle-aged drivers for all types of phasing. Younger drivers had higher crash rates than middle-aged drivers for all types of phasing. All three age groups had the highest crash rate under protected/permitted and then permitted phasing within their respective age group. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2007)133:10(556) CE Database subject headings: Traffic accidents; Regression analysis; Intersections; Traffic safety; Left-turns; Drive behavior.

Published
2007

10. Use of n-fold cross-validation to evaluate three methods to calculate heavy truck annual average daily traffic and vehicle miles traveled

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L., Souleyrette, Reginald, and Lamptey, Stephen

Subjects
Air quality management -- Methods -- Environmental aspects -- Research, Traffic engineering -- Methods -- Research -- Environmental aspects, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

ABSTRACT Reliable estimates of heavy-truck volumes in the United States are important in a number of transportation applications including pavement design and management, traffic safety, and traffic operations. Additionally, because [...]

Published
2007

11. Evaluating speed differences between passenger vehicles and heavy trucks for transportation-related emissions modeling

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L. and Isebrands, Hillary

Subjects
Mathematical models -- Usage -- Environmental aspects, Vehicles -- Environmental aspects -- Usage, Trucks -- Environmental aspects -- Usage, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

ABSTRACT Heavy-duty trucks make up only 3% of the on-road vehicle fleet, yet they account for >7% of vehicle miles traveled in the United States. They also contribute a significant [...]

Published
2005

12. Evaluating speed differences between cars, light-duty trucks, and vans for emissions modeling

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L., Knapp, Keith K., and Grant, Christopher D.

Subjects
Automotive emissions -- Research, Air quality management, Air pollution, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology, Transportation industry
Abstract

The percentage of sport-utility vehicles, light-duty trucks, and passenger vans in the on-road light-duty fleet is steadily increasing. The implications for modeling emissions from on-road vehicles are significant since light-duty trucks produce, on average, more emissions than passenger cars. Although not frequently considered in calculating emission rates, differences in the average speeds of passenger cars, light-duty trucks, sport-utility vehicles, and passenger vans may influence emissions. This paper investigated whether the different classes of passenger vehicles operated differently on-road. Spot speed studies were used to determine differences in operating characteristics for three subgroups of the passenger car fleet. Results are presented for studies on freeways and arterials. CE Database subject headings: Air quality; Emission; Traffic speed; Traffic models; Vehicles.

Published
2004

13. Factors related to more severe older driver traffic crash injuries

Author

Khattak, Aemal J., Pawlovich, Michael D., Souleyrette, Reginald R., and Hallmark, Shauna L.

Subjects
Aged automobile drivers -- Accidents, Traffic accidents -- Causes of, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology, Transportation industry
Abstract

The population of the U.S. is aging, and the number of older persons licensed to drive keeps increasing. With the aging population and increase in the number of older licensed drivers, addressing safety issues related to older drivers is becoming more crucial every day. This paper reports on the analysis of 1990-1999 crash data from the State of Iowa in which an older driver (age [greater than or equal to] 65 years) was injured. The main focus of the study was to isolate factors that contribute to more severe injuries to older drivers involved in traffic crashes. The ordered probit modeling technique was used to investigate factors from vehicle, roadway, driver, crash, and environmental characteristics that can potentially contribute to older driver crash injury severity. Model findings were primarily as expected. New findings from this study were that older drivers who consumed alcohol were more likely to be seriously injured and older driver injuries in farm vehicles were more severe as compared with other types of vehicles. The writers discuss implications of the findings for the safety of older drivers. CE Database keywords: Driver behavior; Age factors; Traffic accidents.

Published
2002

17. Evaluation of the effectiveness of vertical devices as a speed transition zone countermeasures in small, rural communities

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L., Hawkins, Neal, Knickerbocker, Skylar, Hallmark, Shauna L., Hawkins, Neal, and Knickerbocker, Skylar

Abstract

Speeding is a major contributing factor in around 30 percent of fatal crashes nationally in the United States. Speeding in rural communities located along major highways is especially problematic given that drivers must transition from a major high-speed, rural roadway to a low-speed community setting. The rural roadway provides high-speed mobility outside the community, yet the same road within town provides local access and accommodates pedestrians as well as on-street parking, bicycles, and other features unique to the character of a small rural community. Since many rural communities are small, no clear delineation between rural homes and an actual township may be evident. As a result, drivers who have been traveling for some distance on a high-speed road outside the community may not receive the appropriate clues that the character of the roadway is changing and may not adjust their speed appropriately. Consequently, drivers often enter at high speeds and maintain those speeds as they travel through the community. Addressing speeding issues in rural communities is particularly challenging given that small rural communities often lack the engineering expertise and resources necessary to effectively address the persistent challenge of slowing high-speed through traffic. While traffic calming has been evaluated and used extensively on lower-speed urban roadways in the US, little information is available regarding the types of traffic-calming techniques that are appropriate and effective along major highways transitioning within rural communities. Typical traffic-calming techniques used on lower-speed roadways cannot be assumed to be portable to higher-speed roadways. To address the challenges of speed management along major highways through rural communities, the research team conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of different traffic calming countermeasures which were appropriate to the rural setting. Eleven different countermeasures were selected and eva

Published
2018

18. Relationship Between Speed And Lateral Position On Curves

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L., Hawkins, Neal, and Smadi, Omar

Subjects
Rural road, Measurement, Seed, Threshold (math), Bend (road), Traffic lane, In situ
Abstract

Lane departure crashes are a significant safety concern. The majority of lane departure crashes occur in rural areas, mostly on 2-lane roadways. A disproportionate number of these crashes occur on horizontal curves. Curve related crashes involve a number of roadway and driver causative factors. Understanding how drivers negotiate curves can assist in application of countermeasures.One aspect of curve negotiation that is not well documented is the relationship between lateral position and speed. This relationship was assessed by comparing the odds of a near lane crossing for vehicles traveling 5 or more mph over the advisory speed to those for vehicles traveling below that threshold. Data were collected using a “Z” configuration of road tubes at three rural 2-lane curves in Iowa (USA). Data were collected at various locations within those curves including the PC and center of curve. Data were compared for daytime and nighttime separately since driver behavior can vary during these time periods. When results were statistically significant, vehicles at higher speeds had greater odds of near lane crossings.

Published
2013

22. Planning-level guidelines for modern roundabouts

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L. and Hallmark, Shauna L.

Subjects
Traffic circles Iowa., Carrefours giratoires Iowa., Traffic circles., Roundabouts., Guidelines., Highway traffic control., Transportation planning., Iowa.
Abstract

This technical memorandum provides preliminary planning-level guidance to engineers, technicians, planners, and policymakers who may be considering a modern roundabout at an existing or proposed intersection in Iowa.

Published
2008

37. Evaluating the relationship between the driver and roadway to address rural intersection safety using the SHRP 2 naturalistic driving study data.

Author

Iowa. Dept. of Transportation, United States. Federal Highway Administration, Oneyear, Nicole, Hallmark, Shauna L., Wang, Bo, Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University. Institute for Transportation, Iowa. Dept. of Transportation, United States. Federal Highway Administration, Oneyear, Nicole, Hallmark, Shauna L., Wang, Bo, Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, and Iowa State University. Institute for Transportation

Abstract

InTrans Project 13-476, Rural intersections account for 30% of crashes in rural areas and 6% of all fatal crashes, representing a significant but poorly, understood safety problem. Transportation agencies have traditionally implemented countermeasures to address rural intersection, crashes but frequently do not understand the dynamic interaction between the driver and roadway and the driver factors leading to, these types of crashes., The Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) conducted a large-scale naturalistic driving study (NDS) using, instrumented vehicles. The study has provided a significant amount of on-road driving data for a range of drivers. The present, study utilizes the SHRP 2 NDS data as well as SHRP 2 Roadway Information Database (RID) data to observe driver behavior at, rural intersections first hand using video, vehicle kinematics, and roadway data to determine how roadway, driver, environmental, and vehicle factors interact to affect driver safety at rural intersections., A model of driver braking behavior was developed using a dataset of vehicle activity traces for several rural stop-controlled, intersections. The model was developed using the point at which a driver reacts to the upcoming intersection by initiating braking, as its dependent variable, with the driver’s age, type and direction of turning movement, and countermeasure presence as, independent variables. Countermeasures such as on-pavement signing and overhead flashing beacons were found to increase the, braking point distance, a finding that provides insight into the countermeasures’ effect on safety at rural intersections. The results, of this model can lead to better roadway design, more informed selection of traffic control and countermeasures, and targeted, information that can inform policy decisions., Additionally, a model of gap acceptance was attempted but was ultimately not developed due to the small size of the dataset., However, a protocol for data reduction for a gap acceptance model was determined. This protocol can be utilized in future studies, to develop a gap acceptance model that would provide additional insight into the roadway, vehicle, environmental, and driver, factors that play a role in whether a driver accepts or rejects a gap.

38. Assessing the costs for hybrid versus regular transit buses : [technical brief].

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L., Wang, Bo, Qiu, Yu, Sperry, Bob, Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Hallmark, Shauna L., Wang, Bo, Qiu, Yu, Sperry, Bob, and Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education

Abstract

This technical brief summarizes, information about the costs and benefits, that have been attributed to use of, hybrid transit buses as found in the, literature. Results from a demonstration, project that compared fuel economy, and emissions for 12 hybrid buses and 7, control buses for the transit agency for, Ames, Iowa and Iowa State University, CyRide, were also included. Costs and benefits include initial, purchase cost differentials, savings, in fuel, reduced emissions, potential, reduced maintenance due to decreased, engine and brake wear, and replacement, costs for the hybrid battery pack. All, costs are listed in US dollars (USD).

39. Evaluation of electronic speed limit signs on US 30.

Author

Iowa. Dept. of Transportation, Hallmark, Shauna L., Oneyear, Nicole, Midwest Transportation Consortium, Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University. Institute for Transportation, Iowa. Dept. of Transportation, Hallmark, Shauna L., Oneyear, Nicole, Midwest Transportation Consortium, Iowa State University. Center for Transportation Research and Education, and Iowa State University. Institute for Transportation

Abstract

This study documents the speed, reduction impacts of two dynamic, electronic school zone speed limit signs, at United Community Schools between, Ames and Boone, Iowa. The school, facility is situated along US Highway 30, a rural four-lane divided expressway.

40. A slight turn.

Author

Hallmark, Shauna L., Hawkins, Neal, and Smadi, Omar

Subjects
*CURVES, *TRAFFIC accidents, *RURAL development, *CHEVRONS (Badges)
Abstract

The article focuses on curve-relates crashed in rural communities in the U.S. Driver errors on horizontal curves are often due to inappropriate selection of speed and inability to maintain lane position. The Center for Transportation Research and Education (CTRE) and the Institute of Transporation at Iowa State University studied low-cost strategies to reduce speeds and crashed on curves. The study reveals that the use of retroreflective materials to existing chevrons were effective.

Published
2013

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