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Copyright of Dental Press Endodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Biodentine is widely used for endodontic applications; recently, it has been incorporated with triple antibiotic paste (TAP). The effect of endodontic irrigants on the physical characteristics of this new combination needs to be studied. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the surface roughness and microhardness of Biodentine incorporated with TAP subjected to various endodontic irrigants. Materials and Methods: Hundred cylindrical discs (6 mm × 3 mm) were prepared by mixing the Biodentine with TAP (3:1). The specimens were subjected to different irrigating solutions for 5 min in 5 groups (n = 20): Group 1: distilled water (control), Group 2: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, Group 3: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Group 4: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and Group 5: 2% chitosan nanoparticles (CSNs). Half of the specimens in each group were subjected to surface roughness (n = 10) and another half to microhardness (n = 10). Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester, and digital Vickers microhardness testing was performed on each specimen. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests (P = 0.05) were used. Results: The highest microhardness was found with 2% CSN, whereas 2% CSN and 2% CHX had a minimal effect on the surface roughness of Biodentine incorporated with TAP (P = 0.05). Conclusion: The root canal irrigant 2% CSN exhibited the highest microhardness and least surface roughness of modified Biodentine with TAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has vastly affected mankind worldwide, and its long-term effect on oral health needs to be studied. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries and its correlation with salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Kalaburagi region of the Indian subpopulation. Methods: About 80 subjects (16-55 years) were included in the study based on selection criteria and were divided into two groups (n = 40). Group 1: no history of COVID-19 infection and Group 2: COVID-19-recovered subjects. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 20) A and B with and without dental caries. Dental caries was assessed using the decay, missing, filled, treatment (DMFT) index by the World Health Organization. About 5 ml of unstimulated saliva samples was collected and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min, and the supernatants were collected. Salivary TAC was estimated using 2,2'-azino-bis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic] acid assay and observed under spectrophotometer (734 nm). Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality distribution followed by one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test (P < 0.05). Results: COVID-19-recovered subjects showed a higher prevalence of dental caries and lower TAC levels than non-COVID-19 subjects. Conclusion: Higher prevalence of dental caries with lower levels of salivary TAC was found in COVID-19-recovered individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dental Press Endodontics is the property of Dental Press International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Calcium silicate-based cements has been shown to have improved antibacterial properties when incorporated into the triple antibiotic paste (TAP). However, the new material combination must withstand the tissue environment and be dimensionally stable when employed for endodontic applications. Therefore, this study aims to determine the pH and dimensional stability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine incorporated with TAP. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 cylindrical discs of 6 mm × 3 mm dimensions (n = 20) were prepared with MTA, MTA + TAP (1:1), Biodentine, and Biodentine + TAP (1:1) in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Each group's specimens had half of their samples tested for dimensional stability (n = 10) and pH (n = 10). Samples were submerged for 1 min in containers containing 10 ml of distilled water and the initial pH was recorded and after the 7th day using a digital pH meter. To evaluate the dimensional stability, the samples were wrapped in wet gauze and kept at 37°C in the incubator for 24 h. Then, their initial lengths were measured, and were stored in distilled water at 37°C for a month before being measured once more with digital calipers. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and a paired Student "t" test (P = 0.05). Results: MTA and Biodentine without TAP demonstrated a higher pH than with TAP; nonetheless, at both time points, all groups had an alkaline pH. With the exception of MTA + TAP, all the groups were dimensionally stable at both time intervals, but no significant difference was identified between the groups (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Both MTA and Biodentine combined with TAP exhibited alkaline pH throughout the study period; however, Biodentine combined with TAP was dimensionally more stable compared to MTA with TAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The placement of intraorifice barriers should facilitate proper adhesion; however, it is still a challenge with existing intraorifice barrier materials. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the push-out bond strength of Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), Tetric-N-Flow, and Biodentine as intraorifice barriers with and without diode laser activation. Materials and Methods: Human-extracted single-rooted 60 mandibular premolars were decoronated to standardize 13 mm root length. Root canal was instrumented with rotary ProTaper universal system till F4 and alternatively irrigated with 5 ml of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and normal saline, followed by obturation using gutta-percha and AH-plus sealer. About 3.5 mm of gutta-percha was removed from the orifice using peso reamer. Horizontal tooth sections of 3.5 mm in length were obtained from the coronal third of each sample and were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20 each) for intraorifice barrier materials. Group 1: GIC; group 2: Tetric-N-Flow and group 3:Biodentine. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups A and B (n = 10 each) with and without diode laser. After 7 days, the specimens were mounted in acrylic molds and push-out bond strength was evaluated under universal testing machine. Data analysis was done using One way-analysis of variance and post hoc Tuckey comparison tests (P = 0.05). Results: Laser activation in each group showed greater push-out bond strength; however, Biodentine with laser (group 3A) exhibited higher bond strength compared to all groups (P = 0.05). Conclusion: Biodentine with laser activation before placement of the coronal barrier of endodontic treated tooth increases the quality of bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the push‑out bonding strength of class II cavities of maxillary molars restored with different concentrations of chitosan nanoparticles (CSN) incorporated in universal composite resin and eighth‑generation dentin bonding agent (DBA). Materials and Methods: Seventy extracted human maxillary first molar teeth were cleaned and mounted in acrylic mold up to 2 mm below cementoenamel junction and mesio‑occlusal Class II cavities with standard measurements were prepared. CSN 2% and 0.25% powder were added to the DBA and composite resin. The samples then arbitrarily divided into three groups for restoration: Group 1: composite restoration without CSN (control group) (n = 10), Group 2: 2% CSN (n = 30), and Group 3: 0.25% CSN (n = 30). Groups 2 and 3 were further subdivided into three subgroups (n = 10 each) subgroup A. CSN incorporated in composite resin. B. CSN incorporated in DBA and C. CSN incorporated in composite and DBA. After restoration, push‑out bond strength was evaluated in each sample using a universal testing machine, and data collected were statistically analyzed by one‑way analysis of variance and Post hoc Tukey tests (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Subgroup 3A (0.25% CSN + composite) has shown an increase in bond strength among all experimental groups with no significant difference between group 1 (control group). Conclusion: CSN 0.25% incorporated in composite or DBA exhibits no harmful effect on the bond strength of class II restorations. Hence, it can be used to improve the antibacterial action and longevity of composite resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To ascertain the role of Enterococcus faecalis in persistent infection and a possible method to prevent the penetration of E. faecalis into root cementum. Methodology: One hundred and twenty human single-rooted extracted teeth divided into five groups. Group I (control): intact teeth, Group II: no apical treatment done, Group III divided into two subgroups. In Groups IIIa and IIIb, root apex treated with lactic acid of acidic and neutral pH, respectively. Group IV: apical root cementum exposed to lactic acid and roughened to mimic the apical resorption. Group V: apical treatment done same as Group IV and root-end filling done using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Apical one-third of all samples immersed in E. faecalis broth for 8 weeks followed by bone morphogenetic protein and obturation and again immersed into broth for 8 weeks. Teeth split into two halves and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope and scanning electron microscope, organism identified by culture and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Results: Adhesion and penetration was observed in Group IIIa and Group IV. Only adhesion in Group II and IIIB and no adhesion and penetration in Group I and V. Conclusion: Adhesion and penetration of E. faecalis into root cementum providing a long-term nidus for subsequent infection are the possible reason for persistent infection and root-end filling with MTA prevents the adhesion and penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral cancer is often associated with poor prognosis and it is found that conventional treatment options cause severe side effects, adjacent tissue disfigurement, and loss of function. Recently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) paved their path for cancer treatment., Aim: This study aimed to investigate cytotoxic effects of fungal procured AgNPs on oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-9) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay., Methodology: The silver nanoparticles were biosynthesized using the fungi Fusarium semitectum. Cell lines were cultured in a 1:1 ratio of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F12 medium and subcultured in a T-75 cm 2 flask. Cell count was adjusted to 1 × 10 5 cells/ml; 50,000 cells/well were seeded into a 96 well plate and incubated at 37°C, for 24 h in 5% CO 2 humidified conditions. AgNPs (1.75-50 μl/ml) were added to the plates and further incubated at 37°C for another 24 h. Medium containing cells without AgNPs were used as a control group. Later, 20 μl of MTT was added to each well and incubated for 6 h at above-mentioned conditions. About 0.1 mL of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium solution was added to each well to solubilize formazan. The absorbance was measured using a Tecan reader at 540 nm. The experiment was repeated thrice independently. The percentage (%) inhibition of growth and the AgNP's concentration that prevents the cell growth by 50% (IC 50 ) were determined., Results: Significant dose-dependent inhibition of the growth of SCC-9 cell lines was seen and IC 50 was found at 12 μl/ml concentration of AgNPs., Conclusion: Biosynthesized AgNPs of fungal origin exhibit effective anticancer properties against the SCC-9 cell line., Competing Interests: None

Background: Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been proposed as effective antimicrobial agents against endo-perio pathogens. Determination of cytotoxicity is important for effective clinical use., Aim: The aim is to determine the cytotoxicity of fungal-derived AgNPs on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay., Materials and Methods: HGF cell cultures were trypsinized and adjusted to 5 × 10 3 cells/ml and 100-μl cell suspension (50,000 cells/well) and were added to 96-well plate. After 24 h, 100 μl of AgNPs (8-512-μg/ml concentrations) was added and incubated at 37°C for 24 h in 5% CO 2 atmosphere. Controls were used without AgNPs. MTT (1 mg/ml) was added and incubated for 4 h at 37°C in 5% CO 2 atmosphere. Microscopic examination was done, and absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at a wavelength of 540 nm. Percentage growth inhibition was calculated, and the concentration of AgNPs needed to inhibit cell growth by 50% (CTC 50 ) was generated., Results: CTC 50 was found at a concentration of 260 μg/ml. AgNPs exerted less cytotoxicity against HGF cell line and increased with increase in the concentration of AgNPs., Conclusion: Fungal-derived AgNPs are safe to healthy cells at a concentration <260 μg/ml. Therefore, they can be effectively used for the treatment of endo-perio lesions., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Endodontic-periodontal pathogens exist as biofilms which are difficult to eliminate. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) emerged as newer antimicrobial agents with potential benefits., Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of fungal-derived AgNPs against Porphyromonas gingivalis , Bacillus pumilus , and Enterococcus faecalis ., Materials and Methods: MIC of AgNPs against test pathogens was determined using micro broth dilution method. Serial dilutions of AgNPs ranging from 80 to 1 μg/ml concentration were added to wells containing 10 μl of bacterial inoculum in culture media and control group without AgNPs. For biofilm models, 120 dentin blocks were prepared, sterilized, and contaminated for 2 weeks with ( n = 40 each). Group 1: B. pumilus , Group 2: E. faecalis , and Group 3: P. gingivalis and each group is divided into four subgroups ( n = 10 each) and treated with distilled water, AgNPs, 2% and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Colonies counted after 24 h of incubation and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests., Results: MIC for B. pumilus was determined as 20 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml for E. faecalis and P. gingivalis . AgNPs were effective as 2% CHX against all biofilms compared to control group. Post hoc Tukey test ( P < 0.0001) shows no significant difference between groups., Conclusion: Fungal-derived AgNPs are effective against endo-perio pathogens., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.