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17. Blessing or Curse? The Effects of Earmarked Funding in UNICEF and UNDP

Author

Schmid, Lisa Katharina, Reitzenstein, Alexander, and Hall, Nina

Subjects
International agencies -- Finance, Company financing, Political science, United Nations. Children's Fund -- Finance, United Nations. Development Programme -- Finance
Abstract

Earmarked funding to international organizations (IOs) has increased significantly over the past two decades. International relations scholars have examined the causes of this trend, but know less about its effects on UN entities. This article identifies different types of earmarked funding, varying from low to high discretion delegated to IOs. Secondly, it examines trends in the UN Development Programme and UN Children's Fund and finds that both have significant proportions of earmarked funding with low discretion. Drawing on thirty interviews, the article notes four implications of tightly earmarked financing: 1) higher transaction costs for IOs; 2) less predictable funding; 3) overhead costs mat are rarely covered; and 4) increasing competition for financing. Overall, the article highlights that earmarked financing exists on a spectrum from tight to minimal control by donor states, and this has important implications for multilateralism. Keywords international organizations--financing--UN Development Programme (UNDP)--UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)--UN--earmarking--multilateralism, 1 Introduction (1) Two trends have been prevalent in official development assistance over the past two decades: first, a steadily increasing quantity of financing; and, second, dramatic changes in the [...]

Published
2021
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23. Moving beyond their mandates? : how international organizations are responding to climate change

Author

Hall, Nina W. T., Betts, Alexander, and Snidal, Duncan

Subjects
341.2, Disaster-induced displacement and resettlement, Emergencies and humanitarian assistance, Human development, Climate systems and policy, International studies, international organisations, international relations, climate change, development, displacement
Abstract

Inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) are given mandates by states to perform particular tasks: from refugee protection to the management of migration to promoting development. As new global challenges arise, such as climate change, these organisations must decide whether to ignore them or change in response. But what drives inter-governmental organisations to move beyond their mandates, if it is not their member states? International Relations offers a limited account of if and how they will respond to new issue areas. Principal-agent theory treats IGOs as units with fixed preferences to expand and maximise their tasks and scope (Hawkins et al. 2006; Nielson and Tierney 2003; Pollack 2003). Meanwhile, sociological institutionalism argues that IOs are driven by a logic of appropriateness and staff will only support expansion if it fits coherently with their organisational identity and culture (Barnett and Coleman 2005). I build on these two theories and propose that IGO behaviour should be explained by organisational type. IGOs exist along a spectrum from normative to functional ideal-types. Normative IGOs have supervisory status over a body of international law, seek moral legitimacy and follow a logic of appropriateness. Functional IGOs are projectised organisations which seek pragmatic legitimacy and adopt a logic of consequences. I illustrate how IGO type interacts with the status of the new issue area to determine the timing, nature and extent of organisational change. I focus on the responses to climate change of three inter-governmental organisations: the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, a normative organisation; the International Organisation for Migration, a functional organisation; and the United Nations Development Programme, a hybrid organisation. IGO type has important implications for IR scholars and policy-makers as we look to these institutions to provide global solutions to global issues such as climate change, migration, refugees and development.

Published
2013

29. New Zealand Abandons Indigenous Rights and Pacific Priorities in Foreign Policy.

Author

Hall, Nina and Grey, Rhieve

Subjects
INDIGENOUS rights, MAORI (New Zealand people), INTERNATIONAL relations, SOLIDARITY, INDIGENOUS peoples, COOPERATION, CLIMATE change mitigation, CLIMATE change, PRIME ministers
Abstract

New Zealand's new right-wing government, led by Prime Minister Chris Luxon, is making significant changes to foreign policy that could strain its relationships with Pacific Island countries. The government aims to dismantle progress on Māori rights domestically and Indigenous rights globally, while also prioritizing military alliances with the Anglosphere. This shift in policy may undermine New Zealand's relationship with Pacific Island countries, which view climate change as their primary security threat. The government has also declared that it will not recognize the U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and intends to review the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The new foreign minister, Winston Peters, is expected to represent a different approach on the global stage compared to his predecessor, Nanaia Mahuta, who championed Māori values in foreign policy and sought alliances with other Indigenous peoples. The government is also considering closer connections with the United States and exploring cooperation under the AUKUS agreement, which could escalate tensions with China and neglect the Pacific's top security concern: climate change. While there is potential for a different approach based on regional solidarity, the initial statements from the Luxon government suggest a departure from previous frameworks that protect Indigenous rights and prioritize climate action. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024

38. Obstacles and opportunities: an analysis of climate change campaigns by Australian NGOs

Author

Hall, Nina Lansbury

Subjects
Other education not elsewhere classified
Abstract

For over 20 years, Australian non-government organisations (NGOs) have campaigned for recognition of the threat of climate change and for an adequate political response. Australia has the highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Yet, until 2006, Australian Federal Government Ministers were still openly expressing a sceptical attitude regarding the link between human greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. These views contrasted with NGO campaign efforts and growing public concern regarding climate change. In late 2007, Federal election exit polls revealed that climate change ranked as the third most important issue to electorates in marginal seats, and the newly-elected Rudd Labor Government ratified the Kyoto Protocol. This research identified obstacles encountered by NGOs and opportunities available to NGOs to better realise their climate campaign goals. It explored the reasons for the political shift on climate change and the role played by NGOs in this shift. Forty-eight semi-structured interviews were conducted. These included interviews with campaigners from seven Australian NGOs, four UK NGOs and six Californian NGOs. Interviews were also undertaken with grassroots climate activists and 'external observers' of the NGO campaigns. The research drew upon social change theory to map the effectiveness of a campaign, or apparent lack of it. Comparative analyses found the apparent achievements by NGOs in the UK and California appeared to stem from more conducive political and policy conditions. To test the theoretical findings, the researcher undertook a participatory action research project to develop and present the grassroots-initiated Climate Protection Bill to Federal Parliamentarians in the lead-up to the Federal election. The greatest current opportunity for Australian NGOs is the recent election of the Rudd Government on a commitment to address climate change. This election result was due, in part, to the long-term, persistent campaign efforts by Australian NGOs.

Published
2022
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39. The Power of Digital Advocacy

Author

Hall, Nina

Abstract

An excerpt from Transnational Advocacy in the Digital Era on how advocacy organizations have adopted digital tools for their work.

Published
2022
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48. East Timorese women challenge domestic violence

Author

Hall, Nina

Subjects
East Timor -- Political aspects, East Timor -- Social aspects, Gender equality -- Evaluation, Women's rights -- Evaluation, Family violence -- Case studies, Political science
Published
2009

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