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The aim of the present study was to examine whether adolescents of Moroccan and Dutch origin differ concerning sibling relationship quality and to examine whether the associations between quality of the sibling relationship and level and change in externalizing and internalizing problem behavior are comparable for Moroccan and Dutch adolescents. Five annual waves of questionnaire data on sibling support and conflict as well as externalizing problems, anxiety and depression were collected from 159 ethnic Moroccan adolescents (Mage = 13.3 years) and from 159 ethnic Dutch adolescents (Mage = 13.0 years). Our findings demonstrated significant mean level differences between the Moroccan and Dutch sample in sibling relationship quality, externalizing problems, and depression, with Moroccan adolescents reporting higher sibling relationship quality and less problem behavior. However, effects of sibling relationship quality on externalizing problems, anxiety, and depression were similar for the Moroccan and Dutch samples. Sibling support was not related to level of externalizing problems, nor to changes in externalizing problems, anxiety, and depression. Additionally, more sibling conflict was related to a higher starting level of and faster decreases in problem behaviors. Our results support the ethnic equivalence model, which holds that the influence of family relationships is similar for different ethnic groups. Moreover, sibling support and conflict affect both the level and the fluctuations in problem behavior over time in specific ethnic groups similarly. Implications for future studies and interventions are subsequently discussed.

Five–year longitudinal data on a cohort of early to middle adolescents ( N = 923) and a cohort of middle to late adolescents ( N = 390) were used to examine the correlates of hypermaturity (i.e. 12–year–olds with a personality profile resembling the profile of an average 20–year–old) and immaturity (i.e. 20–year–olds with a personality profile resembling the profile of an average 12–year–old) of personality. Analyses revealed that girls with high levels of hypermaturity exhibited high levels of internalizing problem behaviour and conflict with parents, while hypermaturity in boys was only associated with internalizing problems. Immature girls had low levels of anxiety and high levels of minor delinquency, whereas immature boys reported low levels of anxiety and high levels of physical maturity. These findings suggest that off–time personality development is an interesting concept deserving further exploration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that high parental expressed emotion (EE) is predictive of depressive, aggressive and delinquency symptoms of adolescents. Two issues have received much less prominence in EE research, these being studies of adolescent perceived EE and the measurement of the EE as a dynamic, developmental construct. This 4-year, three-wave, longitudinal study of perceived EE of adolescents from the general community examines if adolescent perceived EE measured with the traditional, one-measurement EE approach as well as adolescent perceived EE measured with a repeated measured, dynamic EE approach can predict adolescent depressive, aggressive and delinquency symptoms. Methods Dutch adolescents (N = 285; 51% girls; M = 13 years) from the general community were prospectively studied annually for 4 years. At all waves, the adolescents completed the Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) questionnaire and at the final wave also completed self-rated measures of depressive, aggressive and delinquent symptoms. Growth models were used to predict adolescent symptoms from adolescent perceived EE. Results Growth models significantly predicted adolescent depressive, aggressive and delinquency symptoms from adolescent perceived EE. Conclusions This study of the LEE demonstrates that developmental characteristics of EE are predictive of adolescents’ symptoms. These findings hold implications for current EE intervention therapies and the conceptualization of EE.

The aim of this five-wave longitudinal study of 923 early to middle adolescents (50.7% boys; 49.3% girls) and 390 middle to late adolescents (43.3% boys and 56.7% girls) is to provide a comprehensive view on change and stability in identity formation from ages 12 to 20. Several types of change and stability (i.e., mean-level change, rank-order stability, and profile similarity) were assessed for three dimensions of identity formation (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration), using adolescent self-report questionnaires. Results revealed changes in identity dimensions towards maturity, indicated by a decreasing tendency for reconsideration, increasingly more in-depth exploration, and increasingly more stable identity dimension profiles. Mean levels of commitment remained stable, and rank-order stability of commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration did not change with age. Overall, girls were more mature with regard to identity formation in early adolescence, but boys had caught up with them by late adolescence. Taken together, our findings indicate that adolescent identity formation is guided by progressive changes in the way adolescents deal with commitments, rather than by changes in the commitments themselves.

The present research assesses adolescent personality maturation by examining 3 measures of change and stability (i.e., mean-level change, rank-order stability, and profile similarity) of Big Five personality traits, employing data from a 5-annual-wave study with overlapping early to middle (n = 923) and middle to late (n = 390) adolescent cohorts. Results indicated that mean levels of Agreeableness and Emotional Stability increased during adolescence. There was mixed evidence for increases in Extraversion and Openness. Additionally, rank-order stability and profile similarity of adolescent personality traits clearly increased from early to late adolescence. For all change facets, the authors found evidence for gender differences in the timing of adolescent personality maturation, as girls were found to mature earlier than boys.

Background: This study investigates whether anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms of adolescents from the general community are best described by a model that assumes they are indicative of one general factor or by a model that assumes they are two distinct disorders with parallel growth processes. Additional analyses were conducted to explore the comorbidity of adolescent anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms and the effects that adolescent anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms have on each other’s symptom severity growth. Methods: Two cohorts of early (N = 923; Age range 10–15 years; Mean age = 12.4, SD = .59; Girls = 49%) and middle adolescent (N = 390; Age range 16– 20 years; Mean age = 16.7, SD = .80; Girls = 57%) boys and girls from the general community were prospectively studied annually for five years. These two adolescent cohorts were divided intofive groups: one group at-risk for developing a specific anxiety disorder and four additional groups of healthy adolescents that differed in age and sex. Self-reported anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms were analyzed with latent growth modeling. Results: Comparison of the fit statistics of the two models clearly demonstrates the superiority of the distinct disorders with parallel growth processes model above the one factor model. It was also demonstrated that the initial symptom severity of either anxiety or depression is predictive of the development of the other, though in different ways for the at-risk and healthy adolescent groups. Conclusions: The results of this study established that the development of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms of adolescents from the general community occurs as two distinct disorders with parallel growth processes, each with their own unique growth characteristics. Keywords: Adolescents, anxiety, depression, development, latent growth modeling, parallel growth.

Following suggestions from prior research, this 2-wave longitudinal study examined whether parental solicitation and control influenced adolescents' later perceptions of privacy invasion. Data from 307 Dutch adolescents were tested with structural equation modeling (SEM). Differences in adolescents' invasion perceptions were examined in terms of gender and the quality of interactions with parents. Parental control influenced later invasion perceptions among adolescents reporting higher quality interactions with parents, particularly among males. Parental solicitation also predicted perceptions of invasion. Results are discussed in terms of Kerr and Stattin's (2000) reinterpretation of parental monitoring, gender differences, the dialectical tension between openness and closedness in family relationships, and implications for adolescent-parent privacy negotiations.

Although the co-occurrence between adolescent depression and delinquency has been well-studied, the nature of the longitudinal associations is not yet clear. To clarify this we examined whether personality type is a moderator in the longitudinal co-occurrence of depression and delinquency. A total of 338 young and middle adolescents completed questionnaires about depression, delinquency and personality in 3 yearly waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE). We found that the stable overcontrollers showed the highest mean level on depression and that the stable undercontrollers showed the highest mean level on delinquency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the longitudinal co-occurrence between depression and delinquency was best described by means of a stability model, in which personality type membership proved to be an important moderator. The three personality types differed significantly on the rank-order stability of both depression and delinquency. Copyright#2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: co-occurrence; depression; delinquency; person-centred approach; personality prototypes

Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a concept that has been discussed for decades in Psychology but has received very little empirical study until recently. And with this growing interest, its accompanying concept, Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI), has also received more attention. It is due to this growing interest in PEI that this paper explores two important aspects of the PEI: the measurement of PEI and the implications PEI may have for adolescent anxiety disorder symptomology. This study explores a well-known questionnaire of PEI, namely the Trait Meta-Mood Scale questionnaire (TMMS). The Spanish shortened version of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale questionnaire (TMMS-24) and a series of well-known questionnaires of Social Anxiety Disorder symptomology were administrated to 425 Spanish high-school adolescents. The results of this study corroborated that the TMMS-24 has good psychometric properties in adolescents, and that one of its three scales (Emotional Repair) appears to be involved in adolescent SAD symptomology. Keywords: Adolescents; assessment; emotional Intelligence; social anxiety disorder symptoms

This 3-year, multi-informant study examined whether youths’ perceptions of parental privacy invasion predicted lower parental knowledge over time, as a function of increased adolescent secrecy. Participants were 497 Dutch adolescents (Time 1 M = 13 years, SD = 0.5; 57% boys) and both parents. Higher youth-reported invasion predicted lower father- and mother-reported knowledge 1 year later. A link between privacy invasion and youths’ increased secrecy mediated the association between privacy invasion and mothers’ lower knowledge. Further, mothers’ perceptions of adolescent secrecy mediated the association between adolescent-reported secrecy and mothers’ knowledge. No mediation existed for father-report models. The results suggest that privacy invasion is counterproductive to parents’ efforts to remain knowledgeable about youths, due to increased adolescent secrecy. We discuss the implications for family communication processes and successful privacy negotiations during adolescence.

Samenvatting Deze longitudinale studie onderzocht bidirectionele verbanden tussen waargenomen kwaliteit van ouder-adolescent relaties en depressieve symptomen en de modererende rol van sekse, leeftijd en persoonlijkheidstype op deze verbanden. Hiervoor beantwoordden 1313 Nederlandse adolescenten (51% meisjes; 923 12-jarigen en 390 16-jarigen) vragen over hun persoonlijkheid, depressieve symptomen en waargenomen ouder-kind relatiekwaliteit in vier meetrondes. Resultaten toonden een negatief verband tussen depressieve symptomen en later gemeten waargenomen relatiekwaliteit. Kwaliteit van de relatie met moeders voorspelde depressieve symptomen voor jongens en meisjes, maar relatiekwaliteit met vaders voorspelde alleen voor jongens depressieve symptomen. Persoonlijkheidstype modereerde alleen initiële associaties tussen de relatiekwaliteit met moeders en depressieve symptomen. Deze verbanden waren sterker voor overcontrollers en ondercontrollers dan voor veerkrachtigen. Resultaten geven dus een patroon weer van een wederzijdse invloed tussen waargenomen relatiekwaliteit en depressieve symptomen, die gemodereerd wordt door sekse

In recent onderzoek bestaat geen consensus over de vraag welk effectmodel verklarend is voor de wisselwerking tussen ouderlijke controle en angst bij adolescenten; een kind-effectmodel, een ouder-effectmodel of een bi-directioneel effectmodel. In deze studie wordt de richting van effecten onderzocht tussen door adolescenten waargenomen ouderlijke gedragscontrole en psychologische controle en door adolescenten gerapporteerde symptomen van een gegeneraliseerde angststoornis en separatieangststoornis. 1313 Nederlandse adolescenten uit de algemene adolescentenpopulatie vulden op drie meetmomenten vragenlijsten in over eigen probleemgedrag en ouderlijk gedrag. Structural equation modeling (SEM) werd gebruikt om de richting van effecten tussen waargenomen ouderlijke controle en angstsymptomen te analyseren. De resultaten passen binnen een uni-directioneel kind-effectmodel. Door adolescenten gerapporteerde angstsymptomen voorspelden de waarneming van ouderlijke controle twee jaar later. Adolescenten met angstsymptomen ervaren hun ouders twee jaar later als meer controlerend. De angstsymptomen bij adolescenten bleken sterker en systematischer samen te hangen met psychologische controle dan met gedragscontrole.

Background: In previous studies, maternal expressed emotion (EE) has been found to be a good predictor of the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. However, these studies have been cross‐section as opposed to longitudinal. The goal of this study is to examine longitudinal data of perceived maternal EE and adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms to determine if maternal EE affected the course of adolescent symptoms (a parent effect model), or if the course of adolescent symptoms affected maternal EE (a child effect model), or if maternal EE and adolescent symptoms affected one another bidirectionally. Methods: Dutch adolescents (N = 497; 57% boys; M = 13 years) from the general community and their mothers were prospectively studied annually for three years. At all waves the mothers completed the Level of Expressed Emotion (LEE) questionnaire and the adolescents completed self‐rated measures of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the longitudinal data. Results: The results of the SEM analyses clearly demonstrate that a child effect model best describes the relationship between maternal EE and the course of adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Conclusions: This longitudinal study of the mothers’ EE perceptions suggests that it is the course of the internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents from the general community that affects maternal EE, and not the mothers’ perceived EE influencing the course of the adolescents’ symptoms. Since this study was based on adolescents from the general community, it is suggested that these findings should also be replicated in clinical samples of adolescents.

In deze studie wordt onderzocht of Blocks persoonlijkheidstypes (Veerkrachtigen, Ondercontrollers en Overcontrollers) repliceerbaar zijn als ontwikkelingstrajecten. Hiertoe is een latente klasse-analyse van groeicurves toegepast op Big Five persoonlijkheidsdata die verzameld zijn gedurende vijf achtereenvolgende jaarlijkse metingen onder een groep vroege tot middenadolescenten (n=923). Uit de resultaten blijkt dat Blocks persoonlijkheidstypes inderdaad ontwikkelingstrajecten vormden in de vroege tot middenadolescentie. Bovendien vertoonden deze ontwikkelingstypes gelijkaardige associaties met probleemgedrag als persoonlijkheidstypes die op grond van cross-sectionele data zijn geconstrueerd. Dit wil zeggen dat Veerkrachtigen weinig probleemgedrag vertoonden, Ondercontrollers hoge niveaus van delinquentie hadden en Overcontrollers relatief meer depressiesymptomen rapporteerden. Implicaties en suggesties voor verder onderzoek worden besproken.

Het reguleren van de grenzen van privacy tussen jongeren en ouders is moeilijk, aangezien jongeren steeds trachten de grenzen van hun privédomein te verruimen. Als jongeren het idee hebben dat hun ouders de privacygrenzen overtreden kan dit leiden tot conflicten, maar een hoger niveau van conflicten zou er ook aan kunnen bijdragen dat jongeren een toenemend gevoel hebben van privacyschending. Deze multi-informant longitudinale studie (N = 309) onderzocht relaties tussen percepties van privacyschending en het niveau van ouder-kindconflict in de adolescentie. Bidirectionele relaties werden aangetoond. Privacyschending voorspelde hogere niveaus van ouder-kindconflict over tijd, en conflicten voorspelden ook gevoelens van privacyschending. De richting van deze effecten varieerde tussen de metingen en de verschillende informanten voor ouderkindconflict (vader, moeder, of kind). Bevindingen worden bediscussieerd vanuit het idee dat er mogelijk een functionele rol is voor conflicten in de ouder-kindrelatie, omdat het aandacht kan vestigen op het overtreden van privacy grenzen, maar dat conflicten niet erg effectief zijn in het reduceren van toekomstige gevoelens van privacyschending.

The present study was aimed at examining one relatively neglected part of the identity formation process: the short-term dynamics of identity formation. The short-term dynamics were assessed by examining (a) the day-to-day course of 2 key dimensions of identity formation (i.e., commitment and reconsideration) and (b) the impact of fluctuations in commitment and reconsideration on subsequent levels of these 2 dimensions. Longitudinal data on 580 early adolescents (54.8% boys, 45.2% girls) were used to test these assertions. The authors found evidence for a commitment-reconsideration dynamic that operated on a day-to-day basis. Furthermore, the findings confirmed E. H. Erikson's (1950) assertion that identity reflects a sense of sameness and continuity as a more stable identity (reflected by little day-to-day fluctuations) was predictive of higher levels of commitment and lower levels of reconsideration. Taken together, the present study underscores the importance of the short-term dynamics of identity formation. © 2010 American Psychological Association.

The aim of this five-wave longitudinal study of 923 early to middle adolescents (50.7% boys; 49.3% girls) and 390 middle to late adolescents (43.3% boys and 56.7% girls) is to provide a comprehensive view on change and stability in identity formation from ages 12 to 20. Several types of change and stability (i.e., mean-level change, rank-order stability, and profile similarity) were assessed for three dimensions of identity formation (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration), using adolescent self-report questionnaires. Results revealed changes in identity dimensions towards maturity, indicated by a decreasing tendency for reconsideration, increasingly more in-depth exploration, and increasingly more stable identity dimension profiles. Mean levels of commitment remained stable, and rank-order stability of commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration did not change with age. Overall, girls were more mature with regard to identity formation in early adolescence, but boys had caught up with them by late adolescence. Taken together, our findings indicate that adolescent identity formation is guided by progressive changes in the way adolescents deal with commitments, rather than by changes in the commitments themselves.

This study examined the association between the adolescents' conflict resolution style‘exitingstatements' (i.e., the expression of the adolescent' desire to minimize or end the contact withhis or her parents) in parent–adolescent conflicts with self-rated adolescent GAD symptomsand delinquency symptoms of 1313 adolescents. A multi-group, structural equation model wasemployed to analyze the relationship between the constructs for four age–sex groups. Resultsdemonstrated that age and sex moderated the relationship between exiting statements, GADand delinquency. For late adolescent females, perceived difficulties in solving conflicts inhorizontal parent–adolescent relationships were significantly related to self-rated GADsymptoms. It is discussed how the Multimodal Treatment Approach could be applied forfamily conflict resolution. For early adolescent males, perceived problems in solving parent–adolescent conflicts were strongly related to self-rated delinquency symptoms. Thesefindingsare discussed in light of Parent Management Training that focuses on the conflict resolutionstyles of family members.

The purpose of the current study is to examine whether Block's personality types (i.e. Resilients, Undercontrollers and Overcontrollers) are replicable as developmental trajectories. We applied a Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) framework to five‐ annual‐wave data on a sample of early to middle adolescents (n = 923). Our results showed that Block's Resilients, Undercontrollers and Overcontrollers are indeed replicable as developmental trajectories across adolescence. These developmental types were related to problem behaviour in a similar way as types found in studies using cross‐sectional data. As such, Resilients reflected low levels of problem behaviour, Undercontrollers had high levels of delinquency and Overcontrollers had high levels of depression. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the current study, five annual wave longitudinal data were employed to examine the associations between Big Five personality traits and problem behavior (i.e., depression and aggression) in early to middle and middle to late adolescent boys and girls. Using cross-lagged panel models, we simultaneously tested two competing hypothesis: (1) a vulnerability hypothesis stating that Big Five personality traits would affect problem behavior and (2) a scar hypothesis asserting that problem behavior would affect Big Five personality traits. Results supported both hypotheses, as the effects between personality and problem behavior were bidirectional. These findings have important theoretical and clinical implications, as they suggest a transactional process.

Data from three studies were used to investigate whether the establishment of a no-smoking agreement is related to lower odds of adolescent smoking. The prevalence of a no-smoking agreement was first explored by using a national sample involving 4,501 Dutch adolescents. Second, data from a longitudinal study among 595 early adolescents and their parents were used to test whether establishing a no-smoking agreement prevents adolescents from smoking. Third, the authors tested among 856 early-and mid-adolescents and their parents, whether in addition to the establishment of a no-smoking agreement, the frequency and quality of communication on smoking issues had an effect on adolescent smoking. The findings do not support that establishing a no-smoking agreement is an effective deterrent with regard to adolescent smoking. Parents who want to prevent smoking might consider focusing their efforts on establishing a good quality of communication on smoking issues whereas parents who just talk a lot about smoking issues without considering the quality of their communication might do more harm than good.

achtergrond Het relatief recente gebruik van moderne statistische analysemethoden zoals een latent groeimodel (lgm) maakt het mogelijk om verschillen in individuele ontwikkelingstrajecten over tijd te bestuderen. doel Prospectief en longitudinaal onderzoeken van de ontwikkelingstrajecten van angstsymptomen over een periode van vijf jaar in een grote steekproef (n = 1318) uit de algemene adolescentenpopulatie. methode Er werd onderscheid gemaakt tussen een cohort jongeren in de vroege adolescentie (gemiddeld 12 jaar oud tijdens de eerste meting) en in de midden adolescentie (gemiddeld 16 jaar oud tijdens de eerste meting). Leeftijds- en sekseverschillen in de ontwikkelingstrajecten van angstsymptomen werden onderzocht met lgm. resultaten Uit de analyses bleek dat de symptomen van de paniekstoornis, schoolangst en separatieangst voor alle adolescenten afnamen en dat de symptomen van een sociale fobie relatief stabiel waren. Meisjes vertoonden een toename van symptomen van de gegeneraliseerde angststoornis, terwijl deze symptomen juist afnamen bij jongens. conclusie Door gebruik te maken van lgm-analyses waarbij individuele ontwikkelingstrajecten zijn onderzocht, is er een bijdrage geleverd aan de kennis over leeftijds- en sekseverschillen in de ontwikkeling van angstsymptomen bij adolescenten.

Perceived Criticism (PC) evolved in the context of Expressed Emotion (EE) research and, like EE, predicts the course of various psychiatric disorders. However, little is known about PC's validity. We examined (in Study 1) to what extent PC reflects the perceiver's current depressive and marital complaints, whether PC measures reciprocal criticism that characterizes dyads rather than individuals. and (in Study 2) whether PC reflects actual interactive behaviour. Both studies compared a single-item with a multi-item measure of PC. In Study 1. general community couples completed self-reports of PC. depressed mood, and marital dissatisfaction, and expressed their feelings in a brief EE interview (Five Minute Speech Samples). Multilevel analyses suggested that PC was associated with both partners' expressions of criticism, and the perceiver's depressive and marital complaints. In Study 2, general community couples completed self-reports of PC and participated in a videotaped problem solving interaction. Interactions were coded with the Kategorien system fur partnerschaftliche Interaktion (KPI). PC was related to the partner's verbal and nonverbal expression of criticism and the perceiver's expression of nonverbal negative behaviour. Overall, the pattern of findings fits in well with theoretical formulations regarding EE, and supports the usefulness of PC measures as practical alternatives for the assessment of EE. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study examination is given to the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) in a large community sample of adolescents. Additionally, a comparison was made between the anxiety scores of this Italian adolescent cohort (N = 1975) and a comparative Dutch adolescent cohort (N = 1115). Findings revealed that a five-factor structure of the SCARED applied not only to the Italian adolescents from the general community, but also to boys and girls, and to early and middle adolescents. Moreover, sex and age differences on anxiety scores within the Italian sample were found to be consistent with previous studies of adolescent anxiety disorders. Finally, Italian adolescents reported higher anxiety scores than their Dutch peers. Findings of this study highlight that the SCARED is a valid screening instrument to rate anxiety symptoms of Italian adolescents. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objective This study prospectively examined the developmental trajectories of anxiety disorder symptoms in a large sample of adolescents from the general population. Method Two cohorts of early and middle adolescents (1,318 junior high and high school students) completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders during 5 consecutive years. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders is a questionnaire that measures self-rated child and adolescent anxiety symptoms that map onto DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorders. At the first wave of measurement, the early and middle adolescent cohorts were an average of 12 and 16 years of age, respectively. Age and sex differences in the developmental trajectories of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms over time were examined by means of latent growth modeling. Results Over the course of 5 years, there was a slight decrease in the panic disorder, school anxiety, and separation anxiety disorder symptoms for all of the adolescents, with the exception of social phobia symptoms, which remained fairly stable over time. Adolescent girls showed a slight increase of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms over time, whereas these symptoms decreased among adolescent boys. Conclusions This study replicates and extends earlier findings on the developmental trajectories of anxiety symptoms during adolescence. By using individually focused, trajectory-based analyses rather than group score differences, this study extends earlier findings and advances our understanding of age and sex differences in the development of adolescent anxiety symptoms.

Human development takes place in the context of relationships with others.These relationships are thought to influence individuals’ behavior and developmental course (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Parent–child relationshipsare among the most important and central of human relationships, especiallyduring the period of childhood and adolescence. Parents are an importantsource of support, although the relative impact of parental support may changeover the life course. Perceived parental support concerns the perception ofparents as available for support when needed. In the current chapter we willexamine how parental support is related to adolescent adjustment over time.

Behandeling van angststoornissen bij kinderen en adolescenten

The aim of this study is to examine the role of parental support and control on young adolescent smoking initiation, increase, continuation, and cessation. Longitudinal data gathered every 6 months over a one-year period were collected in Utrecht, The Netherlands, for 1,012 adolescents in 2000. Logistic regressions demonstrated that low parental control predicted adolescent smoking initiation but neither support nor control predicted adolescent smoking increase or continuation. Parental smoking status was important in adolescent smoking continuation and cessation. Suggestions based on these findings are made for prevention programs. A limitation is that the study only utilized adolescent reports.

Although the stability and changeability of personality has long been debated, many studies now agree that personality changes over the life course. Although the changes in rank-order and mean-level stability are well established, the stability in personality type membership during adolescence is not yet clear. Little research has been conducted on the associations between change in personality type membership and anxiety. A total of 827 adolescents (10-20 years) completed personality and anxiety questionnaires on 2 waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships study (CONAMORE). We found that the stability in personality type membership was moderate. The change from undercontroller to overcontroller was the most frequently occurring change. Furthermore, the stability in type membership was related to stability in anxiety level and change in type membership was related to anxiety change. More specifically, the resilient-overcontroller group demonstrated an increase in anxiety level, whereas the overcontroller-resilient group demonstrated a decrease.

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