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There is one particle type in the universe I call the aitheron whose frequency gives the measure of mass in kilograms. Frequency is intrinsic to the definition of a time interval of one second. Examples of a proton mass and an electron mass serve a fresh understanding of the true meaning of mass as that of an aitheron frequency. Moreover, the term quantum is fully revealed in this respect. One mole volume solved for Hydrogen and a computer chip respectively at a particular temperature and pressure derives from the foundational empirical evidence of aitheron frequency as the source of mass. It is an exciting revelation in this paper to reveal the photon source of molar volume independent of two different materials namely Hydrogen gas and a chip. The volume of a gas being what is measured for equal moles is worked out with three defmed length parameters which draws closer to the structure of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current sensors play a vital role in power systems, industrial production, smart devices and other fields, which can provide critical current information in the systems for the safety and efficiency managements. The development of magneto-resistive effect technology in recent years expedites the research process of the current sensors in industrial-level applications. In the review, starting with the development status of the current sensors, the physical mechanisms of the relevant magneto-resistive effects and their early applications as the current sensors are introduced. Several design methods of the magnetic sensors, as well as their merits and shortcomings, are summarized. The performance parameters of the magnetic sensors based on AMR, GMR, TMR and Hall effects are reviewed, including the front-end amplification circuits and conditioning circuits. The industrial applications of the current sensors in the fields of automobiles and photovoltaic inverters are enumerated. The criterions for the current sensors to be used in different scenarios are discussed. In the future, it is imperative to continue the research and development of novel current sensors in order to satisfy the increasingly stringent demands of the industrial developments, in terms of the performance, cost and reliability of the current sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoped and In‐doped ZnSb thin films are deposited on rigid glass and flexible polyimide (Kapton) by physical vapor deposition. Detailed structural and chemical characterization is performed along with measurement of electrical and optical properties. These properties are very similar for films on glass and Kapton. Flexible ZnSb films show remarkable stability of electrical and optical properties, which are unchanged after 104 cycles of linear bending with surface strain 0.18%. Only severe flexing after this treatment (torsional bending with surface strain 1.7%) causes progressive degradation of conductivity over tens to hundreds of cycles. The ZnSb optical direct gap is determined to be 0.89 ± 0.05 eV. The optical direct gap of β Zn4Sb3 was 1.07 ± 0.05 eV. Other absorption features in the films, including smaller indirect gaps, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Undoped and In‐doped ZnSb thin films are deposited on rigid glass and flexible polyimide (Kapton) by physical vapor deposition. Detailed structural and chemical characterization is performed along with measurement of electrical and optical properties. These properties are very similar for films on glass and Kapton. Flexible ZnSb films show remarkable stability of electrical and optical properties, which are unchanged after 104 cycles of linear bending with surface strain 0.18%. Only severe flexing after this treatment (torsional bending with surface strain 1.7%) causes progressive degradation of conductivity over tens to hundreds of cycles. The ZnSb optical direct gap is determined to be 0.89 ± 0.05 eV. The optical direct gap of β Zn4Sb3 was 1.07 ± 0.05 eV. Other absorption features in the films, including smaller indirect gaps, are discussed.

The sub‐title of this essay refers to Antonio Gramsci's concept of "prevision"—understood as neither foresight nor prediction, but a method of political work that enables intervention in the present in order to change it. Prevision forms part of conjunctural analysis, which remains powerfully salient and urgent in our own time. Over the past decade attention to conjunctural analysis has surged across a number of disciplines. Yet some distinctly different modalities of conjunctural analysis are at play in this burgeoning work. The first two sections of this essay offer close readings of the conjunctural analyses of Gramsci and Stuart Hall; their respective relationships to the work of Louis Althusser; and the political work that conjunctural analysis was doing for each of them in relation to fascism and Thatcherism. Building on but moving beyond these analyses, the third section focuses on what it might mean to "globalise" conjunctural analysis in relation to the urgent challenges of the current conjuncture, in a way that sheds light on articulations of racist, gendered, sexualised, and other exclusionary and oppressive forms of difference in relation to class and capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article centres a selected set of "race-class debates" from the 1970s that were characterized by a powerful reformulation of political critiques of the South African racial order, both from within Marxist thought and with the dramatic entry of Black Consciousness onto the political stage. Our discussion focuses on two exemplary interventions: Biko's testimony at the SASO/BPC trial and his presentation of the theoretical basis of BC's political strategy, and Stuart Hall's 1980 essay "Race, Articulation and Societies Structured in Dominance", and its reformulation of a Marxist perspective for thinking through race-class relations. With Hall we (re)discover theoretical terms for thinking through the problem of how relatively autonomous practices of domination come to be articulated. With Biko, we discover a strategic modality for approaching the political problem of collective subjectivity that holds lessons for how struggles against frameworks of domination might be politically articulated in their multiplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the short story "Mrs Fox" by Sarah Hall (3013) with David Garnett's novel Lady into Fox (1922). Albeit different in some regards, these stories both center a human-animal transformation, and thus take part in a world-wide tradition that has existed since ancient times. How, then, is this motif rendered meaningful in modern times? This question is addressed in a discussion of the possibilities for different interpretations of these magical-realist stories. On the metaphorical level, the stories seem to be about gendered relations and woman's situation in patriarchal society. This is the most common way to understand them in previous research. It also makes sense, however, to read them on the metonymical level, at which they tell the story about the relationship between the human and the non-human world, human and non-man animals. Finally, it appears to be productive to embrace the enigma at their core, the transformation, as a real event according to a different ontology. Indeed, it seems to be the liminality at its core that gives the human-animal transformation its ability to remain meaningful in times and places that are widely different, and in fictional genres far apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current sensors play a vital role in power systems, industrial production, smart devices and other fields, which can provide critical current information in the systems for the safety and efficiency managements. The development of magneto-resistive effect technology in recent years expedites the research process of the current sensors in industrial-level applications. In the review, starting with the development status of the current sensors, the physical mechanisms of the relevant magneto-resistive effects and their early applications as the current sensors are introduced. Several design methods of the magnetic sensors, as well as their merits and shortcomings, are summarized. The performance parameters of the magnetic sensors based on AMR, GMR, TMR and Hall effects are reviewed, including the front-end amplification circuits and conditioning circuits. The industrial applications of the current sensors in the fields of automobiles and photovoltaic inverters are enumerated. The criterions for the current sensors to be used in different scenarios are discussed. In the future, it is imperative to continue the research and development of novel current sensors in order to satisfy the increasingly stringent demands of the industrial developments, in terms of the performance, cost and reliability of the current sensors.

In the scope of supersaturated semiconductors for infrared detectors, we implanted Si samples with Ti at high doses and processed them by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) to recover the crystal quality. Also, for comparative purposes, some samples were processed by pulsed-laser melting. We measured the electronic transport properties at variable temperatures and analyzed the results. The results indicate that, for RTA samples, surface layers with a high Ti concentration have negligible conductivity due to defects. In contrast, the implantation tail region has measurable conductivity due to very high electron mobility. This region shows the activation of a very shallow donor and a deep donor level. While deep levels have been previously reported for Ti in Si, such a shallow level has never been measured, and we suggest that it originates from Ti-Si complexes. Finally, a decoupling effect between the implanted layer and the substrate seems to be present, and a bilayer model is applied to fit the measured properties. The fitted parameters follow the Meyer–Neldel rule. The role of the implantation tails in Si supersaturated with Ti is revealed in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I conceptualise the psychic lives of anti-genderism, in both their continuities and their discontinuities with racism and anti-Semitism. At first glance, it is clear that anti-genderism, racism and anti-Semitism fulfil similar psychic needs: providing an 'Other' who can pose as obstacle to the fantasy of perfect enjoyment. The presence of this obstacle shields the white nationalist psyche from having to confront the impossibility of what it wants - an unalienated relationship with the German language and nation - and allows it to focus, instead, on the 'Other' that allegedly stands in the way of its desire. But the 'gender' in anti-genderism is also more than a useful obstacle to perfect enjoyment. It is a 'perfect enemy': an enemy who does not have a tangible material presence and can therefore signify entirely at the subject's command. By constructing a 'perfect enemy', I argue, anti-genderism paves the way for the emergence of a new kind of racialised 'Other'. This 'Other' is threatening not in the first instance because of their racialised embodiment, but because they can only appear in abstract, disembodied form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the realization of record low resistance Ohmic contacts to MOVPE-grown heavily Si-doped $\beta $ -Ga2O3 and $\beta $ -(AlxGa1-x)2O3 epitaxial films. Transfer length measurement (TLM) patterns were fabricated on the heavily Si-doped homoepitaxial $\beta $ -Ga2O3 films with electron concentration (n) ranging from 1.77 to $3.23\times 10^{20}$ cm−3. Record low specific contact resistance ($\rho _{c}$) and total contact resistance (${\text{R}_{c}}$) of $1.62\times 10^{-7}\,\,\Omega $.cm2 and $0.023 \Omega $.mm were realized for $\beta $ -Ga2O3: Si films with n $ > 3\times 10^{20}$ cm−3. TLM structures were also fabricated on heavily Si doped coherently strained $\beta $ -(AlxGa1-x)2O3/ $\beta $ -Ga2O3 (x = 12%, 17% and 22%) films. The film with 12% Al composition (n $=1.23\times 10^{20}$ cm−3) showed $\rho _{c}$ of $5.86\times 10^{-6}\,\,\Omega $.cm2, but it increased to $2.19\times 10^{-4}\,\,\Omega $.cm2 for a layer with a 22% Al composition. Annealing the samples post metal deposition has generally led to a decrease in contact resistance, but for high Al content $\beta $ -(AlxGa1-x)2O3, the contact resistance did not change significantly after the annealing process. The low contact resistance values measured in this work are the lowest for ultrawide bandgap semiconductors and are very promising for the fabrication of high frequency power devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency is considered a viable radio wave band for fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, owing to its ability to access a vast spectrum of resources. However, mmWave suffers from undesirable characteristics such as increased attenuation during transmission. Therefore, a well-fitted path loss model to a specific environment can help manage optimal power delivery in the receiver and optimal transmitter power in the transmitter in the mmWave band. This study investigates large-scale path loss models in a university hall environment with a real-measured path loss dataset using directional horn antennas in co-polarization (H–H) and tracking antenna systems (TAS) in line-of-sight (LOS) circumstances between the transmitter and receptor at mmWave and centimeter-level bands. Although the centimeter-level band is used in certain industrialized nations, path loss characteristics in a university hall environment have not been well-examined. Consequently, this study aims to bridge this research gap. The results of this study indicate that, in general, the large-scale floating-intercept (FI) model gives a satisfactory performance in fitting the path loss both in the center and wall side links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Ar] عن لقب aA n xA، «عظيم قاعة xA» الخاص بـ«باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» في مصر الصاوية حمل الموظف الكبير المعروف «باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» الذي كان يعيش في نهاية العصر الصاوي حمل لقب aA n #A أي «عظيم قاعة xA ». وظهرت كلمة xA لأول مرة في الأسرة السادسة، وكانت تشير إلى «قاعة ذات أعمدة». ويشير قاموس برلين أيضًا إلى حدوث هذه الكلمة في الدولة القديمة، والتي تعني «قاعة» أو «قاعة الملك». وقد يشير مخصص هذه الكلمة ( ) إلى غرفة أو مكتب للأنشطة الرسمية. ولقب aA n xA الخاص بـ «باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» هو لقب عام ولا يحدد أية صلة بمنصب الوزير أو الملك. ولا تُعرف دلالة لقب aA n xA الخاص بـ «باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» بالضبط في تلك الفترة. وعلاوة على ذلك، لا نعرف مكانة هذه الرتبة أو وظيفة حاملها في ذلك الوقت. ونظرًا لأن وظيفة قاعةxA- كانت مرتبطة بالإدارة واستقبال الجمهور، فقد تكون قاعة xA ذات صلة بالملك؛ لأن جميع ألقاب «باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» مرتبطة بطريقة أو بأخرى بالبلاط الملكي. ويظهر كل هذا أن «باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» كانت له علاقات وثيقة ولعب أدوارًا مهمة في القصر الملكي، ربما كان الملك هو أبريس. وإذا كان الأمر كذلك، فربما كان «باي إف إتشاو إم عاوي نيث» مديرًا لقاعة xA لهذا الملك، وربما كان مسؤولاً عن جميع اتصالاتها الخارجية وعن نظامها وأمنها كما كانت هذه الأمور ضمن واجبات الوزير في أوائل عصر الدولة الحديثة. [En] The famous Late Saite high official Payeftjauemawyneith held the title aA n xA «the great one of the xA-hall». The word xA appeared for the first time in the Sixth Dynasty, designating a «columned hall». The Wb also refers to the occurrence of this word in the Old Kingdom, meaning «hall» or «the king’s hall». The determinative of this word ( ) may refer to a room or an office for official activities. The title aA n xA of Payeftjauemawyneith is generic and does not specify any connections with the positions of the king or the vizier. The significance of Payeftjauemawyneith’s title aA n xA is not exactly known at the period. We did not know this rank status or the function of its holder at the time. Since the function of the xA-hall was related to the administration and receiving audience, it might be the xA-hall of the king because all of Payeftjauemawyneith’s titles were related in one way or another to the royal realm. All these show that Payeftjauemawyneith had close connections and played important roles in the royal palace, probably of Apries. Therefore, Payeftjauemawyneith might have functioned as director of this xA-hall of this king and be responsible for all of its external contacts and its order and security as these fell under the duties of the vizier in the early New Kingdom.

This study aims to investigate context in advertisements, with a focus on cultural preferences of online consumers. For this, Hall’s context model is used that differentiates between high/low context messages and cultures. In this investigation, context adaptation is created through different types of celebrity-product match endorsements. In an experimental survey, Dutch and Indian female consumers judged two versions of an Instagram advertisement in which a celebrity (Mila Kunis) endorses Nike sports shoes. The static display context version of the advertisement co-presented the celebrity. In the dynamic display context version of the advertisement, she was shown to be actively wearing/running in the sports shoes. The data suggest culturally specific contextual preferences that influence the attitudes and purchase intentions of the two cultural groups. For the Dutch consumers, the product match, the celebrity credibility and the purchase intentions were different because of the static-context advertisement when compared with the dynamic display context advertisement. However, this was not observed in case of the Indian consumers.

Arap edebiyatında önemli bir yere sahip olan hall, gerek edebî eleştiri gerekse Arap belâgatı alanında sıklıkla kullanılan bir terimdir. Eleştiri ve belâgat terminolojisindeki hall, kısaca manzûm sözü düzyazıya dönüştürme sanatı demektir. Bu terim genellikle, düzyazıyı şiirleştirme tekniği olan akd terimi ile birlikte kullanılır. Eleştirmenler, hall sanatını daha çok şiirsel intihalin bir parçası olarak görmüşlerdir. Bu nedenle, eleştirmenler ve eski belâgatçılara göre bu sanatın malzemesi sadece şiirsel metinlerle sınırlıdır. Daha sonra gelen Ziyâuddîn İbnu’l-Esîr, hall terimini şiir parçalarının yanı sıra Kur'an-ı Kerim ve hadis-i şerif metinlerini içerecek şekilde genişletmiştir. İbnu'l-Esîr’deki bu kavram genişletmesi, onun manzum terimi hakkındaki görüşünden kaynaklanmaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı, hall terimini kavramsal dar çerçevesinden çıkartıp daha geniş bir anlama aktaran İbnu’l-Esîr’e ulaşana kadar söz konusu terimin geçirdiği değişimin seyrine bakmaktır. İbnu’l-Esîr bu kadarıyla da yetinmemiş, bu terime yüklediği yeni manayı uygulamak için müstakil bir eser kaleme almış ve bunun pratiğini gerek hükümdarlar adına kaleme aldığı mektuplarında gerekse onlara yazdığı mektuplarında ortaya koymuştur. Böylece İbnu’l-Esîr, hall terimini, kurallarla çevrili ve tanımlarla sınırlı teorik çerçevesinden çıkarıp başta kâtip ve hatipler olmak üzere bütün ediplerin kültürünün dini ve edebi unsurlarının tezahür ettiği, edebi yaratıcılığın ortaya çıktığı geniş bir uygulama alanına dönüştürmeyi başarmıştır.

A conducting source moving uniformly through a magnetized plasma generates, among a variety of perturbations,Alfvén waves. Alfvén waves can build up structures in the plasma called Alfvén wings. The wings have been detected and measured in many solar system bodies, and their existence have been theoretically proved also. Under certain conditions, Hall and electronic pressure must be taken into account in the Ohm’s law and so one gets Hall Magnetohydrodynamics (HMHD). In spite of Sallago and Platzeck have shown the existence of Alfvén wings in HMHD, their stability under such conditions remains to be studied. The aim of this paper is to analyze the stability of an Alfvén wing, in the presence of an incompressible perturbation that has the same symmetry than the structure and polarization, inHMHD. Palumbo has developed an analytical method for the study of the stability of static structures with a symmetry in magnetized plasmas, in the presence of incompressible perturbations with the same symmetry than the structure. Since Alfvén wings are stationary structures, Sallago and Platzeck have shown the stability of such Alfvén wings in MHD conditions by extending Palumbo’s method. In the present paper this method is extended for Alfvén wings inHMHD conditions, and one concludes that in the presence of this kind of perturbations they are stable

This paper describes the latest advances in electric propulsion systems prepared for the new space exploration activity. Missions to the Moon and Mars will require these new thrusters to convey the huge amounts of provisions that would be expected to help changeless bases on other universes. The new advancements are likewise being utilized for unmanned investigation missions that will go to the furthest reaches of the nearby planetary group. This paper is expected to provide some insight into some ideas for electric propulsion - standards and work skills, as well as a diagram of mission applications that would benefit from these frame drives and their use with state-of-the-art control systems.

This paper aims to organize and classify cultural dimensions within and across six widely‐employed cultural frameworks by relying on modernization theory and the human development perspective. The study adopts a 4‐stage approach. In stage 1, the cultural dimensions in each framework are dichotomized. In stage 2, using Aristotelian categories, cultural dimensions are divided into meaningful hierarchical categories based on their essential features. In stage 3, cultural dimensions are organized according to modernization theory and human development perspective. In stage 4, the inter‐correlations are calculated, and an integrative model of cultural dimensions is proposed. The paper offers insights into the dynamics of cultural values and discusses the relationship between culture, social change, human development, and modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Chief Dull Knife College, the tribal college of the Northern Cheyenne Nation, took new actions to assert sovereignty in relation to reservation schooling. This case study presents an account of these actions, which illustrates the kind of resistance that Hall and Fenelon suggest is possible in tribal college settings. Specifically, as a result of math curriculum reform at the Chief Dull Knife College, student success in math increased. Moreover, unintended consequences include that Northern Cheyenne student identities have been strengthened; college instructors use more culturally relevant strategies; and the tribal college has assumed a new leadership role in improving local schooling.

Because computers (except for parallel computers) generate simulation outputs sequentially, we recommend sequential probability ratio tests (SPRTs) for the statistical analysis of these outputs. However, until now simulation analysts have ignored SPRTs. To change this situation, we review SPRTs for the simplest case; namely, the case of choosing between two hypothesized values for the mean simulation output. For this case, the classic SPRT of Wald (Wald A. Sequential tests of statistical hypotheses. Ann Math Stat 1945; 16: 117–186) allows general types of distribution, including normal distributions with known variances. A modification permits unknown variances that are estimated. Hall (Hall WJ. Some sequential analogs of Stein's two-stage test. Biometrika 1962; 49: 367–378) developed a SPRT that assumes normal distributions with unknown variances estimated from a pilot sample. A modification uses a fully sequential variance estimator. In this paper, we quantify the performance of the various SPRTs, using several Monte Carlo experiments. In experiment #1, simulation outputs are normal. Whereas Wald's SPRT with estimated variance gives too high error rates, Hall's original and modified SPRTs are "conservative"; that is, the actual error rates are smaller than those prespecified (nominal). Furthermore, our experiment shows that the most efficient SPRT is Hall's modified SPRT. In experiment #2, we estimate the robustness of these SPRTs for non-normal output. For these two experiments, we provide details on their design and analysis; these details may also be useful for simulation experiments in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the formulation of gauge fields in terms of the frame of reference as well as the space in which the frame is defined. We highlighted some recent applications of gauge physics in the momentum space — in the modern fields of the spin Hall effect, the magnon Hall, the optical Magnus and the graphene valley Hall. General procedures of gauge transformation which lead to the construction of the gauge curvature and the equations of motion (EOM) are outlined. Central to this review is our intention to illustrate the impact of gauge physics on the past and future development of many new research fields emerging out of condensed matter physics, particularly in quantum nanosciences and nanoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, diamond single crystals have been successfully synthesized with potassium berohydride (KBH4) additive from 0 wt.% to 0.4 wt.% in the NiMnCo–C system at 6 GPa and temperature range of 1300 ∘ C–1350 ∘ C by temperature gradient growth (TGG) method. The results of experiments showed that the color of diamond crystals changed from light yellow to dark blue to black, as the KBH4 content increases from 0 wt.% to 0.4 wt.%. The results of FTIR absorption spectroscopy showed that the peaks of boron-related enhanced with an increase of KBH4 additive. The XPS results showed that the boron, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen coexisted in the diamond crystal. The results of Hall effect measurements indicated that the synthesized diamonds using KBH4 as additive presented p -type semiconductor characterizations. The Hall mobility was nearly equivalent between diamond crystals of with 0.2 wt.% and 0.4 wt.% KBH4 additive, but which was all extremely low due to scattering causing by N and O defects. While the concentrations of carrier and conductivity of the co-doped diamonds enhanced with increasing KBH4 additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chosing the late Stuart Hall, Paul Gilroy and Achille Mbembe among his intellectual ancestors, Sivamohan Valluvan has with "The Clamour of Nationalism: Race And Nation in Twenty-First Century Britain" written one of the most lucid and informative analyses available to date of the multiple and intertwined ideological strands that make up contemporary "nationalist populism" in Britain and elsewhere. Valluvan accords primacy to "race" in the making of the nationalist exclusions, and allows us to see how the rise of "nationalist populism" has been premised on the damage to the social and political fabric of Western societies wrought by neoliberal hegemony in recent decades. Valluvan's analysis is particularly useful for its profound insights into the rise of "nationalist populism" in Scandinavia, which can not be accounted for by economistic analysis alone, and for taking issue with reductionist accounts of the "white working class". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study Hall effects of the monolayer MoS2 with Rashba and Ising spin-orbit coupling (SOC) under the application of a circularly polarized light. The Chern number and spin textures at high frequency regime are studied based on the Floquet theory. We found that the SOCs induced valley Hall effect. The sign of Chern numbers at high frequency regime can be reversed by engineering interplay between Ising SOC and light intensity. The system undergoes a topological phase transition from valley Hall state to anomalous Hall state. By analyzing the spin texture, we study the origin of the Hall effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]