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4. A sustainable waste-to-protein system to maximise waste resource utilisation for developing food- and feed-grade protein solutions

Author

Piercy, Ellen, Verstraete, Willy, Ellis, Peter R., Rockström, Johan, Smith, Pete, Witard, Oliver, Hallett, Jason, Hogstrand, Christer, Knott, Geoffrey, Karwati, Ai, Rasoarahona, Henintso Felamboahangy, Leslie, Andrew, He, Yiying, Banks, Mason, and Guo, Miao

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Abstract

A waste-to-protein system that integrates a range of waste-to-protein upgrading technologies has the potential to converge innovations on zero-waste and protein security to ensure a sustainable protein future. We present a global overview of food-safe and feed-safe waste resource potential and technologies to sort and transform such waste streams with compositional quality characteristics into food-grade or feed-grade protein. The identified streams are rich in carbon and nutrients and absent of pathogens and hazardous contaminants, including food waste streams, lignocellulosic waste from agricultural residues and forestry, and contaminant-free waste from the food and drink industry. A wide range of chemical, physical, and biological treatments can be applied to extract nutrients and convert waste-carbon to fermentable sugars or other platform chemicals for subsequent conversion to protein. Our quantitative analyses suggest that the waste-to-protein system has the potential to maximise recovery of various low-value resources and catalyse the transformative solutions toward a sustainable protein future. However, novel protein regulation processes remain expensive and resource intensive in many countries, with protracted timelines for approval. This poses a significant barrier to market expansion, despite accelerated research and development in waste-to-protein technologies and novel protein sources. Thus, the waste-to-protein system is an important initiative to promote metabolic health across the lifespan and tackle the global hunger crisis., Comment: 40 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary materials can be accessed on request to corresponding author Miao Guo: miao.guo@kcl.ac.uk

Published
2022

17. Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward

Author

Bui, Mai, Adjiman, Claire S, Bardow, André, Anthony, Edward J, Boston, Andy, Brown, Solomon, Fennell, Paul S, Fuss, Sabine, Galindo, Amparo, Hackett, Leigh A, Hallett, Jason P, Herzog, Howard J, Jackson, George, Kemper, Jasmin, Krevor, Samuel, Maitland, Geoffrey C, Matuszewski, Michael, Metcalfe, Ian S, Petit, Camille, Puxty, Graeme, Reimer, Jeffrey, Reiner, David M, Rubin, Edward S, Scott, Stuart A, Shah, Nilay, Smit, Berend, Trusler, JP Martin, Webley, Paul, Wilcox, Jennifer, and Mac Dowell, Niall

Subjects
Climate Action, Energy
Abstract

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is broadly recognised as having the potential to play a key role in meeting climate change targets, delivering low carbon heat and power, decarbonising industry and, more recently, its ability to facilitate the net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. However, despite this broad consensus and its technical maturity, CCS has not yet been deployed on a scale commensurate with the ambitions articulated a decade ago. Thus, in this paper we review the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capture, transport, utilisation and storage from a multi-scale perspective, moving from the global to molecular scales. In light of the COP21 commitments to limit warming to less than 2 °C, we extend the remit of this study to include the key negative emissions technologies (NETs) of bioenergy with CCS (BECCS), and direct air capture (DAC). Cognisant of the non-technical barriers to deploying CCS, we reflect on recent experience from the UK's CCS commercialisation programme and consider the commercial and political barriers to the large-scale deployment of CCS. In all areas, we focus on identifying and clearly articulating the key research challenges that could usefully be addressed in the coming decade.

Published
2018

24. Continuous preparation and reaction of nonaflyl azide (NfN3) for the synthesis of organic azides and 1,2,3-triazoles.

Author

Green, Sebastian P., Broderick, Hannah C., Wheelhouse, Katherine M. P., Hallett, Jason P., Miller, Philip W., and Bull, James A.

Subjects
MEMBRANE separation, CONTINUOUS processing, HALOALKANES, TRIAZOLES, AMINES
Abstract

Organic azides are widely used in organic synthesis. Continuous flow processing can be used to bypass their isolation, and can therefore be useful in mitigating the hazards associated with these potentially toxic and explosive reagents. Nonaflyl azide has been reported as an effective, bench-stable, and relatively safe diazo transfer reagent that can be useful in the preparation of azides from amines and so avoid the use of alkyl halides. Here we demonstrate the synthesis and purification of nonaflyl azide in continuous flow with isolation of the neat, pure reagent by membrane filtration. The neat reagent was used in the preparation of organic azides from primary amines, and then applied to the synthesis of triazoles. A variety of triazoles, including the antiseizure drug Rufinamide, were prepared from primary amines and alkynes via the CuAAC click reaction in a semi-batch parallel array without isolation of alkyl azide intermediates. A telescoped two-stage continuous flow process was also designed and demonstrated to form triazoles via the same CuAAC reaction, which avoids the handling of the intermediate reactive azides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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38. The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials

Author

Ragauskas, Arthur J., Williams, Charlotte K., Davison, Brian H., Britovsek, George, Cairney, John, Eckert, Charles A., Frederick, William J., Hallett, Jason P., Leak, David J., Liotta, Charles L., Mielenz, Jonathan R., Murphy, Richard, Templer, Richard, and Tschaplinski, Timothy

Published
2006

42. Progress in the applications of biocompatible ionic liquids: renewable commodity production, catalytic and pharmaceutical approaches – a review.

Author

Costa, Josiel Martins, Forster-Carneiro, TÃnia, and Hallett, Jason P.

Subjects
IONIC liquids, CYTOTOXINS, CHEMICAL synthesis, WASTE recycling, ION pairs
Abstract

Millions of tons of solvents are consumed annually in various industrial sectors, such as pharmaceuticals, chemical synthesis, textiles, coatings, paints, and others. Ionic liquids (ILs) are pairs of ions in the liquid form synthesized at temperatures below 100 °C that meet specific demands of processes, replacing organic solvents that are harmful to the environment. They offer exceptional prospects as advanced solvents owing to their unique attributes and remarkable recyclability. However, alkyl imidazolium-based ILs have proven to be flammable when exposed to heat, and cytotoxicity and phytotoxicity were observed for many traditional ILs. Therefore, with a focus on negligible toxicity, biocompatibility, straightforward preparation, and sustainability, biocompatible ionic liquids (Bio-ILs) have emerged with huge potential in many different fields of chemistry. These solvents are specifically designed to be derived from naturally occurring compounds. Their physical–chemical properties, modulated according to the application, make them an attractive green technology. Therefore, this review addresses the recent advances in Bio-ILs that include the production of renewable commodities and approaches in catalysis and the pharmaceutical field. Likewise, patents and future perspectives are discussed, demonstrating the great potential of Bio-ILs as green and sustainable compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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49. The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials

Author

Arthur, J., primary, Ragauskas, Arthur J., additional, Williams, Charlotte K., additional, Davison, Brian H., additional, Britovsek, George, additional, Cairney, John, additional, Eckert, Charles A., additional, Frederick Jr., William J., additional, Hallett, Jason P., additional, Leak, David J., additional, Liotta, Charles L., additional, Mielenz, Jonathan R., additional, Murphy, Richard, additional, Templer, Richard, additional, and Tschaplinski, Timothy, additional

Published
2018
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