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Den här delrapporten utgör en (1) av sex (6) rapporter för att beskriva funktion och driftförutsättningar vid filtrering. De sex delrapporterna är följande. Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross) En sammanfattande rapport med publikationsnummer 2023:087 finns: Dagvattenfiltrering: Slutsatser Funktion skyddssand och drifttid av filter., Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

Den här delrapporten utgör en (1) av sex (6) rapporter för att beskriva funktion och driftförutsättningar vid filtrering. De sex delrapporterna är följande: Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross) En sammanfattande rapport med publikationsnummer 2023:087 finns: Dagvattenfiltrering: Slutsatser Funktion skyddssand och drifttid av filter., Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

Den här delrapporten utgör en (1) av sex (6) rapporter för att beskriva funktion och driftförutsättningar vid filtrering. De sex delrapporterna är följande. Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross) En sammanfattande rapport med publikationsnummer 2023:087 finns: Dagvattenfiltrering: Slutsatser Funktion skyddssand och drifttid av filter., Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

Den här delrapporten utgör en (1) av sex (6) rapporter för att beskriva funktion och driftförutsättningar vid filtrering. De sex delrapporterna är följande: Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross) En sammanfattande rapport med publikationsnummer 2023:087 finns: Dagvattenfiltrering: Slutsatser Funktion skyddssand och drifttid av filter., Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

Slutsatserna för skyddssandsfunktion vid dagvattenfiltrering utgår från följande delrapporter: Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross), Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

Den här delrapporten utgör en (1) av sex (6) rapporter för att beskriva funktion och driftförutsättningar vid filtrering. De sex delrapporterna är följande. Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross) En sammanfattande rapport med publikationsnummer 2023:087 finns: Dagvattenfiltrering: Slutsatser Funktion skyddssand och drifttid av filter., Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

Den här delrapporten utgör en (1) av sex (6) rapporter för att beskriva funktion och driftförutsättningar vid filtrering. De sex delrapporterna är följande. Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 1 (Fredhäll kolonn 1) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion av skyddssand – Delrapport 2 (Fredhäll kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Funktion och tvätt av skyddssand – Delrapport 3 (Gröndal kolonn 4) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 4 (Filtralite P) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 5 (Rainclean) Dagvattenfiltrering: Nyckeltal för drift – Delrapport 6 (Bergkross) En sammanfattande rapport med publikationsnummer 2023:087 finns: Dagvattenfiltrering: Slutsatser Funktion skyddssand och drifttid av filter., Driftsäker och hållbar dagvattenrening för lösta föroreningar

The effects of stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments and the need for their purification were highlighted by an EU court in May 2020. The ruling stated the need for removal of dissolved pollutants, which justifies field studies for development of far-reaching methods for runoff treatment. In this study, a standard sand was used as medium for road runoff filtration and removal of dissolved and particle-bound (<0.45 mu m) zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). Data included 24 road runoff events, mimicking the flow variations and pollutant emissions over a seven-month period. The findings showed that sand can be used to remove Zn and Cu from road runoff in a gravity fed treatment system at a surface load ranging from 16.8 to 201 L m(-2) h(-1). The removal of total Zn and Cu was 93 and 67%, respectively. Dissolved Zn was efficiently removed by the sand (87%), however not Cu (19%). The sand efficiently removed total suspended solids (TSS) from the maximum occurring 443 mg L-1 to below 5 mg L-1. No head loss due to the TSS loadings was observed. The sand's potential to remove the investigated metals was shown, but in the longer term, effluent concentrations may exceed permitted values., QC 20220920

Konferensbidrag till NORDIWA, 28 september – 1 oktober, 2021, Göteborg Treatment method to remove dissolved metals from motorway runoff – initial observations and implications for operation and maintenance Magnus Hallberg1, Agnieszka Renman2, Raúl Rodríguez Gómez2, Gunno Renman2, Liselott Berndtsson1 1 Swedish Transport Administration, Stockholm, 2 Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Water and Environmental Engineering, Stockholm A large number of different stormwater treatment systems were designed over the years. Unfortunately, their adaptation to operation and maintenance were not always taken into account. During the extensive construction of treatment plants at the new motorway bypass Stockholm, the Swedish Transport Administration investigate sustainable and maintenance efficient stormwater solutions for removal of dissolved pollutants. Moreover, the environmental authorities claim for high consent limits of stormwater effluent metal concentrations with particular regard to zinc (Zn). For this reason, the Swedish Transport Administration started a project in 2020. Runoff at three sites along a section of the E4 motorway, Stockholm, are used for testing filter materials in large column experiments and full-scale filter wells to assess removal of dissolved pollutants. The impact of particulate matter for filter clogging is also studied. The filter wells, situated at Lilla Essingen, aim to remove dissolved metals from road runoff. The pre-treated water, where the load of particulate matter reduces in an open storage pond, is pumped into two parallel filter wells, each filled with 2.7 m3 Leca Filtralite® P. The filter system received stormwater from July 2020 and the first part of the trial terminated in December 2020. The volume treated during this period was approximately 1300 m3. We performed automatic flow-proportional and occasional grab sampling of influent and effluent stormwater to the filters. The water analyses comprised total and diss, QC 20220302

One treatment practice for storm water is detention of the initial part of the runoff that is considered to contain the highest concentration of pollutants. This study has evaluated the concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) in 44 consecutive runoff events from a highway watershed. The effluent TSS standard for wastewater of 60 mg/l applied in the EU was used to assess the required treatment. In 35 of the runoff events the TSS partial event mean concentration exceeded 60 mg/l for the duration of the runoff event. Thus, a partial capture of the runoff volume should not be used as a treatment option in similar conditions that prevailed in this study., QC 20100709. Uppdaterad från Submitted till Published 20100709.

A pilot-scale system consisting of presedimentation and a saturated down-flow reactive bed filter was used for cleaning highway runoff. Blast furnace slag (BFS) and Polonite were selected as filter materials. A total suspended solids (TSSs) removal of over 99% was achieved. High removal performance was observed for dissolved Mn, Ni, Co, and Cu. In contrast Al was released after filtration. Metals were retained in the upper layer of the bed filters while a desorption was suggested to take place in the downward layers. This was probably attributed to the elevated salt levels during winter and the intermittent operation.

Removal of dissolved heavy metals in road runoff can be achieved by filtration through reactive materials. A four-column installation was set up at an existing treatment plant and used to examine different types of filter materials in situ. Two fractions of granulated activated carbon (GAC), Clinoptilolite and Polonite were investigated. The hydraulic loading was 1 m h(-1) and the metal attenuation capacities were studied under unsaturated and saturated conditions. The relative effectiveness of the materials decreased in the order: GAC of fine fraction > GAC of course fraction > zeolite > Polonite. Aluminium, Fe, Mn, and Zn showed the highest concentrations in influent storm water and also showed elevated removal efficiencies.

It is understood that the major pollution from storm water is related to the content of particulate matter. One treatment practice is based on the first flush, i.e. detention of the initial part of the runoff that is considered to contain the highest concentrations of pollutants, This study has evaluated the concentration of total suspended solids in 30 consecutive runoff events during the winter season for an area of 6.7 hectares. A six-lane highway (E4) that has an annual average daily traffic load of 120,000 dominates the area and road de-icing salt (NaCl) and studded tires were in regular use during the studied period. The effluent standard for wastewater of 60 mg TSS per litre applied in EU was used to assess the treatment requirement of storm water. In only two of the events the event mean concentration was below 60 mg V. In four runoff events a partial event mean concentration below 60 mg l(-1) was found, in 26 %, 12 %, 11 %, and 2 % respectively of the runoff volume. This would suggest that a capture of the initial part of the runoff for subsequent treatment is less applicable in this type of urban watershed., QC 20100709. Uppdaterad från Accepted till Published 20100709.

The legal aspects for conventional water production and treatment are clearly defined and not ambiguous. This is not the case for handling and treatment of run-off water. In the EU directive 1991/271/EEC run-off water is defined as sewage water. The EU Water Directive refers to 1991/271/EEC and points to run-off water as a pollutant source for ground water. Elevated levels of pollutant can be found in run-off water from catchment areas with dense traffic loads. Depending on road maintenance, use of studded tires, type of pavement, traffic flow, velocity, type of vehicle, residential and industrial areas, tunnels the degree of mobility of the pollutants will vary in the ambient air and the run-off water. An aspect that only to some extent has been elaborated on is the influence of pavement types and its wear with regard to the mobility of the pollutants. A treatment technique commonly used in many countries is storm water ponds. The pollutant removal efficiency varies for different ponds, due to different specific pond areas, i.e. pond area in relation to catchment area. Ponds act as sedimentation basins, collecting particles and bounded pollutants. However, the solute transport of e.g. heavy metals should be trapped by other means. For that purpose a filtration unit has been developed and tested in Sweden., QC 20101115

The EU Water Directive (2000/60/EG) refers to 1991/271/EEC in regards to runoff water (storm water) as a type of sewage water. The EU Water Directive also points out the urban road runoff water as a pollutant source for ground water. Elevated levels of pollutant concentrations can be found in runoff water from catchment areas with dense traffic loads. Depending on road maintenance, use of studded tires, type of pavement, traffic load, velocity, type of vehicle, residential and industrial areas and tunnels, the degree of mobility of the pollutants will vary in the ambient air and the runoff water. An aspect that only to some extent has been elaborated on is the influence of pavement type and its wear with regards to the mobility of the pollutants. A possible treatment technique for polluted runoff water is the use of sedimentation and a filter for removal of dissolved and colloidal substances utilizing a batch sequenced mode of operation. The successful application of a batch sequenced treatment technique would depend on the “First flush” behavior of the catchment area. Along the Essingeleden motorway in Stockholm, with a yearly average traffic load of 120 000 vehicles per day, field trials and investigations of the treatment technique and first flush behavior is carried out along with assessment of generated sludge from storm water., QC 20120221

The conditions for handling of run-off water differs notably compared to the handling of potable water, sewage water and industrial effluent water. For conventional water treatment the time variations of flow and quality of the contaminated waters is well established and known. The legal aspects for conventional water production and treatment are clearly defined and not ambiguous. This is not the case for handling and treatment of run-off water. In the EU directive 1991/271/EEC run-off water is defined as sewage water. The EU Water Directive refers to 1991/271/EEC and points to run-off water as a pollutant source for ground water. Elevated levels of pollutant can be found in run-off water from catchment areas with dense traffic loads. Depending on road maintenance, use of studded tires, type of pavement, traffic load, velocity, type of vehicle, residential and industrial areas, tunnels the degree of mobility of the pollutants will vary in the ambient air and the run-off water. An aspect that only to some extent has been elaborated on is the influence of pavement types and its wear in regards to the mobility of the pollutants. A treatment technique commonly used in Sweden is storm water ponds. The pollutant removal efficiency varies for different ponds, due to different specific pond areas, i.e. pond area in relation to catchment area. Ponds act as sedimentation basins, collecting particles and bounded pollutants. However, the solute transport of e.g. heavy metals should be trapped by other means. A filtration unit has been developed and tested in Sweden., QC 20120221

It is possible to recruit RNA polymerase II to a target promoter and, thus, activate transcription by fusing Mediator subunits to a DNA binding domain. To investigate functional interactions within Mediator, we have tested such fusions of the lexA DNA binding domain to Med1, Med2, Gal11, Srb7, and Srb10 in wild type, med1, med2, gal11, sin4, srb8, srb10, and srb11 strains. We found that lexA-Med2 and lexA-Gal11 are strong activators that are independent of all Mediator subunits tested. lexA-Srb10 is a weak activator that depends on Srb8 and Srb11. lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 are both cryptic activators that become active in the absence of Srb8, Srb10, Srb11, or Sin4. An unexpected finding was that lexA-VP16 differs from Gal4-VP16 in that it is independent of the activator binding Mediator module. Both lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 are stably associated with Med4 and Med8, which suggests that they are incorporated into Mediator. Med4 and Med8 exist in two mobility forms that differ in their association with lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7. Within purified Mediator, Med4 is present as a phosphorylated lower mobility form. Taken together, these results suggest that assembly of Mediator is a multistep process that involves conversion of both Med4 and Med8 to their low mobility forms.

QC 20101115

QC 20100712

QC 20100712

QC 20100712

The negative effects of stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments and the need for their purification were highlighted by the EU courts' "Weser-Ruling" in May 2020. The ruling stated the need for removal of dissolved pollutants. The decision justifies field studies for development of far-reaching methods for runoff treatment. In this in situ study, a standard sand was used as medium for road runoff filtration and removal of dissolved and particle-bound (< 0.45 µm) zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), Data collected included 24 road runoff events, mimicking the flow variations and pollutant emissions over a seven-month period. The findings showed that filter sand can be used to remove Zn and Cu from road runoff in a gravity fed treatment system. The removal of total Zn and Cu was 93% and 67%, respectively. Dissolved Zn was efficiently removed by the sand (87%), however not Cu (19%). The sand efficiently removed total suspended solids (TSS) from maximum occurring 443 mg L-1 to below 5 mg L-1. No head loss due to the TSS loadings was observed. The initial studies show the sand's potential to remove the investigated metals, but in the longer term, effluent concentrations may exceed emission permit values., QC 20220426

The negative effects of stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments and the need for their purification were highlighted by the EU courts' "Weser-Ruling" in May 2020. The ruling stated the need for removal of dissolved pollutants. The decision justifies field studies for development of far-reaching methods for runoff treatment. In this in situ study, a standard sand was used as medium for road runoff filtration and removal of dissolved and particle-bound (< 0.45 µm) zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), Data collected included 24 road runoff events, mimicking the flow variations and pollutant emissions over a seven-month period. The findings showed that filter sand can be used to remove Zn and Cu from road runoff in a gravity fed treatment system. The removal of total Zn and Cu was 93% and 67%, respectively. Dissolved Zn was efficiently removed by the sand (87%), however not Cu (19%). The sand efficiently removed total suspended solids (TSS) from maximum occurring 443 mg L-1 to below 5 mg L-1. No head loss due to the TSS loadings was observed. The initial studies show the sand's potential to remove the investigated metals, but in the longer term, effluent concentrations may exceed emission permit values., QC 20220426

The negative effects of stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments and the need for their purification were highlighted by the EU courts' "Weser-Ruling" in May 2020. The ruling stated the need for removal of dissolved pollutants. The decision justifies field studies for development of far-reaching methods for runoff treatment. In this in situ study, a standard sand was used as medium for road runoff filtration and removal of dissolved and particle-bound (< 0.45 µm) zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), Data collected included 24 road runoff events, mimicking the flow variations and pollutant emissions over a seven-month period. The findings showed that filter sand can be used to remove Zn and Cu from road runoff in a gravity fed treatment system. The removal of total Zn and Cu was 93% and 67%, respectively. Dissolved Zn was efficiently removed by the sand (87%), however not Cu (19%). The sand efficiently removed total suspended solids (TSS) from maximum occurring 443 mg L-1 to below 5 mg L-1. No head loss due to the TSS loadings was observed. The initial studies show the sand's potential to remove the investigated metals, but in the longer term, effluent concentrations may exceed emission permit values., QC 20220426

The negative effects of stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments and the need for their purification were highlighted by the EU courts' "Weser-Ruling" in May 2020. The ruling stated the need for removal of dissolved pollutants. The decision justifies field studies for development of far-reaching methods for runoff treatment. In this in situ study, a standard sand was used as medium for road runoff filtration and removal of dissolved and particle-bound (< 0.45 µm) zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), Data collected included 24 road runoff events, mimicking the flow variations and pollutant emissions over a seven-month period. The findings showed that filter sand can be used to remove Zn and Cu from road runoff in a gravity fed treatment system. The removal of total Zn and Cu was 93% and 67%, respectively. Dissolved Zn was efficiently removed by the sand (87%), however not Cu (19%). The sand efficiently removed total suspended solids (TSS) from maximum occurring 443 mg L-1 to below 5 mg L-1. No head loss due to the TSS loadings was observed. The initial studies show the sand's potential to remove the investigated metals, but in the longer term, effluent concentrations may exceed emission permit values., QC 20220426

The negative effects of stormwater discharges on receiving aquatic environments and the need for their purification were highlighted by the EU courts' "Weser-Ruling" in May 2020. The ruling stated the need for removal of dissolved pollutants. The decision justifies field studies for development of far-reaching methods for runoff treatment. In this in situ study, a standard sand was used as medium for road runoff filtration and removal of dissolved and particle-bound (< 0.45 µm) zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), Data collected included 24 road runoff events, mimicking the flow variations and pollutant emissions over a seven-month period. The findings showed that filter sand can be used to remove Zn and Cu from road runoff in a gravity fed treatment system. The removal of total Zn and Cu was 93% and 67%, respectively. Dissolved Zn was efficiently removed by the sand (87%), however not Cu (19%). The sand efficiently removed total suspended solids (TSS) from maximum occurring 443 mg L-1 to below 5 mg L-1. No head loss due to the TSS loadings was observed. The initial studies show the sand's potential to remove the investigated metals, but in the longer term, effluent concentrations may exceed emission permit values., QC 20220426