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Logistic, Gompertz and Bertalanffy sigmoid growth models are widely used to study the growth dynamics of populations such as living plants, animals and bacteria. Appropriate model selection and parameter estimation are very important as these models will be used to make practical inferences. Because different growth models are modeled biologically, regardless of whether the parameters are definable or not. Applications that do not take into account parameter identifiability can lead to unreliable parameter estimates and misleading interpretations. Therefore, first the most suitable model should be determined and then the parameters should be defined. In this study, two new suitable model determination criteria such as mean curvature and arc length are proposed. For this, firstly, the definition of curvature was given. Then, the mean curvature and arc length values of the data belonging to two different species (kangal dog growth and eucalyptus plant growth) were calculated. For this purpose, a comparison was made with model selection criteria available in the literature such as coefficient of determination, error sum of squares and Akaike information criterion (AIC). It has been determined that the results obtained from the mean curvature and arc length values are in accordance with the existing criteria. In the two datasets, it was seen that the fit model ranking for both the existing criteria and the criteria we proposed was the same. For this reason, it is thought that the mean curvature and arc length values can be accepted as suitable model selection criteria.

Günümüzde kansere ve diğer mikroorganizmalara karşı kullanılan ilaçların pek çoğunun biyoyararlanımının düşük olması ve başta toksisite gibi yan etkilerinden dolayı tedavide yeni ilaçların varlığına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Her gün artan sayıda anti-kanser veya antibiyotik ilaç geliştirilmesine rağmen, bu ilaçların seçiciliklerinin düşük olması ve çoklu ilaç direncinin kazanılması, başarılı bir tedavinin önüne geçmektedir. Bu nedenle, tümör hücrelerini veya mikroorganizmaları yok etmek veya en azından çoğalmasını durdurmak için yeni, güçlü ve seçici ajanlarının keşfine önemli ölçüde ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında 18 adet yeni 1,2,3-triazol/arilidenhidrazid yapısında hibrit bileşik sentezlendi. Elde edilen 18 yeni bileşiğin (17a-r) Staphylococcus Aureus ve Escheric1hia coli bakteri türleri ve Candida albicans mantar türü üzerindeki anti-mikrobiyal etkinlikleri araştırıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlar anti-mikrobiyal ilaç seftazidim ile karşılaştırıldı. Bileşiklerin anti fungal etkinliklerinin MİK değerleri 62.5 μM olarak bulunurken anti-bakteriyel etkinliklerinin MİK değerleri 62.5-125 μM olarak belirlendi.

In this study, a total of 13 compounds (5-17) were synthesized starting from oleanolic acid (OA), a natural triterpenoid. Five new compounds (10, 11, 12, 15 and 17), are the main targets of the study, which were synthesized for the first time in this work as oxime, imine and hydrazone derivatives of OA. Other compounds were previously obtained as natural or semi-synthetically. NMR and HRMS analyses were carried out to determine of structures of all the synthesized molecules. The inhibitory effects of the synthesized compounds on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) and II (hCA II) were evaluated. Compounds 13 and 15 showed better inhibitory activity than the other compounds against both hCA I and hCA II isoenzymes, which are competing with AZA. In addition, compound 15 showed the strongest AChE inhibitory activity among all the tested compounds, with an IC50 value of 34.46 mu M.

In this study, it is explained how the Richards model, which is one of the sigmoid growth models, is transformed into a mechanical model with biologically significant parameters such as maximum growth value, lag time and maximum specific growth rate. Detail transformations of the Richards growth model containing 4 parameters with biologically significant parameters calculated with the help of the first and second derivatives were given. In order to test the accuracy of this model, the model prediction values were analyzed by using the height data of the E. Camaldulensis Dehn tree by years. The estimated values of the biologically significant parameters of Richards growth model containing 4 parameters were compared with the estimated values of the modified Gompertz, Logistic and Bertalanffy models containing the other 3 parameters. Error Sum of Squares, Coefficients of Determination and Akaike Information Criteria were used as model evaluation criteria for all proposed models, and it was concluded that the Richards growth model containing 4-parameters predicted relatively better than other models., Bu çalışmada, sigmoid büyüme modellerinden biri olan Richards modelinin maksimum büyüme değeri, gecikme süresi ve maksimum spesifik büyüme hızı gibi biyolojik olarak önemli parametrelerle mekanik bir modele nasıl dönüştürüldüğü anlatılmaktadır. Birinci ve ikinci türevler yardımıyla hesaplanan biyolojik olarak önemli 4 parametre içeren Richards büyüme modelinin detay dönüşümleri verildi. Bu modelin doğruluğunu test etmek için E. Camaldulensis Dehn ağacının yıllara göre yükseklik verileri kullanılarak model tahmin değerleri analiz edilmiştir. Biyolojik olarak önemli 4 parametreli Richards büyüme modelinin tahmini değerleri, diğer 3 parametreyi içeren modifiye Gompertz, Logistic ve Bertalanffy modellerinin tahmin değerleri ile karşılaştırıldı. Önerilen tüm modeller için model değerlendirme kriterleri olarak Hata Kareler Toplamı, Belirleme Katsayıları ve Akaike Bilgi Kriterleri kullanılmış ve 4 parametreli Richards büyüme modelinin diğer modellere göre nispeten daha iyi tahmin ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Ultrasonik ön arıtma (UP), biyogaz üretiminde uygulanan yaygın ön arıtma teknolojilerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada sığır gübresine (CM) farklı yoğunluk ve farklı aralıklarla UP uygulanmıştır. UP, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 ve 10.0 W/mL'lik yoğunluğa ve sırasıyla her bir ön-muamele yoğunluğu için 5, 10, 20, 30 60 dakika boyunca uygulandı. Biyogaz üretimi, kesikli reaktörlerde mezofilik koşullar (30 ± 2 °C) ve % 5.0 toplam katı madde (TS) altında gerçekleştirilmiştir. UP'nin bir sonucu olarak, çözünür kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacının giderilmesi %41.0'dan maksimum %67.0'a yükseldi. Bu reaktördeki biyogaz üretimi 270.6 mL/g TS idi. Böylece %59,0 artımlı biyogaz üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu reaktörde selüloz ve hemiselüloz giderimi sırasıyla %20,6 ve %16,9 olmuştur. UP, anaerobik sindirim aşamasında suda selüloz ve hemiselüloz moleküllerinin çözünmesine yol açtı. 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 ve 10.0 W/mL ön işlemlerin optimum süreleri belirlendi. Tüm reaktörler, değiştirilmiş Lojistik modeline ve değiştirilmiş Von Bertalanffy modeline başarıyla uydu.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of walnut shells (WS) results in only a limited biomethane yield because of their high fibre content, which ultimately represents an essentially nonbiodegradable lignocellulosic biomass. In the present study, thermal (i.e. 50-250 °C), alkaline (i.e. 1-5% w/w NaOH) and combined alkaline-thermal (i.e. 4% w/w NaOH + 150 °C thermal) pretreatment methods have been applied to increase the anaerobic biodegradation of WS. The highest biomethane yields of 159.9 ± 6.8 mL CH4.g VS-1 and 169.8 ± 6.8 mL CH4.g VS-1 were achieved after pretreatment at both 250 °C and with 4% NaOH. After combined NaOH-thermal pretreatments, the AD process showed the largest total VFA concentration (i.e. 1280.1 mg Hac L-1) but a relatively high lag phase (i.e. 3.90 days) compared to thermal and NaOH pretreatments alone, from which the highest biomethane yield (i.e. 192.4 ± 8.2 mL CH4.g VS-1 ) was achieved at the end of the AD process. The highest biomethane yield from the combined NaOH-thermal pretreated WS was corroborated by the corresponding highest SCOD/TCOD ratio (i.e. 0.37 ± 0.02) and the highest lignocellulosic fibre removal (i.e. 41.1 ± 2.7% cellulose, 35.6 ± 1.8% hemicellulose, and 58.7 ± 3.2% lignin). The cumulative biomethane yields were further simulated via a modified Gompertz model. This study provides a promising strategy in the sense that the biomethane yield of WS containing large amounts of lignin can be significantly increased via thermal, NaOH, and combined NaOH-thermal pretreatment methods.

Coronaviruses are causative agents of the last three epidemics/pandemic; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the last one Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Cov-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although meta-analysis of treatment studies against these three coronaviruses found no clear benefit of any spesific regimen, currently, remdesivir and favipiravir are promising potential therapies for SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, since natural products have always played a crucial role in drug discovery and development process against various diseases, many groups in the world, are now trying to find new or repurposed natural or naturally originated drugs against viruses and coronaviruses. Secondary metabolites of the plants, particularly alkaloids and terpenoids have been exhibited strong antimicrobial and anticancer activities besides synthetic drugs and other natural compounds (nucleosides and nucleotides and bacterial and fungi originated ones). The first isolated secondary metabolites have been converted into important drugs since 1800’s such as morphine, codeine, cocaine, and quinine have alkaloid skeleton as well as some of the recent anticancer drugs vinblastine, vincristine, taxol, etc. This review includes the last two decades of publications about natural alkaloids rather than their plant extracts which showed some promising results against coronaviruses. Marine organisms are also another rich source to discover new lead drugs, however they were excluded in the present review article.

WOS: 000520732400001 In this study, anaerobic co-digestion of apple pulp (AP) with high carbon content and chicken manure (CM) with high nitrogen content was evaluated with regard to sulphuric acid pretreatment conditions in the concentration range of 1%-6% v/v. The best mixing ratio of CM:AP was determined as 3:1 w/w under untreated conditions for which the methane yield was 255.88 +/- 11.55 mL/g VS (volatile solid). Sulphuric acid pretreatments were applied to this mixture ratio. The highest methane yield after pretreatment was 466.01 +/- 10.85 mL/g VS in the reactor, where the sulphuric acid pretreatment concentration was 3.0% v/v. Control of acid pretreatment results were achieved by analysis of lignocellulosic degradation and increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand. The highest cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin degradation after pretreatment were 27.5% +/- 1.4%, 35.9% +/- 2.9% and 14% +/- 1.5% w/w, respectively. The cumulative methane yields (CMY) were analysed by the modified logistic model, modified Bertalanffy model (MBM), modified Gompertz model (MGM) and modified Holling model (MHM). The MBM and MGM were found to fit the experimental data better than other models. The MHM has not previously been applied to CMY. In addition to the kinetic studies, new critical points for CMYs were identified in the logistics model (lm). The importance and critical properties of these points with regard to CMY are introduced. The differences and superior properties of these critical points compared to other modelling methods are discussed.

In this study, biogas production was investigated in mesophilic conditions from sugar beet pulp (SBP). In untreated conditions, water dissolution rate was 15.5% and biogas production rate was 168.7 mL/g TS (total solid). Alkaline thermal pretreatments were applied at 100 °C with 3 N NaOH and KOH solutions. Amounts of alkaline and acid were added in an amount equal to 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% of the solids in the reactor. Acid thermal pretreatments were applied at 100 °C with 5% (v/v) H2SO4 and HNO3 solutions. The anaerobic digestion (AD) time was shortened by approximately 10 days after pretreatment. The highest biogas yield was 458.4 mL/g TS as a result of KOH thermal pretreatment. In this reactor, soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal was 87.1%, and cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin removals were 32.4%, 28.6%, and 33.5% w/w, respectively. It was observed that the cumulative biogas production (CBP) successfully fitted the modified Richards (MR) model and modified Gompertz (MG) model. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi: CUBAP-M-665 The financial support of this study was provided by the scientific research projects unit of the Cumhuriyet University (CUBAP-M-665). We would like to thank you for your contribution to the related institution.

This work evaluated for the first time the employment of hydrothermal alone (i.e. at 60, 80 and 100 °C) and combined ultrasonic–hydrothermal pretreatments on hazelnut shell (HS) to promote the energetic valorization of HS through anaerobic digestion. The highest cumulative biomethane yield of 137 mL CH4·g VS−1 was achieved performing biochemical methane potential tests under wet–mesophilic conditions with the hydrothermally (i.e. at 100 °C) and ultrasonically–pretreated HS. This CH4 yield was 2.3–fold higher than that obtained with the raw HS due to an enhanced hemicellulose polymerization and delignification after the sequential hydrothermal and ultrasonic pretreatment. Under the same pretreatment conditions, total volatile fatty acids peaked at 755 mg HAc L−1. The biomethane production followed the modified Gompertz model (R2 = 0.993–0.996) and a Pearson correlation test showed that it was mainly influenced by the soluble chemical oxygen demand (i.e. 0.983). A positive energy balance revealed that the produced biomethane can offset the energy needed for the pretreatment.

In this study, 13 new hybrid compounds (7a-m) were synthesised starting from ursolic acid, and their cytotoxic activities were investigated on the BEAS-2B and A549 cell lines. In addition, the synthesised compounds were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans to determine their anti-microbial properties. The hybrid compounds that exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity against the BEAS-2B were 7k, 7b, and 7g. The cytotoxicity of the compounds against A549 was evaluated, the IC50 value of 7k, 7b, and 7g are found as 0.15 µM, 0.31 µM, and 0.26 µM, respectively. The results showed that the selectivity of 7k was 7 times higher than doxorubicin against the A549 cells. According to the antimicrobial activity studies 7c is found as the most effective compound against S. aureus. Almost all compounds showed a similar inhibition potential against E. coli and C. albicans.

Bu çalışmada elma posası (EP), portakal posası (PP) ve tavuk gübresi (TG) karışım oranlarından anaerobik çalışma koşulları altında biyogaz üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sıcaklığı (dış yüzey sıcaklığı) bütün deneyler için 40 0C olarak seçilmiştir. Kütlece birtakım karışım oranları oluşturulmuş olup optimum kütlece karışım oranı EP:PP:TG ; 1:2:3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ortalama anaerobik süreç 86-90 gün sürmüştür. En yüksek biyogaz üretimi 215 ml biyogaz/g UKolarak bulunmuştur.Daha sonra bu karışım oranlarına 100 0C ve 120 0C de termal önişlem uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan termal önişlem sonuçlarına göre 100 0C uygulanan önişleme göre % 157,2 ve 120 0C’ de uygulanan önişleme göre ise % 158,6 daha fazla biyogaz üretimi olduğu bulunmuştur.

This study proposes new perspectives for the management and biorefinery of wastes deriving from the agri–food sector such as chestnut shell (CS), which was here used as an organic feedstock for biomethane production through anaerobic digestion (AD). 1–5% alkaline (i.e. NaOH and KOH), hydrothermal (i.e. at 100 °C) and combined hydrothermal–alkaline pretreatments were employed to enhance the CS biodegradability prior to biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests conducted under mesophilic conditions. The hydrothermally–pretreated CS with 3% NaOH achieved the highest biomethane yield of 253 (±9) mL CH4·g VS−1 coupled to a volatile solid reduction of 48%. The hydrothermal–alkaline pretreatment positively affected both delignification and hemicellulose polymerization, promoting an approximately 2.4–fold higher substrate biodegradability compared to the untreated CS, which only reached a CH4 production of 104 (±5) mL CH4·g VS−1. AD proceeded via volatile fatty acid accumulation, subsequently followed by methane production that was effectively simulated via the modified Gompertz kinetic having a R2 of 0.974–0.999. Among the physical–chemical parameters characterizing the CS, the soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) was highly correlated with the BMP showing a Pearson coefficient of 0.952. The cumulative biomethane yield, the sCOD and the cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin amount of CS were also processed through the least square method, obtaining a useful regression equation to predict the BMP. The economic assessment indicated that the hydrothermal–alkaline pretreatment is a cost–effective method to improve the BMP of CS, also for future full–scale applications.

Son yıllarda alternatif enerji kaynağına duyulan ihtiyaç, fosil yakıt girdisinin azalması ve ayrıca fosil yakıtların çevreyi bozarak küresel ısınmaya neden olması ve insan sorunu olan atık yönetimi nedeniyle acil bir endişe kaynağı olmuştur. Alternatif enerji örneklerinden biri olan biyogaz, fosil yakıtlar ve biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir atık yönetimi ile ilgili bu sorunları ortadan kaldırmak için kullanılabilir. Çok eski zamanlardan beri, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen atıklar, biyogaz gibi çevre dostu olan yakıt ürünlerinin keşfinin konusu olmuştur. Bu atıkların başında çoğunlukla hayvan gübreleri ve insanların ürettiği kentsel katı atıklar gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada sığır gübresi (SG) ve kentsel katı atıkların (KKA) farklı oranlardaki karışımlarının anaerobik sindirimi incelenmiştir. Ön işlemsiz anaerobik sindirim çalışmaları mezofilik koşullarda yürütülmüştür. SG: KKA karışım oranının 2:1 olduğu reaktörde diğer karışım oranlarına kıyasla en yüksek biyogaz üretimi (222.5 ± 15.7 mL/g katı madde) gerçekleşmiştir. Bu karışım oranına biyogaz verimini artırmak amacıyla NaOH ön işlemler 0,1, 0,5, 1 ve 2 N konsantrasyonlarda uygulanmıştır. 1N NaOH ön işlem sonucunda biyogaz üretimi ön işlemsiz reaktöre kıyasla % 47,46 oranında artmıştır. NaOH ön işlem konsantrasyonun 2N olması muhtemel hızlı çözünürlük nedeniyle 1N NaOH ön işlemli reaktöre kıyasla biyogaz üretimi azalmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda SG ve KKA’ nın anaerobik fermantasyonda iyi bir karışım olabileceği ve NaOH ön işlemler ile biyogaz veriminin başarıyla artırılabileceği anlaşılmıştır., In recent years, the need for alternative energy sources has become an urgent concern due to the decline in fossil fuel input and also the disruption of fossil fuels to cause global warming and waste management, which is a human problem. Biogas, an example of alternative energy, can be used to eliminate these problems related to fossil fuels and biodegradable waste management. Since ancient times, biodegradable waste has been the subject of the discovery of environmentally friendly fuel products such as biogas. Animal manure and urban solid wastes produced by humans are the leading ones among these wastes. In this study, anaerobic digestion of different ratios of cattle manure (CM) and municipal solid waste (MSW) was investigated. Anaerobic digestion studies untreated were carried out in mesophilic conditions. In the reactor where CM: MSW mixture ratio is 2: 1, the highest biogas production (222.5 ± 15.7 mL/g solid matter) was realized compared to other mixture ratios. NaOH pretreatments were applied to this mixing ratio with concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 N in order to increase biogas yield. After NaOH 1N pretreatment, biogas production increased by 47.46% compared to the untreated reactor. As a result of the application of NaOH pretreatment with 2N value, due to possible rapid resolution, biogas production was decreased compared to 1N NaOH pretreated reactor. As a result of the study, it has been understood that CM and MSW can be a good mixture in anaerobic digestion and biogas production can be increased successfully with NaOH pretreatments.

Bezmiâlem Vakıf Üniversitesi

Background Oleanolic acid (OA) is a known natural compound with many important biological activities. Thirteen oleanolic acid derivatives linked at C-3 and C-28 were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1H- and 13C NMR and mass spectral analyses. Among them, compounds 4, 6, 8-10, 12, 13 were synthesized for the first time. They were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity. They showed proliferative effect at low concentrations while cytotoxic effect was observed at high concentrations in a dose dependent manner. Methods We have first synthesized compounds 1 and 2 from the reaction of methyl iodide and OA. Compound 1 was reduced with LiAlH4 to give compound 3, and compound 2 gave compound 9 with MOMBr as a new compound. The compound 10 was then obtained from the reduction of compound 9 with LiAlH4 as a new oleanolic acid derivative. A diol derivative 11 was synthesized from OA and LiAlH4 at the room temperature. Compound 4 was obtained from the reaction of compound 3 with CBr4 as a new analogue of OA, and the reduction of compound 4 afforded compound 5 as a known product. In addition, we synthesized compounds 6-8 from compound 3 using MsCl, MeI and p-nitrobenzoyl chloride, respectively, in good yields. Compounds 6 and 8 are new analogues of OA. The new compounds 12 and 13 were also synthesized starting from OA using with MOMBr and TBDMSiCl as the reagents. The all synthesized compounds were purified by using column chromatography and/or crystallization. Results In the present study, thirteen OA derivatives linked at C-28 and (or) C-3 were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity on 3T3 cell lines which are the standard fibroblast cell lines, derived from Swiss albino mouse embryo tissue. 3T3 cell viability was observed at low concentrations of the tested triterpenoids while they displayed anti-proliferative effect at higher concentrations. Conclusion Oleanolic acid 28-methyl ester (2) showed fairly different behavior from all the other compounds tested and found to be the least cytotoxic compound. However, at 200 µM concentration, it exhibited the same cytotoxicity with compounds 3, 9 and 10 around 58-59%. Among the tested 13 compounds, 7 exhibited the most drastic decline for the viability from 12,5 µM to 25 µM concentration. Compound 6 displayed the most cytotoxic effect, almost in all concentrations, particularly at 6.25 and 25 µM concentrations while the highest cytotoxic effect at 50 µM was observed for compound 11 among all the tested triterpenoids. As a result, all the tested OA derivatives showed proliferative effect at 1,56 µM although no proliferative effect was observed for OA. Moreover, OA exhibited higher cytotoxic effect than its derivatives, particularly at higher concentrations (50, 100, 200 µM) with an exception for compound 11. Because, the latter showed highest proliferative effect at lowest concentration, and highest anti-proliferative effect at highest concentration which surpassed all the OA derivatives.

Yapılan çalışmada organik atık olan mezbaha atıkları ve sığır gübresi karışımlarından anaerobik fermantasyon ile biyogaz üretilmiştir. Mezbaha atıkları olarak sığır mezbahası atıkları kullanılmıştır. Bu atıklardan kalın bağırsak alınmıştır. Sığır gübresi olarak bütün proseslerde taze sığır gübresi kullanılmıştır. Taze sığır gübresinin kullanılmasının sebebi ise sığır atığında anaerobik mezofilik bakterilerin mevcut aktif durumda olmasıdır. Deneyler, 40 0C ’de, 500 ml'lik kesikli olarak çalıştırılan nuçe erleninde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anaerobik fermantasyon işlemlerinden önce, taze sığır gübresi ve mezbaha atıklarının kuru madde ve uçucu organik madde miktarı tayini yapılmıştır. Biyogaz üretimi; sadece sığır atığından, mezbaha atıklarından ve hem sığır hem de mezbaha atıkları karışımlarından üretilmiştir. Anaerobik fermantasyonda gerçekleşen mezbaha atıkları/sığır gübresi karışım oranları 1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 1:2, 0:1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Deneyler 3 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. En fazla biyogaz üretimi 353 ml/gtoplam katı madde olarak 2:1 karışım oranları olan reaktörde ölçülmüştür. Metan oranı ise hacimsel olarak % 59 olarak belirlenmiştir. Aynı reaktörde ise toplam KOİ giderimi % 48,45 olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda sığır gübresi ve mezbaha atıklarının iyi bir karışım olabileceği deneysel olarak ispatlanmıştır., In the study, anaerobic fermentation and biogas were produced from slaughterhouse waste and cattle fertilizer mixture which is organic waste. Slaughter slaughterhouse wastes were used as cattle slaughterhouse wastes A large intestine was used as slaughterhouse waste and fresh cattle manure was used in all processes as cattle manure. The reason for the use of fresh cattle manure is that the anaerobic mesophilic bacteria are presently active in the cattle manure. Experiments were carried out at a batch reactor of 500 ml. The working temperature was chosen to be 40 ° C. Prior to the anaerobic fermentation process, the amounts of dry matter and volatile organic matter were determined for fresh cattle manure and slaughterhouse waste. Biogas production is produced exclusively from cattle wastes, slaughterhouse wastes, and mixtures of both cattle manure and slaughterhouse waste. Slaughterhouse waste / cattle manure mixture rates in anaerobic fermentation were determined as 1: 0, 1: 1, 2: 1, 1: 2, 0: 1. The experiments were carried out in 3 recurrence. The maximum biogas production was measured in the reactor with a mixture ratio of 2: 1 as 353 ml / g VS. The methane content was measured as 59 % by volume. In the same reactor, total COD removal was found to 48,45 %. As a result of this study, it has been experimentally proven that cattle manure and slaughterhouse waste may be a good mixture.

Biomethane production by anaerobic digestion has an important role in disposal of waste and renewable energy recovery. By conducting the appropriate experimental analysis to determine Turkey's bovine manure-based biomethane potential (BMBP), this study presents a valuation of the spatial distribution of the biomethane potential by year and province, including forecasting for such to 2030. In this context, the BMBP for each year between 2002 and 2019 was determined for the total installed power potential (TIPP) and biomethane potential per capita. The BMBPs for each province for the last seven years (2013–2019) in Turkey were illustrated by using geographical information system software. As of 2019, the biomethane-based TIPP of 17.87 million bovine manures was 1389 MW, which corresponded to approximately 1.53% of the total installed power. To express this in different units, the total BMBP for the country was 1.757 billion m3 in 2002, but by comparison reached 3.163 billion m3 in 2019. In addition, an artificial neural network (ANN) model with a number of independent variables gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP agricultural, gross national product, human and bovine population was developed to forecast the BMBP to 2030. It was determined that the ANN-forecasted biomethane potential in 2030 will increase by approximately 50% more than the biomethane potential in 2019. Thus, this study will be an important resource in comparing the past and future values of BMBP in developing countries such as Turkey, estimating them with ANN and predicting renewable energy gain and animal manure disposal for countries.

Biyogaz üretimi enerji kazanımı ve organik atıkları bertaraf edilmesi açısından önemlidir. Bitkisel ve hayvansal organik atık maddeler, biyogaz üretimi açısından oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Dünya genelinde biyogaz üretiminde substrat olarak kullanılan organik atıklar ve endüstriyel atık sular bizim ülkemizde yeterince değerlendirilmemektedir. Ülkemizde tarımsal ve hayvancılık üretimlerinin sürekli olarak artmasıyla bu ürünlerin atıklarda artmaktadır. Aynı şekilde ülkemizde nüfusun sürekli artma eğiliminde olmasıyla organik atık miktarı da artmaktadır. Ülkemizde özellikle başkent Ankara ilinde organik atık potansiyelinin oldukça fazla olması nedeniyle biyogaz üretim potansiyeli dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada ülke nüfusunun büyük bir kısmını barındıran Ankara ilinin hayvansal atıklar, mutfak atıkları, atık su arıtma tesisi atıkları ve tarımsal atıkları dikkate alınarak bu atıklardan biyogaz üretim miktarı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada Ankara'da organik atıklardan üretilebilecek teorik biyogaz enerji değeri m3/gün olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte hayvansal atıklardan 277.348 m3/gün, atık su arıtma çamurundan 515.220 m3/gün, tarımsal atıklardan 38.493 m3/gün ve mutfak atıklarından 160.380 m3/gün olarak bulunmuştur, Biogas production is important in terms of energy recovery and elimination of organic wastes.Organic wastes and industrial wastewater used as substrates in biogas production worldwide are not sufficiently evaluated in our country.In our country, agricultural and livestock production continuously increases with organic wastes. Similarly,the population of our country continuously tends to increase, thus the amount of organic waste is also increasing. Biogas production potential attracts attention due to the fact that the potential of organic waste in our country is very high especially in the capital city of Ankara.In this study, the amount of biogas production from these wastes was determined by considering the animal wastes, kitchen wastes, wastewater treatment plant wastes and agricultural wastes of Ankara, which has a large part of the country's population. As a result, the theoretical biogas energy value that can be produced from organic wastes in Ankara was evaluated as m3 / day in this study. 277.348 m3/day from animal wastes, 9.789.180 m/day from waste water treatment sludge, 38.493 m3/day from agricultural wastes, 160.380 m3/day from kitchen wastes have been found

WOS: 000504834400007 In this study, biogas production was investigated from cattle manure (CM), corn silage (CS) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) mixtures under mesophilic conditions. In anaerobic digestion (AD), CM, CS and SBP were mixed in different ratios and the optimum mixture ratio was determined as 2:1:1, w/w/w respectively. In this mixture, biogas production was 180.5 mL/g TS. After the optimum mixing ratios of CM, CS and SBP were determined, thermal pretreatments were applied to this mixture ratio. Thermal pretreatments were performed at 100, 120, 150 and 180 degrees C with 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min for each temperature. Considering biogas production after thermal pretreatment, the best thermal pretreatment time was determined as 60 min for all pretreatment temperatures. The highest biogas yield was 362.1 mL/g TS in the reactor which is pretreated at 180 degrees C for 60 min. After thermal pretreatment at 180 degrees C for 60 min, the SCOD value in the reactor increased by 124.6% compared to the control. This reactor produced 100.6% higher biogas production compared to the control. In addition, the solubilization of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in this reactor was 38.2%, 32.9% and 23.2%, respectively. Cumulative biogas production (CBP) fitted to modified Gompertz and modified Bertalanffy models. Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects Unit (CUBAP) [M-665] This research was supported by the Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects Unit (CUBAP) under grant no M-665. The authors wish to thank this institution for their support.

In this study, anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge with different ultrasonic pretreatment (USp) conditions was investigated. USp were applied at a constant ultrasonic density of 0.5 W/mL with sonication times of 0–240 min. While the methane yield of the untreated (control) reactor was 170.1 ± 4.7 mL/g volatile solids (VS), the highest methane yield was 266.1 ± 7.5 mL/g VS in the reactor where sonication was applied for 120 min. Actual specific energy input (SEA)/nominal specific energy input (SEN) ratios after USps were measured for pretreatment yield. These values varied between 77.0 and 14.87% according to different sonication times. Sonication times of more than 30 min did not significantly increase the methane yield due to possible reflocculation. After the USps, various cumulative methane yields were predicted via the modified Gompertz Model, modified Logistic Model, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model (Scenario 1); of these the ANN model made predictions that were closest to the experimental data. In the other part of the study, ANN was trained by experimental pretreatment conditions and methane yields were successfully predicted by taking different USp parameters (different sonication times, SEA values and incremental soluble chemical oxygen demand % values) as input variables (Scenarios 2, 3 and 4). Regression analyses showed values close to 1, indicating that the prediction of the ANN model correlated linearly with experimental data.

WOS: 000522876500069 In this study, NaOH pretreatment, H2SO4 pretreatment, thermal pretreatment and production temperature were optimized to ensure maximum methane yield from hazelnut shells (HS) using the response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design was achieved with four different independent variables and one dependent variable (methane yield). A total of 29 tests were performed after pretreatment according to the RSM design and to different production temperatures, suggesting optimum values for NaOH pretreatment, H2SO4 pretreatment, thermal pretreatment and production temperature were 3.5% w/v, 2.56% v/v, 145.66 degrees C and 34.65 degrees C, respectively. Under these conditions, the RSM-predicted methane yield was 215.896 mL/g volatile solid (VS). The high R-2 value (0.9904) showed that the model could be applied effectively in the digestion of HS for the predicted methane yield according to the production temperature and pretreatments. In addition, lignocellulosic solubilisation was tested after pretreatment of the reactors according to the RSM operating conditions, which showed that the highest cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin solubilisation that could be achieved was 38.7% w/w (R-10), 36.9% w/w (R-22) and 50.5% w/w (R-10), respectively. The modified Gompertz model supported the experimental cumulative methane yields (CMYs). Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects Unit (CUBAP) [M-747] This study was supported by the Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects Unit (CUBAP) under project M-747. We appreciate their contribution.

WOS: 000520029100012 Turkey is currently the world's largest producer of hazelnuts. In this study, based on 2018 data, the electrical energy potential of hazelnut shells after anaerobic digestion has been calculated for various cities, namely Giresun, Ordu, Samsun, Trabzon, Duzce, Sakarya, Artvin, Rize, Gumushane, Sinop, Kastamonu, Bartin, Bolu, Tokat, Zonguldak and Kocaeli, all of which have commercial licenses for hazelnut production in Turkey. The total potential gain so determined was 131.55 GWh, with the highest for any single city (Ordu) found to be 46.42 GWh. The electrical energy that could potentially be generated that was calculated for each city was compared with their electricity consumption in terms of lighting, habitation, industrial use, business use and agricultural irrigation. It was determined that the energy generated for hazelnut-producing cities could potentially be almost twice as large as the electrical energy typically consumed by agricultural irrigation. Ordu's electricity energy generation would potentially meet 63.63%, 9.99% and 13.5% of its lighting, habitation and business energy needs, respectively. Giresun's energy potential with regard to this use of hazelnut shells would meet 15.79% of the electricity used by industry. When these values are taken into consideration, it seems clear that the electrical energy potential of hazelnut shells for these cities could offer a significant saving in terms of overall consumption.

WOS: 000509985900003 PubMed: 31918301 In this study, anaerobic digestion (AD) of hazelnut (Corylus colurna) husks (HH) was investigated by NaOH pretreatment at 1-6% w/w concentrations. The highest methane yield was 278.45 +/- 7.85 mL/g volatile solid (VS), and this was obtained in a 4% NaOH pretreated reactor. In this reactor, the methane yield increased by 162.2% compared to that in the control. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) varied during the digestion process according to the different NaOH pretreatment results. The highest lignosellulosic solubilizations were obtained in a 6% NaOH pretreated reactor. Furthermore, in the second part of kinetic studies, it was defined critical points for cumulative methane yield (CMY) in the Logistic model (LM). These points were the absolute acceleration point (PAA), maximum acceleration point (PAM), inflection point (PI), maximum deceleration point (PDM), and asymptotic deceleration point (PDA). Using these points on the CMY curves, the AD process of HH was mathematically interpreted and explained.

Bu çalışmada biyogaz farklı organik evsel katı atıklardan (EKA) üretilmiştir. Rastgele seçilen organik evsel katı atıkların önce elementel analiz cihazı ile karbon (C) /azot (N) oranı belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra kuru madde ve organik ucuçu madde oranı tayini yapılmıştır. Evsel atıkların C içeriği N içeriğinden çok fazla olması nedeniyle ortalama C/N oranı ortalama 45 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonra bu atık karışımı C/N oranları anaerobik fermantasyon için uygun aralık olan 20- 35 aralığına göre ayarlanacak şekilde sığır gübresi (SG) ile karıştırılmıştır. Bu evsel atıklar: sığır gübresi kütlece karışım oranları 1:0, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 0:1 şeklinde 5 faklı karışım oranları oluşturulmuştur. Anaerobik fermantasyon 500 ml’lik 2 yan boyunlu kapaklı şişelerde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bütün deneyler 3 tekerrürlü yürütülmüştür. Biyogaz oluşumu 40 °C ‘de mezofilik şartlarda gerçekleştirilmiştir. En yüksek biyogaz oluşum hızı 280 ml/g toplam katı madde olarak EKA: SB 2:1 olan karışım oranındaki reaktörde gerçekleşmiştir. Anaerobik fermantasyondaki KOİ giderimleri her 7 günde bir ölçülmüştür ve toplam KOİ giderimi en fazla % 48,9 olarak kütlece 2:1 oranında karıştırılan reaktörde bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda evsel katı atıkların sığır gübresi ile anaerobik fermantasyonda iyi bir karışım olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

In this study, adsorption of undesirable Cu (II) ion with bentonite in industrial wastewater was investigated atdifferent temperature, pH and time intervals. Adsorption experiments were started with an adsorbent amount of0.5 grams. Optimum pH determination experiments were carried out in the first stage of the adsorptionexperiments. The optimum pH determined after the experiments was determined as 5.0. Adsorption rates andadsorbed metal ions concentration increased with increasing concentrations of starting Cu (II) ions up to 25 mg /L and 500 mg / L in a medium containing 0.5 g of adsorbent. In the isotherm studies, isotherms were plotted andisotherm constants were calculated and it was clearly observed that the adsorption system, Langmuir andFreundlich isotherms. When the Gibbs free energy (?G) values calculated at different temperatures are taken intoconsideration, it is observed that the Cu (II) ions have negative values, for 100 mg/L and lower especially at lowconcentrations, and thus the reactions take place spontaneously for these concentrations. The compatibility of theadsorption system with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms was investigated, and it was observed that theadenomatoid system adhered to Langmuir and Freundlich. Based on the results, it is concluded that the amount ofmetal retained on the surface increases with temperature increase. Values (n 1) were obtained for the experimentsperformed at each concentration of Cu (II) ions (up to 500 mg / L at 25 mg / L). Bu çalışmada, endüstriyel atık sularda istenmeyen Cu (II) iyonunun bentonit ile adsorpsiyonu, farklı sıcaklık, pHve zaman aralıklarında incelenmiştir. Adsorpsiyon deneylerine 0,5 gram adsorbent miktarı ile başlanmıştır.Adsorpsiyon deneylerinin ilk aşamasında optimum pH belirleme deneyleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan deneylersonrasında belirlenen optimum pH 5,0 olarak belirlenmiştir. 0,5 gram adsorbent içeren ortamda, başlangıç Cu (II)iyonlarının derişimi 25 mg/L den 500 mg/L’ ye kadar artmasıyla adsorpsiyon hızlarının ve adsorplanan metaliyonları derişimi arttığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca yapılan izoterm çalışmalarında ise izotermler çizilerek izotermsabitleri hesaplanmıştır ve adsorpsiyon sisteminin, Langmuir ve Freundlich izotermine uyduğu açıkçagözlemlenmiştir. Farklı sıcaklıklarla yapılan deney sonuçlarında hesaplanan Gibbs serbest enerjisi (G)değerlerine bakıldığında ise Cu (II) iyonlarının 100 mg/L ve daha düşük düşük derişimler deki tepkimelerininnegatif değere sahip olduğu ve bu nedenle belirtilen tepkimelerin kendiliğinden gerçekleştiğini gözlemlenmiştir.Adsorpsiyon sisteminin Langmuir ve Freundlich izotermlerine uyumluluğu araştırılmıştır ve sitemin hemLangmuir hem de Freundlich izotermlerine uyduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bununla beraber sıcaklık artışı ile yüzeydetutulan metal miktarının arttığı sonucuna varılmaktadır. Cu(II), iyonlarının her bir derişimde yapılan deneylerde(25 mg/L den 500 mg/L ye kadar) elde edilen bilgilerden (n1) değerleri gözlenmiştir.

Reactions of benzyne with ester derivatives of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-dien-1-ylmethanol were performed. By rearrangement reaction of cyclopropyl methanol units of ((1s*,1'R*,2R*,4'S*)-1',4'-dihydrospiro [cyclopropane-1,9'-[1,4]methanonaphthalen]-2-yl) methyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (13) and its isomer (14), corresponding allyl chlorides were obtained. Two rearrangement products were obtained from bromination of compound 13 with an equivalent amount of Br-2. A naphthalene derivative including allyl and CHO moiety was formed for reactions from compounds with epoxide of 13 and 14 with NaN3 by sequential rearrangements. Formations of products are discussed. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., TUBITAK - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [109T403]; Ataturk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, This study was financed by TUBITAK - The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project No: 109T403) and realized in Ataturk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry. We are grateful to both institutes for their supports.

Biyokütle, biyolojik olarak elde edilebilecek enerji potansiyeline sahip olan bir enerji kaynağıdır. Biyokütle her durumda oluşması ve tükenmez bir enerji kaynağı olması bakımından çok önemli bir değere sahiptir. Biyokütlenin enerji potansiyeli yenilenebilir enerji statüsünde yer aldığından, bu enerjinin tükenme riski yoktur. Dünya nüfusunun hızla artması enerji ihtiyacının da hızla artmasına neden olmuştur. Dünyamızın enerji kaynaklarının kullanımının % 86' lık kısmını petrol, kömür ve doğal gaz oluşturmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kullanım oranı yaklaşık % 2,7' dir. Bu % 86' lık kısım tükenmekte olan enerji rezervlerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları iyice değerlendirilmeli ve bu enerji kaynaklarının kullanımı artırılmalıdır. Biyogaz yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları arasındaki büyük öneme sahip bir enerji kaynağıdır. Ülkemiz biyogaz üretimi için oldukça fazla biyokütle kaynaklarına sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ülkemizde biyogaz için mevcut olan özellikle organik atıklardan oluşan biyokütle kaynaklarının belirlenmesinden oluşmaktadır, Biomass is an energy source that has a biologically obtainable energy potential.Biomass has a very important value in that it is formed in every situation and is an inexhaustible source of energy.Since biomass is involved in the energy potential renewable energy status, there is no risk of exhaustion of this energy. The rapid increase in world population has led to a rapid increase in energy demand.86% of the world's energy resources are made up of oil, coal and natural gas. The rates of renewable energy usage is approximately 2.7 %. This 86 % consists from exhaustible energy reserves. For this reason, renewable energy sources should be thoroughly evaluated and the use of these energy sources should be increased. sources. Our country, for biogas production, has too many biomass sources.. The aim of this study is to identify biomass resources, especially organic wastes, which are available for biogas in our country. Biogas is a major source of energy for renewable energy

Dünya sahip olduğu geleneksel doğal enerji kaynaklarının tükenebilir nitelikte oluşu, önümüzdeki yıllarda tükenme boyutlarına ulaşması, insanları yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yöneltmiştir. Günümüzde yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları olarak güneş, rüzgar, biyokütle vb. enerji kaynakları kullanılmakta ve kullanımı artarak devam etmektedir. Biyogaz yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları statüsünde yer alan dünya enerji ihtiyacına alternatif bir çözüm kaynağıdır. Biyogaz bütün organik atıklardan üretilebilir. Organik atıklar çevre kirliliği açısından oldukça zararlıdır. Biyogaz üretimi enerji ihtiyacına çözüm yolu bulmasının yanında atıkları bertaraf etmesinden dolayı önem kazanmaktadır. Günümüzde biyogaz teknolojisi uygulamaları ekonomik ve çevresel yararlarından dolayı dünya genelinde gittikçe artma eğilimindedir. Bundan dolayı, son yıllarda organik madde atıklarının biyogaz potansiyelinin belirlenmesiyle ilgili birçok araştırma yapılmıştır. Kanatlı hayvan atıklarından oksijensiz fermantasyon ile biyogaz üretimi önemli derecede bir enerji kaynağıdır. Ayrıca, biyogaz üretimi ile kanatlı hayvan gübresi fermente gübre haline dönüştürülebilir. Bu çalışmada biyogaz, biyogaz üretimi, biyogazın arıtılması ve ülkemizde mevcut kanatlı hayvan gübresinden oluşturulabilecek biyogaz üretim potansiyeli incelenmiştir, The World has traditional and natural energy sources which are in the statute of exhaustible sources and in the coming years to research the depletion of reserves because of this the humanity has directed themselves to renewable energy sources. Nowadays renewable energy sources as solar, wind, biomass etc. are used and their usages increase day by day. Biogas is in the statute of renewable energy source and it is an alternative solution for the world’s energy needs. Biogas production by anaerobic decomposition of poultry waste is an important alternative energy sources. Organic wastes are quite harmful for environmental pollution. Production of biogas has gained importance with not only find a solution for energy needs, but also remove the wastes. Nowadays, biogas technology applications are gradually increasing worldwide due to the economic and environmental benefits. Many researches and studies related to the determination of the biogas potential of waste organic materials have been carried out in the recent years. The production of biogas from poultry animal wastes (anaeorobic fermentation) is an important alternative energy source. Besides this, with biogas production, poultry animal manure will be transformed into fermentation manure. In this process, biogas, biogas production, purification of biogas and potential of biogas production from available manure in our country has been observed

Salvia (sage) species are grown world-wide, mainly in the three regions; South-East Asia, South Europe to Central and South America with approximately 1000 species. The genus Salvia is represented by over 100 species in Turkey. Since ancient times, they have been used in folk medicine for many purposes in the world, for more than sixty different ailments ranging from aches to epilepsy, and to treat colds, bronchitis, tuberculosis, haemorrhage, some cardiovascular and menstrual disorders. In Anatolia, Salvia species are used against cold and flu, and in the treatment of stomach, liver and rheumatism problems and as wound healing agents. A literature survey and our experiences indicated that terpenoids and flavonoids are the main constituents of them. 45 Anatolian Salvia species have been investigated for their chemical constituents with some biological activities. Di- and triterpenoids were found to be the main non-volatile constituents besides flavonoids and phenolics. The aerial parts, particularly flowers and leaves of Anatolian Salvia species contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, and monoterpenes while diterpenoids are found mostly in the roots. Totally 317 compounds were isolated, major part belonging to diterpenoids, among isolated 158 diterpenoids from Anatolian Salvia species, almost 130 of which have abietane skeleton identified by spectroscopic methods, particularly based on extensive NMR and Mass techniques. In addition to diterpenoids, 60 triterpenoids, 15 steroids, 5 sesterterpenes and 9 sesquiterpenes and 41 flavonoids and 29 other phenolics were isolated. In this chapter, Anatolian Salvia plant extracts and/or its constituents with various biological activities were presented, including antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic/antitumor, cardiovascular, cholinesterase and some other enzymes inhibitory activities. In addition, some investigations on Salvia species consist of biological properties which carried out on the extracts rather than pure isolates were presented.

Reaction of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-dien-1-ylmethanol (3) with phenyltriazolinedione (PTAD) gave 4-phenyl-1-[(3aR(S),6S(R))-1a, 2,3a, 6-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]cyclopropa[c]furan-6-yl]-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione (7) via a novel rearrangement. The structure of this rearranged product was determined by spectroscopic methods and by experimentation. Influences of functional groups on the rearrangement and formation of 7 were discussed.

Reaction of spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-dien-1-ylmethanol (3) with phenyltriazolinedione (PTAD) gave 4-phenyl-1-[(3aR(S),6S(R))-1a, 2,3a, 6-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]cyclopropa[c]furan-6-yl]-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione (7) via a novel rearrangement. The structure of this rearranged product was determined by spectroscopic methods and by experimentation. Influences of functional groups on the rearrangement and formation of 7 were discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.