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1. Indefinite Time Directed Quantum Metrology

Author

Agrawal, Gaurang, Halder, Pritam, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We explore the performance of the metrology scheme by employing a quantum time flip during encoding, a specific case of processes with indefinite time direction, which we refer to as indefinite time directed metrology (ITDM). In the case of single parameter estimation of a unitary, we demonstrate that our protocol can achieve Heisenberg scaling (1/N) with product probe states, surpassing the standard quantum limit (1/\sqrt{N}), where N is the number of particles in the probe. We establish this by computing the quantum Fisher information (QFI) which is a lower bound on the root mean square error occurred during parameter estimation. Although we analytically prove the optimality of the symmetric product probe state in ITDM, entangled probe states produce a higher QFI than optimal product probes without enhancing scaling, highlighting the non-essentiality of entanglement. For phase estimation, we propose a single-qubit measurement on the control qubit that accomplishes near-optimal Fisher information and eventually reaches Heisenberg scaling. Our findings reveal the best orientation of product probe states in every pertinent situation, emphasizing its independence from the parameter to be estimated in the limiting case. Furthermore, we illustrate the benefits of ITDM in noisy metrology, outperforming existing techniques in some situations., Comment: 12+10 pages, 4+4 figures

Published
2025

2. More nonlocality with less incompatibility in higher dimensions: Bell vs prepare-measure scenarios

Author

Mondal, Sudipta, Halder, Pritam, Roy, Saptarshi, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Connecting incompatibility in measurements with the violation of local realism is one of the fundamental avenues of research. For two qubits, any incompatible pair of projective measurements can violate Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality for some states, and there is a monotonic relationship between the level of measurement incompatibility (projective) and the violation. However, in the case of two qutrits, we exhibit that the violation of the Collins-Gisin-Linden-Massar-Popescu (CGLMP) inequality responds non-monotonically with the amount of incompatibility; we term this more nonlocality with less incompatibility. Furthermore, unlike in the CHSH case, the maximally violating state in higher dimensions depends on the amount of measurement incompatibility. We illustrate that similar patterns can also be observed in an experimentally viable interferometric measuring technique. In such a measurement scenario, we provide an explicit example of incompatible (not jointly measurable) measurements that do not violate the CGLMP inequality for any shared quantum state. We extend our study of incompatibility in the prepare and measure scenario, focusing on quantum random access codes (QRACs). Surprisingly, we show that the monotonicity of average success probability with measurement incompatibility does not hold for higher dimensions, as opposed to two dimensions, even though the maximum probability of QRAC behaves monotonically with incompatibility., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures

Published
2024

4. Recovery of resource through sequential noisy measurements

Author

Mondal, Sudipta, Halder, Pritam, Pal, Amit Kumar, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Noisy unsharp measurements incorporated in quantum information protocols may hinder performance, reducing the quantum advantage. However, we show that, unlike projective measurements which completely destroy quantum correlations between nodes in quantum networks, sequential applications of noisy measurements can mitigate the adverse impact of noise in the measurement device on quantum information processing tasks. We demonstrate this in the case of concentrating entanglement on chosen nodes in quantum networks via noisy measurements performed by assisting qubits. In the case of networks with a cluster of three or higher number of qubits, we exhibit that sequentially performing optimal unsharp measurements on the assisting qubits yields localizable entanglement between two nodes akin to that obtained by optimal projective measurements on the same assisting qubits. Furthermore, we find that the proposed approach using consecutive noisy measurements can potentially be used to prepare desired states that are resource for specific quantum schemes. We also argue that assisting qubits have greater control over the qubits on which entanglement is concentrated via unsharp measurements, in contrast to sharp measurement-based protocols, which may have implications for secure quantum communication., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures

Published
2024

5. Deciding factor for detecting a particle within a subspace via dark and bright states

Author

Pandharpatte, Aashay, Halder, Pritam, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics
Abstract

In a measurement-induced continuous-time quantum walk, we address the problem of detecting a particle in a subspace, instead of a fixed position. In this configuration, we develop an approach of bright and dark states based on the unit and vanishing detection probability respectively for a particle-detection in the subspace. Specifically, by employing the rank-nullity theorem, we determine several properties of dark and bright states in terms of energy spectrum of the Hamiltonian used for a quantum walk and the projectors applied to detect the subspace. We provide certain conditions on the position and the rank of the subspace to be detected, resulting in the unit total detection probability, which has broad implications for quantum computing. Further, we illustrate the forms of dark as well as bright states and the dependence of detection probability on the number of dark states by considering a cyclic graph with nearest-neighbor and next nearest-neighbor hopping. Moreover, we observe that the divergence in the average number of measurements for detecting a particle successfully in a subspace can be reduced by performing high rank projectors., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures; minor changes, no changes in results

Published
2024

6. Operational Ergotropy: suboptimality of the geodesic drive

Author

Halder, Pritam, Ghosh, Srijon, Roy, Saptarshi, and Guha, Tamal

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We put forth a notion of optimality for extracting ergotropic work, derived from an energy constraint governing the necessary dynamics for work extraction in a quantum system. Within the traditional ergotropy framework, which predicts an infinite set of equivalent pacifying unitaries, we demonstrate that the optimal choice lies in driving along the geodesic connecting a given state to its corresponding passive state. Moreover, in a practical scenario where unitaries are inevitably affected by environmental factors, we refine the existing definition of ergotropy and introduce the notion of operational ergotropy. It enables the characterization of work extraction in noisy scenarios. We find that for certain typical noise models, the optimal choice which governs the Schrodinger part of the dynamics, aligns with the optimal drive in the unperturbed scenario. However, we demonstrate that such optimality is not universal by presenting an explicit counterexample. Additionally, within this generalized framework, we discuss the potential for faster work extraction from quantum systems in the presence of noise., Comment: 6+2 pages, 3 figures

Published
2024

7. Revealing Transition in Fall-off Rates of spin-s Ising Model through Multiqudit Graph states

Author

Ghosh, Debkanta, Agarwal, Keshav Das, Halder, Pritam, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

A variable-range interacting Ising model with spin-1/2 particles exhibits distinct behavior depending on the fall-off rates in the range of interactions, notably non-local (NL), quasi-local (QL), and local. It is unknown if such a transition occurs in this model with an arbitrary spin quantum number. We establish its existence by analyzing the profiles of entanglement entropy, mutual information, and genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) of the weighted graph state (WGS), which is prepared when the multi-level maximally coherent state at each site evolves according to the spin-s Ising Hamiltonian. Specifically, we demonstrate that the scaling of time-averaged mutual information and the divergence in the first derivative of GME with respect to the fall-off rate in the WGS can indicate the transition point from NL to QL, which scales logarithmically with individual spin dimension. Additionally, we suggest that the existence of a saturation value of a finite number of qudits capable of mimicking the GME pattern of an arbitrarily large system-size can reveal the second transition point between quasi-local and local regions., Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures

Published
2023

8. Duality between imperfect resources and measurements for propagating entanglement in networks

Author

Mondal, Sudipta, Halder, Pritam, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We propose a measurement-based entanglement propagation strategy for networks in which all nodes except two are initially occupied by a suitably chosen single-qubit system and the two nodes share a bipartite noisy entangled state. The connections between the sites are established using unsharp two-qubit measurements. When only a single node performs measurements, we refer to it as a unidirectional protocol while when both parts of the initial entangled states perform measurements, we call it a bidirectional scheme. When the measurement outcome is post-selected, we demonstrate that in the presence of a local amplitude damping channel acting on a single site, entanglement shareability, as measured by the monogamy score, of the resulting state after measurement can be higher for all values of the strength of the noise than that of the scenario without noise. We observe that irrespective of the channel, there exists a range of unsharpness parameter where a higher monogamy score may be obtained starting from the initial nonmaximally entangled states than from the initial maximally entangled state. We report that the effect of noise on the average monogamy score entered from the resource state may be reduced faster with the unidirectional protocol than with the bidirectional one., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures

Published
2023

9. Entanglement of weighted graphs uncovers transitions in variable-range interacting models

Author

Ghosh, Debkanta, Agarwal, Keshav Das, Halder, Pritam, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

The cluster state acquired by evolving the nearest-neighbor (NN) Ising model from a completely separable state is the resource for measurement-based quantum computation. Instead of an NN system, a variable-range power law interacting Ising model can generate a genuine multipartite entangled (GME) weighted graph state (WGS) that may reveal intrinsic characteristics of the evolving Hamiltonian. We establish that the pattern of generalized geometric measure (GGM) in the evolved state with an arbitrary number of qubits is sensitive to fall-off rates and the range of interactions of the evolving Hamiltonian. We report that the time-derivative and time-averaged GGM at a particular time can detect the transition points present in the fall-off rates of the interaction strength, separating different regions, namely long-range, quasi-local and local ones in one- and two-dimensional lattices with deformation. Moreover, we illustrate that in the quasi-local and local regimes, there exists a minimum coordination number in the evolving Ising model for a fixed total number of qubits which can mimic the GGM of the long-range model. In order to achieve a finite-size subsystem from the entire system, we design a local measurement strategy that allows a WGS of an arbitrary number of qubits to be reduced to a local unitarily equivalent WGS having fewer qubits with modified weights., Comment: v1: 14 pages, 9 figures, v2: close to publish version

Published
2023
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15. Hybrid nonlocality via atom photon interactions with and without impurities

Author

Halder, Pritam, Banerjee, Ratul, Roy, Saptarshi, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

To obtain Bell statistics from hybrid systems composed of finite- and infinite-dimensional systems, we propose a hybrid measurement scheme, in which the continuous mode is measured using the generalized pseudospin operators, while the finite (two)-dimensional system is measured in the usual Pauli basis. Maximizing the Bell expression with these hybrid measurement settings leads to the violations of local realism in hybrid system which is referred to as hybrid nonlocality. We demonstrate the utility of our strategy in a realistic setting of cavity quantum electrodynamics, where an atom interacts resonantly with a single mode of an electromagnetic field under the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian. We dynamically compute the quenched averaged value of hybrid nonlocality in imperfect situations by incorporating disorder in the atom-cavity coupling strength. In the disordered case, we introduce two kinds of measurement scenarios to determine the Bell statistics -- in one situation, experimentalists can tune the optimal settings according to the interaction strength while such controlled power is absent in the other case. In contrast to the oscillatory behavior observed in the ordered case, the quenched averaged violation saturates to a finite value in some parameter regimes in the former case. We also examine the connection between Wigner negativity and hybrid nonlocality., Comment: v1: 13 pages, 13 figures, v2: 15 pages, 14 figures; Close to published version

Published
2023
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17. Manifestation of Rank-Tuned Weak Measurements Towards Featured State Generation

Author

Halder, Pritam, Banerjee, Ratul, Mal, Shiladitya, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We propose that an unsharp measurement-based process to generate genuine multipartite entanglement from an entangled initial state with a fewer number of qubits can be classified in two ways -- biased and unbiased inflation protocols. In the biased case, genuine multipartite entanglement (GME) of the resulting state obtained after a single measurement outcome is optimized, thereby creating a possibility of states with high GME while in the unbiased case, average GME is optimized over all possible outcomes. Interestingly, we show that the set of two-qubit unsharp measurements can generate multipartite states having different features according to GME measure, generalized geometric measure, the monogamy-based entanglement measure, tangle and robustness against particle loss quantified via persistency depending on the rank of the unsharp measurement operators. Specifically, in the process of producing three-qubit pure states, we prove that rank-$2$ measurements can create only Greenberger Horne Zeilinger (GHZ)-class states while only W-class states are produced with rank-$4$ measurements although rank-$3$ measurements are capable to generate both. In the case of multipartite states with an arbitrary number of qubits, we report that the average content of genuine multipartite entanglement increases with the decrease of the rank in the measurement operators although the persistency decreases with the rank, both in the biased as well as unbiased protocols., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures

Published
2022

18. Sequential Reattempt of Telecloning

Author

Das, Sudipta, Halder, Pritam, Banerjee, Ratul, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

The task of a telecloning protocol is to send an arbitrary qubit possessed by a sender to multiple receivers. Instead of performing Bell measurement at the sender's node, if one applies unsharp measurement, we show that the shared state can be recycled for further telecloning protocol. Specifically, in case of a single sender and two receivers, the maximal attempting number, which is defined as the maximum number of rounds used by the channel to obtain quantum advantage in the fidelity, turns out to be three both for optimal and nonoptimal shared states for telecloning while the maximal number reduces to two in case of three receivers. Although the original telecloning with quantum advantage being possible for arbitrary numbers of receivers, we report that the recycling of resources is not possible in telecloning involving a single sender and more than three receivers, thereby demonstrating a no-go theorem. We also connect the maximal achievable fidelities in each round with the bipartite entanglement content of the reduced state between the sender and one of the receivers as well as with the monogamy score of entanglement., Comment: v1: 12 pages, 5 figures; v2: 13 pages, 5 figures; close to the publish version

Published
2022
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19. Limits of network nonlocality probed by time-like separated observers

Author

Halder, Pritam, Banerjee, Ratul, Mal, Shiladitya, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

In an entanglement swapping scenario, if two sources sharing entangled states between three parties are independent, local correlations lead to a different kind of inequalities than the standard Bell inequalities, known as network local models. A highly demanding task is to find out a way to involve many players nontrivially in a quantum network since measurements, in general, disturb the system. To this end, we consider here a novel way of sharing network nonlocality when two observers initially share close to a maximally entangled states. We report that by employing unsharp measurements performed by one of the observers, six pairs can sequentially demonstrate the violation of bilocal correlations while a maximum of two pairs of observers can exhibit bi-nonlocality when both the observers perform unsharp measurements. We also find the critical noise involved in unsharp measurements in each round to illustrate the bi-nonlocality for a fixed shared entangled state as a resource. We also establish a connection between entanglement content of the shared state, quantified via von-Neumann entropy of the local density matrix for pure states and entanglement of formation for Werner states, and the maximum number of rounds showing violation of bilocal correlations. By reducing entanglement content in the elements of the joint measurement by the third party, we observe that the maximum number reduces to two sequential sharing of bi-nonlocality even for the maximally entangled state when the settings at each side are taken to be three and fixed., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

Published
2022
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20. Circulating Genuine Multiparty Entanglement in Quantum Network

Author

Halder, Pritam, Banerjee, Ratul, Ghosh, Srijon, Pal, Amit Kumar, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Abstract

We propose a deterministic scheme of generating genuine multiparty entangled states in quantum networks of arbitrary size having various geometric structures -- we refer to it as entanglement circulation. The procedure involves optimization over a set of two-qubit arbitrary unitary operators and the entanglement of the initial resource state. We report that the set of unitary operators that maximize the genuine multipartite entanglement quantified via generalized geometric measure (GGM) is not unique. We prove that the GGM of the resulting state of arbitrary qubits coincides with the minimum GGM of the initial resource states. By fixing the output state as the six-qubit one, we find the optimal way to create such states according to the available resource. Moreover, we show that the method proposed here can be implemented by using logic gates, or by using the time dynamics of realizable spin Hamiltonians. In case of an ordered system, GGM varies periodically with time while the evolution via disordered models lead to a low but constant multipartite entanglement in outputs at a critical time, which decreases exponentially with the increase of the strength of the disorder., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures, v2: Close to the published version

Published
2021
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21. Measurement-based Multipartite Entanglement Inflation

Author

Halder, Pritam, Mal, Shiladitya, and De, Aditi Sen

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Generating entanglement between more parties is one of the central tasks and challenges in the backdrop of building quantum technologies. Here we propose a measurement-based protocol for producing multipartite entangled states which can be later fed into some network for realizing suitable quantum protocols. We consider weak entangling measurement on two parties as the basic unit of operation to create entanglement between more parties starting from an entangled state with a lesser number of parties and auxiliary systems in the form of a single-qubit or entangled state itself. We call the introduced expansion procedure, "multipartite entanglement inflation". In the context of inflating bipartite entanglement to more number of parties, surprisingly, maximally entangled states as inputs turn out to be worse than that of the non-maximally entangled states, Haar uniformly generated pure states having a moderate amount of entanglement and the Werner state with a certain threshold noise. We also report that the average multipartite entanglement created from the initial Greenberger Horne Zeilinger- and the W- class states are almost same. Interestingly, we also observe that for Haar uniformly generated pure states, unentangled auxiliary systems are sometimes more advantageous than the protocol with multiple copies of the initial entangled states., Comment: v2: 16 pages, 18 figures, close to the published version

Published
2021
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24. Body count- distribution, determinants and geographical mapping of lifetime sexual partners among Gen-X, Millennial and Gen-Z: hierarchical regression modelling study of nationally representative Indian survey.

Author

Halder, Pritam, Jeer, Girish, Rathor, Shivani, Prabhakar, Manish Chandra, Chattopadhyay, Ankita, Sarkar, Sushanta, and Das, Anamika

Subjects
*SEXUAL partners, *PUBLIC health, *MILLENNIALS, *HIV, *RISK-taking behavior, *GENERATION X, *GENERATION Z
Abstract

Introduction: The number of lifetime sexual partners is a critical factor in public health, influencing the transmission of sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. This study aims to explore the distribution, determinants, and geographical mapping of lifetime sexual partners among three generational cohorts in India—Generation X, Generation Y/ Millennials, and Generation Z—using data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5). Methods: Data were analysed from 149,665 participants (67,352 men and 80,313 women) from the NFHS-5 (2019–2021). Participants were categorized into Generation X (born 1981–1996), Millennials (born 1997–2010), and Generation Z (born 2010–2024). The primary outcome was the total number of lifetime sexual partners, with explanatory variables including demographic, socioeconomic, health-related, and behavioural factors. Hierarchical linear regression models were employed to assess associations and generate geographical mapping across Indian states and union territories. Results: The mean number of lifetime sexual partners was higher in males (3.29) compared to females (2.40), with significant regional and generational variations. Males in the North-East regions reported the highest averages, particularly among Generation X. Significant determinants included religion, caste, employment status, and health insurance. Risky behaviours, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, were positively associated with the number of sexual partners in males, while comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge was linked to fewer partners across genders. Conclusion: This study highlights significant generational, gender, and regional disparities in sexual behaviour across India. The findings suggest the need for targeted public health interventions that address specific cultural and socioeconomic contexts, promote health awareness, and integrate sexual health education with broader efforts to reduce risky behaviours and gender-based violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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25. Urban-rural disparities in cervical cancer screening among Indian women between 30–49 years: a geospatial and decomposition analysis using a nationally representative survey.

Author

Garg, Priyanka, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Halder, Pritam, Rajaa, Sathish, Verma, Madhur, Kankaria, Ankita, Goel, Anil, and Kakkar, Rakesh

Subjects
INDIAN women (Asians), RURAL-urban differences, EARLY detection of cancer, PUBLIC health, CERVICAL cancer
Abstract

Introduction: Existing evidence suggests a lower uptake of cervical cancer screening among Indian women. Coverage is lower in rural than urban women, but such disparities are less explored. So, the present study was conducted to explore the self-reported coverage of cervical cancer screening in urban and rural areas stratified by socio-demographic characteristics, determine the spatial patterns and identify any regional variations, ascertain the factors contributing to urban-rural disparities and those influencing the likelihood of screening among women aged 30–49 years factors residing in urban, rural, and overall Indian settings. Methods: We did a secondary analysis of the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey in India (2019-21) data with a sample size of 3,48,882 women. The coverage of cervical cancer screening was estimated using sampling weights. Urban-rural differences were compared using the chi-square test. Spatial patterns were analysed using aggregated district-level data, and the contribution of different independent variables to the urban-rural disparities was estimated using multivariate decomposition analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted using STATA 17 to obtain the significant factors of reported screening in urban and rural areas. Results: The nationwide coverage of cervical cancer screening was 2.0% (95% CI: 1.9-2.0). The urban (2.4%; 2.3–2.5) participants had higher screening coverage than their rural (1.8%; 1.7–1.8) counterparts. Moran's I statistic confirmed the presence of spatial dependence and geographical gradient. Decomposition analysis depicted small urban-rural differences in the screening coverage of 0.60% (0.4–0.8). Endowment and coefficient contributed to 88.15% and 11.85% of the disparities. Compositional changes were contributed majorly by regional differences, low education, scheduled tribes, and having living children > 2. Higher odds of having screening were associated with older age (AOR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.03–1.28), higher education (1.32; 1.13–1.55), higher age of first intercourse (1.60; 1.43–1.79), married (1.25; 1.08–1.45) and diabetic (1.39; 1.17–1.65) women, and those from South India (6.76; 5.90–7.75). The odds were lower among Muslims, scheduled tribes and participants using hormonal contraceptives. Conclusion: There are significant urban-rural disparities in cervical cancer screening uptake that can be attributed to regional variation, educational inequalities, tribal groups, socio-economic inequalities and parity, necessitating the need to comprehensively design tailor-made advocacy initiatives and simultaneously address the broader determinants of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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26. Association of early menopause with indoor air pollution: A multilevel modelling analysis of the nationally representative cross-sectional study in India.

Author

Halder, Pritam, Soni, Anamika, Seth, Ashwani, Vijayakumar, Dheenadahayalan, Das, Anamika, Sankhyan, Sujata, Mamgai, Anshul, Pal, Saumyarup, Tiwari, Jaya, Baranwal, Aparna, and Chaitra, CM

Subjects
*INDOOR air pollution, *INDIAN women (Asians), *INDOOR air quality, *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *WOMEN'S health
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Background: Early onset of menopause poses a risk for various health issues in women. This study aimed to primarily examine the link between early menopause and indoor air pollution (IAP) and demonstrate this association within the Indian population, considering their place of residence. Methods: This longitudinal study included 24,862 eligible participants out of 73,000 surveyed. Logistic regression analyses, both crude and adjusted odds ratios (aOR), were used to examine the association between early menopause and various sociodemographic factors, IAP, and place of residence (rural/urban). Results: The study identified a significant correlation between early menopause and body mass index (BMI), educational status, marital status, occupation, physical activity, self-rated health, and smoking status. Women using unclean fuels did not show increased odds of early menopause (aOR: 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.93-1.08). Poor ventilation was linked to a slightly higher incidence (28.1% vs. 26.9%, aOR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.99-1.15). Exposure to pollution-generating sources was significantly associated with early menopause (28.8%, aOR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.18), especially in urban areas (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.01-1.36) but not rural (aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.99-1.17). Indoor smoking was linked to higher odds (aOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17), particularly in rural areas (aOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18). Overall, IAP was significantly associated with early menopause (aOR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.15). Conclusion: The findings reveal that IAP, from sources such as smoke and pollutants, significantly increases the risk of early menopause among Indian women. Urban women are more affected by pollution, whereas indoor smoking impacts both urban and rural women. Enhancing indoor air quality could reduce early menopause and improve women's health in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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27. How depression impacts on road traffic accidents among older adults and elderly Indians: Evidence from large scale nationally representative survey.

Author

Halder, Pritam, Joshua, Immanuel, Saha, Sayan, Kolachala, Abhinav C. S., Gupta, Risha, Mamgai, Anshul, Kaur, Sukhmeen, Chattopadhyay, Ankita, Pal, Saumyarup, Bisoi, Sayani, and Rathor, Shivani

Subjects
*OLDER people, *BIVARIATE analysis, *INDIANS (Asians), *TRAFFIC accidents, *SUCCESSFUL people
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Introduction: With increased urbanization the prevalence of important public health problems like road traffic accidents (RTA) and depression are surging. This study was aimed to determine the association between RTA and depression among Indian population aged ≥45 years. Methods: Using Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) dataset (April 2017–December 2018), we have conducted this study among older adults (45–59 years) and elderly (≥60 years) Indians. Bivariate analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of RTA and depression nationally and across aspirants, achievers, and front runner states. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted between RTA and depression, adjusted with demographic and socioeconomic; health related and behavioral factors. P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of RTA was 1.84 (1.74-1.94)% nationally, highest among achiever states (2.04 (1.82–2.30)%). Prevalence of depression was 6.08 (5.90–6.26)% nationally, highest among aspirant states (7.02 (6.74–7.30)%). The adjusted odds of having accident was significantly 1.75 times higher among depressed (aOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.44–2.13) than non-depressed participants which was highest across front runners (aOR 1.86, 95%CI 1.26–2.72) followed by aspirant states (aOR 1.79, 95%CI 1.37–2.33). Conclusion: This study established the association between depression and road traffic accidents among older adults and elderly. Therefore, efforts must be taken to address mental health issues specially focusing on depression in them with proper policy implication more focused on front runners followed by aspirant states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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28. Association of anemia with poor housing quality among older Indian adults: Multilevel modeling analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional study in India.

Author

Halder, Pritam, Tiwari, Jaya, Rathor, Shivani, Pal, Saumyarup, Mamgai, Anshul, Biswas, Riya, Rajan, Abin K, Soni, Anamika, and Prabhakar, Manish Chandra

Subjects
*LOW-income housing, *INDIANS (Asians), *CONSCIOUSNESS raising, *BIVARIATE analysis, *CITIES & towns
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Anemia is an important public health disorder. There is a significant chunk of India's population residing in poor housing quality with inadequate sanitation and hygiene, which might lead to higher anemia prevalence. The objective was to determine the association between anemia with poor housing quality among the older Indian adult population (≥45 years) as per residence. Methods: This study analyzed the nationally representative dataset of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI 2017–18, Wave-1). Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were conducted to show the association of anemia (outcome variable) with poor housing quality (explanatory variable). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted by adjusting for covariates as per their models. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. STATA version 17 was used for analysis. Results: Our study found that higher adjusted odds of having anemia among older Indian adults were observed among participants with overcrowding (AOR 1.30, 95%CI 1.19–1.42), having access to open/nonsanitary toilet facility (AOR 1.56, 95%CI 1.41–1.72), no electric supply (AOR 1.31, 95%CI 1.12–1.53), and overall poor housing quality (AOR 1.34, 95%CI 1.21–1.48). All of these associations were even higher in urban areas except for having access to open/nonsanitary toilet facilities, which was much higher in rural areas (AOR 1.61, 95%CI 1.45–1.79). Conclusion: Through a nationally representative large dataset, this study generated compelling evidence despite several obstacles indicating a positive association between anemia and poor housing quality among older Indian adults. It might raise awareness and assist individuals in steering clear of the negative effects of overcrowding, using open/nonsanitary toilet facilities, lack of electric supply, and overall housing quality on anemia status. It is advised to conduct additional research to determine temporality and causation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. How the development of chronic morbidity and multimorbidity depends on natural age of menopause: Results from nationally representative cross-sectional Indian study.

Author

Halder, Pritam, Kansal, Shubham, Chadhar, Kartik, Seth, Aswani, Das, Semanti, Pal, Saumyarup, Das, Anamika, and Vijayakumar, Dheenadhayalan

Subjects
*PREMATURE menopause, *SECONDARY analysis, *COMORBIDITY, *MENOPAUSE, *ACQUISITION of data
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Background: Multimorbidity development is linked with the age at menopause. Fewer studies are available to support the findings. This study was conducted to find, how multimorbidity is associated with the natural age of menopause. Methodology: LASI-1, a longitudinal study, collected detailed information on the psychological, social, economic, and health aspects of aging in India. Wave-1 data collection was done in all 35 states and union territories in India. Baseline data was collected from year 2017–2019. As the current study was a secondary data analysis to find the association between multimorbidity and age of menopause, only eligible women's relevant data was analyzed. Results: A total of 25,256 women were analyzed, 67.8% of participants had at least one comorbidity. The mean age was 58.5 ± 10.17 years. 57.04% and 13.45% women had optimal or suboptimal menopause, while 7.4%, 17.5%, and 4.4% had premature, early, and delayed menopause. A significant association was found for the presence of multimorbidity and premature (AOR 1.19 (1.07–1.32)), early menopause (AOR 1.18 (1.10–1.27)), and optimal age of menopause (AOR 0.83 (0.78–0.88)). Conclusion: There is a high burden of multimorbidity and it is associated with the natural age of menopause. This study would be helpful for effective policymaking and a better primary healthcare approach to deal with the condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. Intravenous iron sucrose when administered to moderately anemic pregnant women raises the hemoglobin concentration and replenishes body iron at 6 months.

Author

Halder, Pritam, Kant, Shashi, Singh, Archana, and Kaur, Ravneet

Subjects
*SECOND trimester of pregnancy, *THIRD trimester of pregnancy, *IRON in the body, *CHEMILUMINESCENCE immunoassay, *IRON deficiency
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Intravenous iron sucrose (IVIS) is a rapidly acting, safe, and effective treatment for moderate anemia among pregnant women. The effectiveness of IVIS at 6 months post IVIS infusion was unknown. We, therefore, assessed the mean increase in hemoglobin concentration and body iron replenishment status at 6 months after the last dose of IVIS infusion. Methods: The study was conducted in 28 villages served by two primary health centers in district Faridabad, Haryana. The participants (n = 129), when originally recruited in 2020, were all moderately anemic (hemoglobin level 7.0 to 9.9 g/dL) pregnant women in either the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Their iron deficiency was calculated by Ganzoni's formula with additional allowance of 500 mg of depot iron. The calculated deficit was rounded off to the nearest 100 mg. The dose of IVIS was 300 mg of iron diluted in 300 ml of normal saline administered intravenously every third day till the full calculated dose was administered. In this study, we collected the follow-up blood specimen 6 months after the last dose of IVIS and measured the hemoglobin concentration, C-Reactive protein (CRP), and serum ferritin level. Hemoglobin concentration was measured using an automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex XS-1000i). Serum ferritin and CRP were measured by enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay and the enzymatic heterogeneous, sandwich immunoassay method, respectively (VITROS ECiQ, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, New Jersey, USA). Results: The mean [standard deviation (SD)] duration of time elapsed since the administration of the last dose of IVIS infusion was 6.4 (0.9) months. The mean (SD) hemoglobin level at the time of original recruitment (baseline) was 8.7 ± 0.8 g/dL. The mean (SD) increase in the hemoglobin concentration at 6 months follow-up was 3.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.0–3.4)] g/dL. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] serum ferritin level (ng/mL) at follow-up was 28.1 (12.7, 61.5). A total of 10.2% of the participants had a raised (>10 mg/L) CRP level. Adjusting for CRP level and based on serum ferritin level, the proportion of participants who were iron-deficient was 35.3%. The proportion of participants who had any degree of anemia was 70.5%. Conclusion: Administration of IVIS infusion was effective in raising the mean hemoglobin concentration and in replenishing the body iron reserve at 6 months post infusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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31. Assessment of egg quality, food safety, and hygiene practices among commercial and non-commercial farms of Barwala district of Panchkula, Haryana.

Author

Srivastava, Rachana, Halder, Pritam, Khanna, Poonam, and Kushwaha, Savitesh

Subjects
*EGG quality, *BACTERIAL contamination, *AGRICULTURAL laborers, *EGG yolk, *RODENT control
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the egg quality, food safety, and hygiene practices in egg production among commercial and non-commercial farms. Methods: A total of six, each commercial and non-commercial farm, were randomly selected form Barwala district, Panchkula, Haryana, for this study in 2019. A detailed interview on hygiene practices of farm workers was conducted. Egg samples were procured for external (N = 60) and internal (N = 24) egg quality determination. The swap samples (N = 24) were also analysed for bacterial contamination. Descriptive statistics were used for reporting the results, and Chi-square test was conducted for determining significant differences between commercial and non-commercial farms. Results: The egg yolk percentage (34.49%) and egg shell percentage (12.76) were higher among non-commercial farms. However, no significant external (P = 0.890) or internal (P = 0.367) egg quality difference was found between commercial and non-commercial farms. The biosecurity and disinfection management, daily waste disposal practice, fly and rodent control practice, farm activity record, and flock health monitoring were relatively better among commercial farms. There were no significant differences found in any of these assessments. The colony forming units (cfu) for salmonella and coliform were acceptable in three and four procured samples from commercial farms, respectively, whereas none were within acceptable levels among non-commercial farms. Conclusion: The internal egg quality, food safety, and hygiene practices were relatively better among commercial farms as compared to non-commercial farms. This requires further validation through a large sample-sized study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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32. Prevalence and association of musculoskeletal disorders with various risk factors among older Indian adults: Insights from a nationally representative survey.

Author

Tiwari, Jaya, Halder, Pritam, Sharma, Divya, Saini, Uttam Chand, Rajagopal, Vineeth, and Kiran, Tanvi

Subjects
*JOINT pain, *MUSCULOSKELETAL system diseases, *OLDER people, *SEDENTARY behavior, *ALCOHOL drinking
Abstract

Background: Globally, Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the biggest contributor (17%) to years lived with disability. For offering diagnosis and appropriate health interventions options along with follow-up care, it is pertinent to have a thorough awareness of its associated risk factors. Objectives: The study aims to assess the prevalence and association between MSDs and risk factors among the Indian older adults above 45 years. Methodology: Prevalence of MSDs among 28,436 participants was estimated using nationally representative survey on older Indian adults. Spatial distribution maps were created to display the magnitude of MSD prevalence at Indian sub-national level. Association between presence of MSDs and associated risk factors (such as occupation, employment duration, physical activity, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption) was explored through Multivariate logistic regression. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: MSD was prevalent in over half of participants (53.5 (52.9–54.1)%), with more among females and in those aged >60 years (60.4 (59.3–61.4)%). Overall, joint pain (41.9 (41.3–41.4)%) was more common than back pain (32.6 (32.0–33.1)%). Prevalence was highest in Manipur (81.1 (77.9–83.9)%) and lowest in West Bengal (33.1 (30.7–35.5)%). MSD presence was positively associated with certain occupational groups, pre-obesity (BMI 25–29.9 Kg/m2), currently hypertensive, vigorous physical activity among overall population. Tobacco usage was positively associated, while alcohol consumption was linked to a lower occurrence of MSDs for 45–60 years age group. Conclusions: Customised policy interventions can be developed for specific age category of older Indian adults and musculoskeletal health can be improved by addressing modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, tobacco usage, avoiding workplace risks in occupations requiring manual labour as revealed by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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33. Prevalence and Association of Stress with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women in a Rural Area of Maharashtra: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study.

Author

Prabhakar, Manish Chandra and Halder, Pritam

Subjects
*RISK assessment, *CROSS-sectional method, *GESTATIONAL diabetes, *MENTAL illness, *PREGNANT women, *COMMUNITIES, *ANXIETY, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *BLOOD sugar, *ODDS ratio, *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress, *RURAL conditions, *BLOOD plasma, *MEALS, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *MENTAL depression
Abstract

Aim: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health problem. There is a scarcity of knowledge regarding the association of stress with GDM. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and association of stress with GDM among pregnant women in a rural area of Maharashtra. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 965 pregnant women from the rural field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, MGIMS, Sevagram. After taking written informed consent, a pretested semistructured questionnaire was administered. Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India recommendation was used (2-h plasma glucose > 140 mg/dL with 75 g oral glucose load to diagnose GDM irrespective of the duration of the last meal). Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) was administered to assess the stress (anxiety and depression). Results: The K10 scale showed that 3.11% of participants were moderately affected, and 3.01% had mild symptoms of anxiety and depression. Only 1.14% of pregnant women had severe mental disorders. The participants with normal to mild depression (K10 score < 25) had 90% less chance (odds ratio: 0.10; 95% confidence interval: 0.05–0.23) of becoming GDM than participants with moderate to severe depression (K10 score > 25), which was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study highlighted that normal to mild stress had a lesser chance of getting GDM than moderate to severe stress during pregnancy, indicating that stress is a positive risk factor of GDM. Hence, it is advisable to screen for stress during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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34. Prevalence of sleep disorders and association with various occupations among Indian population aged ≥ 45 years: Insight from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI).

Author

Sreepada, Sai SreeValli Sarma, Halder, Pritam, Amudhamozhi, K S, Soni, Vaishali, Sharma, Hitendra, and Rathor, Shivani

Subjects
*SLEEP quality, *SLEEP disorders, *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *JOB stress, *CORPORATE culture
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Introduction: By scrutinizing the impact of job schedules, workplace culture and stress levels, our study aims to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders among various occupations and its associated factors. The findings promise to enhance the overall well-being, sleep quality and productivity in various occupational settings. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study involving secondary data from the nationally representative Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI Wave I 2017-18) of 35 Indian states and union territories with exception of Sikkim. The study included 59441 Indian volunteers who older than 45 years. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to study the association of sleep disorders among various occupations while accounting for other associated factors. Results: Prevalence of sleep disorders was higher among the females (12.66%), unemployed (13.34%), ≥ 60-yr age group (13.45%), those who lived in rural areas (12.35%), those who were illiterate (12.80%) and reported themselves to be widowed, separated or divorced (14.54%), people with no health insurance (11.74%), smokers (12.11%), without physical activity (12.67%) and also rated themselves as poor in the self-rated health status (26.77%). Alcohol consumption was not statistically significant factor for sleep disorders. Conclusions: There is an emerging need for targeted screening, prompt detection and early management of insomnia and other sleep disorders among the high-risk groups. Provision of accessible and affordable screening tools, training skills for early diagnosis at primary care level and/or proper referral services to higher centres form the cornerstone for adequate management of sleep disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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35. Association of Anaemia with Indoor Air Pollution Among Older Indian Adult Population: Multilevel Modelling Analysis of Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Halder, Pritam, primary, Verma, Madhur, additional, Pal, Saumyarup, additional, Mishra, Amit Kumar, additional, Deori, Trideep Jyoti, additional, Biswas, Riya, additional, Tiwari, Jaya, additional, Mamgai, Anshul, additional, Rathor, Shivani, additional, and Prabhakar, Manish Chandra, additional

Published
2024
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38. How sleep duration impacts cognitive status among Indian population aged ≥45 years: Evidence from Longitudinal Aging Study India (LASI).

Author

Halder, Pritam, Kathirvel, Srinath, Mamgai, Anshul, Pal, Saumyarup, Bisoi, Sayani, Chattopadhyay, Ankita, and Rajan, Abin K.

Subjects
*SLEEP duration, *INDIANS (Asians), *AGE groups, *OLDER people, *LONGITUDINAL waves
Abstract

ABSTRACT: Introduction: An aging population is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. Sleep duration, both excess and deficiency, is a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between sleep duration and cognition in the Indian population. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of the first wave of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) conducted across India in all 34 states and union territories. Sleep duration was calculated using sleep and wake times, whereas cognition was measured as a composite cognitive index. Both univariable and multivariable linear regressions were performed on the composite cognitive score. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on sex and age groups (45-59 years and ≥60 years). Results: The median (IQR) cognition score was 25 (20-30). A sleep duration of ≤4 hours was associated with a decrease in cognition status of 1.15 points (1.57-0.72), and a sleep duration of ≥9 hours was associated with a decrease of 0.93 points (1.25-0.60). Subgroup analysis revealed that this relationship remained consistent across both genders and both age groups. Conclusion: Both long and short durations of sleep were seen to be associated with a decrease in cognition scores among Indian adults, in both sexes and both age groups. Thus, proper sleep duration can help in the prevention of declining cognition as one ages and the development of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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39. Checking For Reliability and Accuracy Measuring Point of Care Capillary Blood Glucose Using Glucometers Vs Venous Blood Glucose in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Hospital Based Cross-sectional Study.

Author

Prabhakar, Manish Chandra and Halder, Pritam

Subjects
*BLOOD sugar analysis, *CAPILLARIES, *PREDICTIVE tests, *BLOOD sugar monitors, *CRITICALLY ill, *PATIENTS, *RECEIVER operating characteristic curves, *VEINS, *BLOOD collection, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *INTENSIVE care units, *POINT-of-care testing, *COMPARATIVE studies, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *BLOOD sugar monitoring, *RELIABILITY (Personality trait), *SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics), RESEARCH evaluation
Abstract

Background: Health-care professionals routinely measure blood glucose of all critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The traditional reference standard, venous blood glucose requires venipuncture, and laboratories usually return the test results after 60 min. We wondered if a point of care (POC) capillary glucose measured by glucometer could be as accurate and reliable as blood venous glucose. Methods: We studied consecutive patients admitted to an ICU between May 1, 2009, and May 10, 2009. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of two-POC glucometers with laboratory venous glucose, the reference standard. We used Bland–Altman plots and the Clark error grid method to analyze the results. Results: This study included a total of 110 patients 38 (34%) women; mean age 52.1 years (standard deviation [SD] =17.3); range = 14–85 years. Fourteen patients (12%) were known to have diabetes. The mean glucose value (glucometer 1) was 152.9 mg/dL (SD = 83.1); range = 48–501 mg/dL; that by glucometer 2 was 152.2 mg/dL (SD = 76.2); range = 30–458 mg/dL and by the laboratory was 148.6 mg/dL (SD = 81.5); range = 52–480 mg/dL. Of the 110 subjects, 2 (2%) had blood glucose below 70 mg/dL; 85 (77%) between 70 and 180 mg/dL; and 23 (21%) had blood glucose exceeding 180 mg/dL. The Bland–Altman plot showed a bias of 4 mg% (95% confidence intervals = −9.8–+1.1); and the limits of agreement were −63 and +54 mg%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the two glucometers was 0.92 and 0.93, respectively. The error grid analysis showed that 80% (78/110) of samples lay within Zone A, 22 (110) in Zone B, and 1% (1/110) in Zone C. Conclusions: POC glucose, measured by glucometers was in agreement with the venous glucose estimation. Both glucometers were equally accurate and performed uniformly well across the wide range of blood glucose values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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40. Association of Physical Activity with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women in a Rural Area of Maharashtra: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study.

Author

Prabhakar, Manish Chandra and Halder, Pritam

Subjects
*RISK assessment, *CROSS-sectional method, *STATISTICAL significance, *RESEARCH funding, *GESTATIONAL diabetes, *INTERVIEWING, *SEDENTARY lifestyles, *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *QUESTIONNAIRES, *PREGNANT women, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *BLOOD sugar, *ODDS ratio, *RURAL conditions, *RESEARCH methodology, *STATISTICS, *MEDICAL screening, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *DATA analysis software, *PHYSICAL activity, *DISEASE risk factors
Abstract

Objective: Our objective was to determine the association of physical activity with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among pregnant women in a rural area of Maharashtra. Methods: The current community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 965 pregnant women from 3 primary health centers of the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, MGIMS, Sevagram, who were included in the ICMR-funded Central India Rural Pregnancy Cohort Project from October 2016 to May 2018. After assuring informed written consent, a pretested semi-structured questionnaire was administered. The Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India criteria were used for screening. The level of 2-h plasma glucose >140 mg/dL with 75 g oral glucose load was used to diagnose GDM irrespective of the duration of the last meal. The Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) was administered to assess the association of physical activity and GDM among the participants. Results: Among all participants, 5.39% were GDM positive; 24.45% of pregnant women had metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score <8.5 MET-h/day, and 75.54% had MET-h/day score >8.5 MET-h/day. The odds of having GDM in participants with physical activity < 8.5 MET-h/day was 22% more than that of participants with >8.5 MET-h/day. Two hundred and thirty-six participants (24.45%) reported to have sedentary levels of physical activity, 437 (45.28%) had light-level physical activity, 255 (26.42%) had moderate physical activity, and only 37 (3.83%) had heavy physical activity. With respect to participants with sedentary lifestyle, participants performing light (odds ratio [OR]: 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21–2.79), moderate (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.15–1.92), and heavy physical activities (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.17–2.41) had 24%, 46%, and 35% lesser odds of having GDM, respectively. Conclusions: The current study documented the inverse relationship of physical activity during pregnancy and the risk of developing GDM. With an increase in the intensity of exercise the risk of GDM became lesser respectively. It is advised to all the women to perform regular physical activity during family planning, as early as possible, and to continue during the span of pregnancy to avoid the risk of developing GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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43. Prevalence of Anemia among Adult Male Camel Milk Consumers and Nonconsumers in Rural Rajasthan: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study.

Author

Soni, Vaishali, Halder, Pritam, and Soni, Vatsala

Subjects
*ANEMIA, *MEN, *CROSS-sectional method, *COMMUNITY health services, *FOOD consumption, *INTERVIEWING, *HEMOGLOBINS, *CAMELS, *MILK, *DISEASE prevalence, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *RURAL population, *RESEARCH methodology, *SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC factors, *DATA analysis software, *ADULTS
Abstract

Introduction: Anemia is an important nutritional disorder with major public health importance. In India, anemia prevalence among adult males was 25.0% (NFHS-5, 2020-2021). Being rich in iron and other micronutrients camel milk might decrease the nutritional anemia prevalence. The objective was to determine the prevalence of anemia among adult male camel milk consumers (CMC) versus nonconsumers in rural Rajasthan. Materials and Methods: A community-based study was conducted among 30 CMC adult male. All the participants meeting the eligibility criteria were recruited. The same numbers of non-CMC (NCMC) adult males were recruited with respect to similar age, sex, and residence. After obtaining informed consent a semi-structured interview schedule containing sociodemographic, dietary characteristics were introduced to all participants in June 2013. The participants were assessed for their hemoglobin (Hb) level from fingertip capillary blood using the Cyanmet Hb method as suggested by Dacie and Lewis. The prevalence of anemia in each group was compared. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel version 2013 and analyzed in Stata version 13. Results: The prevalence of anemia was more (26.6%) among nonconsumers than CMCs (16.6%). There was a significant difference between these groups (P < 0.001). The mean (standard deviation) Hb (g/dL) level of the male in the CMC and NCMC categories was found to be 13.0 (0.99) and 12.22 (1.51) in adult males, respectively. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.021). Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia among CMC adult males was lower than nonconsumers with relatively higher levels of Hb in the former group. Future studies are recommended for further inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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