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3. World Ocean Assessment II, Chapter 09, Pressures from changes in climate and atmosphere

Author

García-Soto, Carlos, Breitburg, D., Campillos-Llanos, Mónica, Castillo-Briceño, Patricia, Chiba, Sanae, Collins, M., Esnaola, G., Evans, Karen, Firth, Louise, Frölicher, Thomas, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Halpern, D., Hunter, K. L., Ibarra, G., Kim, S. Y., Koll, R. M., McInnes, Kathleen, Sáenz, J., Vu, C., Ward, B., and Zielinski, Tymon

Subjects
world ocean assessment, extreme climate events, climate change, Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, marine heatwaves, sea level rise, deoxygenation, tropical cyclones, Medio Marino, extreme El Niño, ocean acidifcation
Abstract

KEYNOTE POINTS 1. Extreme climate events. Marine heatwaves and tropical cyclones are shown to be increasing in severity owing to human activities and are having an impact on nature and human societies. Extreme El Niño events have been observed but, because they occur infrequently, a human influence has not been detected. All three phenomena are projected to increase in the future, with the severity of impacts also increasing, but such increases can be reduced by climate change mitigation efforts. 2. Sea level rise. The alarming observed pace of sea level rise, combined with increasing storminess and coastal urbanization, has resulted in the amplified susceptibility of coastal cities to erosion and flooding and increased the need for substantial investments in hard infrastructure and the restoration of natural barriers, such as reefs. 3. Ocean acidification and deoxygenating. The accelerated increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere is creating an increase in the acidification and deoxygenation of the ocean. Under such conditions, both in nature and in the laboratory, marine organisms that support ecosystems and human livelihoods and nutrition typically respond poorly. Marine habitats experience a loss of diversity, many long-lived organisms die and a few resilient species proliferate. Less serious damage to life-supporting ecosystems would be possible under lower-emission scenarios. 4. Other physical and chemical properties. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity induced by climate change and human activities are affecting marine ecosystems by changing the distribution of marine species, decreasing the ecological value of coastal ecosystems and changing marine primary production. Human well-being and the economy are consequently affected. Versión del editor

Published
2021

4. Horizon scanning to predict and prioritize invasive alien species with the potential to threaten human health and economies on Cyprus

Author

Peyton, Jodey M., Martinou, Angeliki F., Adriaens, Tim, Chartosia, Niki, Karachle, Paraskevi K., Rabitsch, Wolfgang, Tricarico, Elena, Arianoutsou, Margarita, Bacher, Sven, Bazos, Ioannis, Brundu, Giuseppe, Bruno-McClung, Elizabeth, Charalambidou, Iris, Demetriou, Monica, Galanidi, Marika, Galil, Bella, Guillem, Rhian, Hadjiafxentis, Kypros, Hadjioannou, Louis, Hadjistylli, Margarita, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Jimenez, Carlos, Johnstone, Graham, Kleitou, Periklis, Kletou, Demetris, Koukkoularidou, Despina, Leontiou, Stalo, Maczey, Norbert, Michailidis, Nikolas, Mountford, John Owen, Papatheodoulou, Athina, Pescott, Oliver L., Phanis, Constantinos, Preda, Cristina, Rorke, Steph, Shaw, Richard, Solarz, Wojciech, Taylor, Chris D., Trajanovski, Saso, Tziortzis, Iakovos, Tzirkalli, Elli, Uludag, Ahmet, Vimercati, Giovanni, Zdraveski, Konstantin, Zenetos, Argyro, Roy, Helen E., Peyton, Jodey M., Martinou, Angeliki F., Adriaens, Tim, Chartosia, Niki, Karachle, Paraskevi K., Rabitsch, Wolfgang, Tricarico, Elena, Arianoutsou, Margarita, Bacher, Sven, Bazos, Ioannis, Brundu, Giuseppe, Bruno-McClung, Elizabeth, Charalambidou, Iris, Demetriou, Monica, Galanidi, Marika, Galil, Bella, Guillem, Rhian, Hadjiafxentis, Kypros, Hadjioannou, Louis, Hadjistylli, Margarita, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Jimenez, Carlos, Johnstone, Graham, Kleitou, Periklis, Kletou, Demetris, Koukkoularidou, Despina, Leontiou, Stalo, Maczey, Norbert, Michailidis, Nikolas, Mountford, John Owen, Papatheodoulou, Athina, Pescott, Oliver L., Phanis, Constantinos, Preda, Cristina, Rorke, Steph, Shaw, Richard, Solarz, Wojciech, Taylor, Chris D., Trajanovski, Saso, Tziortzis, Iakovos, Tzirkalli, Elli, Uludag, Ahmet, Vimercati, Giovanni, Zdraveski, Konstantin, Zenetos, Argyro, and Roy, Helen E.

Abstract

Invasive alien species (IAS) are known to be a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem function and there is increasing evidence of their impacts on human health and economies globally. We undertook horizon scanning using expert-elicitation to predict arrivals of IAS that could have adverse human health or economic impacts on the island of Cyprus. Three hundred and twenty five IAS comprising 89 plants, 37 freshwater animals, 61 terrestrial invertebrates, 93 terrestrial vertebrates, and 45 marine species, were assessed during a two-day workshop involving 39 participants to derive two ranked lists: (1) IAS with potential human health impacts (20 species ranked within two bands: 1–10 species or 11–20 species); and, (2) IAS with potential economic impacts (50 species ranked in three bands of 1–10, 11–20, and 21–50). Five species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes flavopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Culex quinquefasciatus) were considered a potential threat to both human health and economies. It was evident that the IAS identified through this process could potentially arrive through many pathways (25 and 23 pathways were noted for the top 20 IAS on the human health and economic impact lists respectively). The Convention on Biological Diversity Level II (subcategory) pathways Contaminant on plants, pet/aquarium/terrarium species (including live food for such species), hitchhikers in or on aeroplanes, hitchhikers in or on ship/boats, and vehicles were the main pathways that arose across both lists. We discuss the potential of horizon scanning lists to inform biosecurity policies and communication around IAS, highlighting the importance of increasing understanding amongst all stakeholders, including the public, to reduce the risks associated with predicted IAS arrivals.

Published
2020

5. Pressures from changes in climate and atmosphere.

Author

García-Soto, Carlos, Breitburg, Denise, Campillos-Llanos, Mónica, Castillo-Briceño, Patricia, Chiba, Sanae, Collins, Matthew, Esnaola, G., Evans, Karen, Firth, Louise, Frölicher, Thomas, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Halpern, David, Hunter, Karen L., Ibarra, Gabriel, Kim, Sungyong, Koll, Roxy M., McInnes, Kathleen, Saenz, Jon, Ca Thanh Vu Vu, Ward, Bess, Zielinski, Tymon, García-Soto, Carlos, Breitburg, Denise, Campillos-Llanos, Mónica, Castillo-Briceño, Patricia, Chiba, Sanae, Collins, Matthew, Esnaola, G., Evans, Karen, Firth, Louise, Frölicher, Thomas, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Halpern, David, Hunter, Karen L., Ibarra, Gabriel, Kim, Sungyong, Koll, Roxy M., McInnes, Kathleen, Saenz, Jon, Ca Thanh Vu Vu, Ward, Bess, and Zielinski, Tymon

Published
2020

6. Horizon Scanning to Predict and Prioritize Invasive Alien Species With the Potential to Threaten Human Health and Economies on Cyprus

Author

Peyton, Jodey M., primary, Martinou, Angeliki F., additional, Adriaens, Tim, additional, Chartosia, Niki, additional, Karachle, Paraskevi K., additional, Rabitsch, Wolfgang, additional, Tricarico, Elena, additional, Arianoutsou, Margarita, additional, Bacher, Sven, additional, Bazos, Ioannis, additional, Brundu, Giuseppe, additional, Bruno-McClung, Elizabeth, additional, Charalambidou, Iris, additional, Demetriou, Monica, additional, Galanidi, Marika, additional, Galil, Bella, additional, Guillem, Rhian, additional, Hadjiafxentis, Kypros, additional, Hadjioannou, Louis, additional, Hadjistylli, Margarita, additional, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, additional, Jimenez, Carlos, additional, Johnstone, Graham, additional, Kleitou, Periklis, additional, Kletou, Demetris, additional, Koukkoularidou, Despina, additional, Leontiou, Stalo, additional, Maczey, Norbert, additional, Michailidis, Nikolas, additional, Mountford, John Owen, additional, Papatheodoulou, Athina, additional, Pescott, Oliver L., additional, Phanis, Constantinos, additional, Preda, Cristina, additional, Rorke, Steph, additional, Shaw, Richard, additional, Solarz, Wojciech, additional, Taylor, Chris D., additional, Trajanovski, Saso, additional, Tziortzis, Iakovos, additional, Tzirkalli, Elli, additional, Uludag, Ahmet, additional, Vimercati, Giovanni, additional, Zdraveski, Konstantin, additional, Zenetos, Argyro, additional, and Roy, Helen E., additional

Published
2020
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7. Expected Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Mediterranean Marine Life

Author

Bray, Laura, Reizopoulou, Sofia, Voukouvalas, Evangelos, Soukissian, Takvor, Alomar, Carme, Vázquez-Luis, Maite, Deudero, Salud, Attrill, Martin James, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Bray, Laura, Reizopoulou, Sofia, Voukouvalas, Evangelos, Soukissian, Takvor, Alomar, Carme, Vázquez-Luis, Maite, Deudero, Salud, Attrill, Martin James, and Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael

Abstract

Current climate policy and issues of energy security mean wind farms are being built at an increasing rate to meet energy demand. As wind farm development is very likely in the Mediterranean Sea, we provide an assessment of the offshore wind potential and identify expected biological effects of such developments in the region. We break new ground here by identifying potential offshore wind farm (OWF) “hotspots” in the Mediterranean. Using lessons learned in Northern Europe, and small-scale experiments in the Mediterranean, we identify sensitive species and habitats that will likely be influenced by OWFs in both these hotspot areas and at a basin level. This information will be valuable to guide policy governing OWF development and will inform the industry as and when environmental impact assessments are required for the Mediterranean Sea

Published
2016

8. The impact of ocean acidification and warming on the skeletal mechanical properties of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from laboratory and field observations

Author

Collard, Marie, primary, Rastrick, Samuel P. S., additional, Calosi, Piero, additional, Demolder, Yoann, additional, Dille, Jean, additional, Findlay, Helen S., additional, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, additional, Milazzo, Marco, additional, Moulin, Laure, additional, Widdicombe, Steve, additional, Dehairs, Frank, additional, and Dubois, Philippe, additional

Published
2015
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9. Report of the ICES-NAFO Joint Working Group on Deep-water Ecology (WGDEC)

Author

Crawford-Avis, Oliver, Auster, Peter, Aksel, Odd, Buhl-Mortensen, Pal, Colaço, Ana, Duarte, Rafael, Durán-Muñoz, Pablo, Ellwood, Helen, Golding, Neil, Grehan, Anthony, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Henry, Lea Anne, Howell, Kerry, Ingels, Jeroen, Johnston, Graham, Jorgensbye Hansen, Helle, Kanishchev, Alexey, Kenchington, Ellen, Kenny, Andrew, Menot, Lenaick, Neat, Francis, Nieto-Conde, Fernando, Robson, Laura, Ross, Steve, Secher, Ole, Kinnichenko, Vladimir, Watling, Les, Pinto, Carlos, ICES, Crawford-Avis, Oliver, Auster, Peter, Aksel, Odd, Buhl-Mortensen, Pal, Colaço, Ana, Duarte, Rafael, Durán-Muñoz, Pablo, Ellwood, Helen, Golding, Neil, Grehan, Anthony, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Henry, Lea Anne, Howell, Kerry, Ingels, Jeroen, Johnston, Graham, Jorgensbye Hansen, Helle, Kanishchev, Alexey, Kenchington, Ellen, Kenny, Andrew, Menot, Lenaick, Neat, Francis, Nieto-Conde, Fernando, Robson, Laura, Ross, Steve, Secher, Ole, Kinnichenko, Vladimir, Watling, Les, Pinto, Carlos, and ICES

Published
2014

10. Report of the ICES-NAFO Joint Working Group on Deep-Water Ecology (WGDEC)

Author

Ardron, Jeff, Auster, Peter, Bergstad, Odd Aksel, Brock, Robert, Duarte, Rafael, Durán-Muñoz, Pablo, Ellwood, Helen, Ingels, Jeroen, Golding, Neil, Grehan, Anthony, Guillaumont, Brigitte, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Henry, Lea Anne, Howell, Kerry, Kenchington, Ellen, Buhl-Mortensen, Pal, Neat, Francis, Nieto-Conde, Fernando, Suhangulova, Karina, Secher, Ole, Vinnichenko, Vladimir, Watling, Les, ICES, Ardron, Jeff, Auster, Peter, Bergstad, Odd Aksel, Brock, Robert, Duarte, Rafael, Durán-Muñoz, Pablo, Ellwood, Helen, Ingels, Jeroen, Golding, Neil, Grehan, Anthony, Guillaumont, Brigitte, Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Henry, Lea Anne, Howell, Kerry, Kenchington, Ellen, Buhl-Mortensen, Pal, Neat, Francis, Nieto-Conde, Fernando, Suhangulova, Karina, Secher, Ole, Vinnichenko, Vladimir, Watling, Les, and ICES

Published
2012

11. The impact of ocean acidification and warming on the skeletal mechanical properties of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from laboratory and field observations.

Author

Collard, Marie, Rastrick, Samuel P. S., Calosi, Piero, Demolder, Yoann, Dille, Jean, Findlay, Helen S., Hall-Spencer, Jason Michael, Milazzo, Marco, Moulin, Laure, Widdicombe, Steve, Dehairs, Frank, and Dubois, Philippe

Subjects
OCEAN acidification, GLOBAL warming, PARACENTROTUS lividus, SEA urchins, ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, CALCIUM carbonate, YOUNG'S modulus
Abstract

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentration is leading to changes in the carbonate chemistry and the temperature of the ocean. The impact of these processes on marine organisms will depend on their ability to cope with those changes, particularly the maintenance of calcium carbonate structures. Both a laboratory experiment (long-term exposure to decreased pH and increased temperature) and collections of individuals from natural environments characterized by low pH levels (individuals from intertidal pools and around a CO2 seep) were here coupled to comprehensively study the impact of near-future conditions of pH and temperature on the mechanical properties of the skeleton of the euechinoid sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. To assess skeletal mechanical properties, we characterized the fracture force, Young's modulus, second moment of area, material nanohardness, and specific Young's modulus of sea urchin test plates. None of these parameters were significantly affected by low pH and/or increased temperature in the laboratory experiment and by low pH only in the individuals chronically exposed to lowered pH from the CO2 seeps. In tidal pools, the fracture force was higher and the Young's modulus lower in ambital plates of individuals from the rock pool characterized by the largest pH variations but also a dominance of calcifying algae, which might explain some of the variation. Thus, decreases of pH to levels expected for 2100 did not directly alter the mechanical properties of the test of P. lividus. Since the maintenance of test integrity is a question of survival for sea urchins and since weakened tests would increase the sea urchins' risk of predation, our findings indicate that the decreasing seawater pH and increasing seawater temperature expected for the end of the century should not represent an immediate threat to sea urchins vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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