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In breeding programs, direct selection based on crop yields is paradoxical due to its complex polygenically inherited nature, that is impacted by its component traits. To determine the degree of relationship between yield and yield components and other traits in nine barley varieties, a field experiment was carried out at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jashore during Rabi 2021-2022. For plant height, disease and insect reaction, and grain yield, substantial heritability together with strong genetic progress as a percentage of mean were detected, indicating a prevalence of additive gene action in the expression of these traits. At both the genotypic and phenotypic levels, the correlation coefficient between grain yield was shown to be positively correlated with plant height and thousand grain weight, indicating that an increase in these traits will boost grain production. Both genotypic and phenotypic analysis of the path coefficient demonstrated that plant height and thousand grain weight had a direct positive impact on grain production, highlighting the significance of these parameters as the primary contributors to yield. For the purpose of genetically improving barley yield, a genotype with a higher extent of these qualities could be chosen as a parent from among genotypes that already exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data capturing through either Lidar or photogrammetry, often results in incomplete and partial information related to a surface due to occlusion or inaccessibility of the clear object vision. In case of asymmetrical objects yet the reconstruction is unattainable by any means, meanwhile the approach for the development of the missing information could be done in cases of symmetrical objects. In this paper we have advised a semi-automatic approach for recreating missing or incomplete information from the partially captured data using space sub-division and 3D transformation. The study has been done on a 175 year-old building whose scanned information is available for only one side and captures a façade with four columns. The idea is to first extract the symmetrical parts through segmentation of different building parts. Then the columns with partial information have been oriented as per a reference plane based on the pose and centre computed from the horizontal parts. The instance is then used to fill in the lost information through duplication and transformation. This approach can be used to recreate structures with symmetrical elements, which are partially destroyed from withering, disaster, or any human intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, highly sensitive, accurate and cost effective simple high performance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor etoricoxib in human plasma after administration of a single oral dose 60 mg tablet, using metoprolol as internal standard (IS). etoricoxib and metoprolol (Internal Standard) were extracted from the human plasma by protein precipitation extraction technique (PPT) by using cold acetonitrile, and separated by C18 analytical column (50 x 3 mm, particle Size- 5 µm). both etoricoxib and IS were eluted under gradient conditions with 0.5 mL flow rate. Mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol as aqueous and organic phases in pumps A and b, respectively. Detection was done by positive electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Chromatographic separation was obtained within 7.0 minutes and calibration curves were linear with coefficient correlation (r²) between 0.9940 to 0.9974 over a concentration range of 23.44-3000 ng/mL of etoricoxib. The method showed good extraction recoveries of etoricoxib and metoprolol from plasma ranging from 99.25% to 103.98% and 86.65% to 102.12%, respectively. Method validation evaluated parameters such as the linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and stability, giving results within the acceptable range. The validated proposed method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic evaluation and bioequivalence study of this pharmaceutical product by comparing the results of test and reference samples of same concentrated dosage form by different sources with relative bioavailability 95.38% to 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) is a systematic insecticide which is used to control a wide variety of field crops. To analyze the purity, nine commercially available brands of carbofuran were collected from different locations of Gazipur area, Bangladesh and their purity were determined by HPLC method using HPLC 20A Promience. A standard calibration curve was obtained from the plot of different concentrations (ppm) vs. area of standard carbofuran solution using GCMS QP-2010, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan. Among the examined nine brands, four displayed 100% purity, three showed over 80% purity, and two had below 70% purity with respect to standard carbofuran. The results of this study would be helpful for dealers, consumers, and farmers to know the available carbofuran percentage in different brands in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural West Bengal, outbreaks of cholera are often centred around ponds that is a feature of the environment. Five investigations of laboratory-confirmed, pond-centred outbreaks of cholera were reviewed. Case-control odds ratios were approximated with relative risks (RRs) as the incidence was low. The environment was investigated to understand how the pond(s) could have become contaminated and could have infected villagers. The five outbreaks of cholera in 2004-2008 led to 277 cases and three deaths (median attack rate: 51/1,000 people; case fatality: 1.1%; median age of case-patients: 22 years; median duration: 13 days, range: 6-15 days). Factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with cholera in the case-control (n=4) and cohort investigations (n=1) included washing utensils in ponds (4 outbreaks of cholera, RR range: 6-12), bathing (3 outbreaks of cholera, RR range: 3.5-9.3), and exposure to pond water, including drinking (2 outbreaks of cholera, RR range: 2.1-3.2), mouth washing (1 outbreak of cholera, RR: 4.8), and cooking (1 outbreak of cholera, RR: 3.0). Initial case-patients contaminated ponds through washing soiled clothes (n=4) or defaecation (n=1). Ubiquitous ponds used for many purposes transmit cholera in West Bengal. Focused health education, hygiene, and sanitation must protect villagers, particularly following the occurrence of an index case in a village that has ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron neutron capture therapy represents a promising avenue for cancer treatment that requires nontoxic drugs with a high boron content efficiently distributed into cancerous cells. The metallacarborane o -cobaltabis(dicarbollide) ([COSAN] - ) fulfills these requirements and constitutes an attractive candidate. Nevertheless, the interaction of this promising drug with nucleic acids, the assumed target of the biological damage, is poorly understood since contradictory results are reported in the literature. This work establishes the DNA/[COSAN] - interaction strength, mechanism, and time scale at the atomistic level by using a combination of microsecond-molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations and by quantifying the absolute binding free energy. Results show that the DNA/[COSAN] - interaction is highly dependent on the ionic strength of the medium. A relatively weak DNA major groove binding (Δ G bind = -2.49 kcal/mol) driven mostly by dihydrogen B-H···H-N bonding is observed in the simulations only at a high NaCl concentration, whereas DNA intercalation mode is deemed highly unlikely.

Any pathogenic attack, infection, or disease can initiate inflammation. It results in significant adverse consequences like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc. TNFα is one of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines for the progression of inflammation-the present study designed a series of hybrid compounds consisting of the pyrazole-pyridine moiety. Virtual screening was performed utilizing the e-pharmacophore hypothesis with the co-ligand of TNFα, screening, docking, and ADMET study. Induced fit docking, DFT analysis, and molecular dynamic simulation showed that the four best molecules - Dh1- Dh4-showed crucial interaction with Tyrosine, higher dock scores, and better stability than Diclofenac. Following the synthesis of hit molecules, an in vitro albumin denaturation IC 50 of Dh1 was found to be 118.01 μM. Further in-depth in vitro and in vivo analyses of these pyrazole-pyridine small compounds may serve as potential space for creating new anti-inflammatory leads., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Synthetic textile dye malachite green (MG) and heavy metals present in industrial wastewater are hazardous to the ecosystem. Bioremediation of dyes and heavy metals using dry-biomasses has advantages over chemical methods. This study screened an acclimatized, heavy metal-resistant, and dye-degrading Gram positive Bacillus licheniformis AG3 strain from the textile wastewater near Kolkata, West Bengal. The EDXRF analysis of this colored wastewater effluent showed 36.33 mg/L lead, significantly higher than the WHO recommendation. Previously, Bag et al. showed bioremediation of synthetic dyes using dry-biomass of Bacillus cereus M 1 16 from an aqueous solution (Bag et al. Arch Microbiol 203(7):3811-3823, 2021). Here, a consortium of dry-biomasses of B. licheniformis AG3 and B. cereus M 1 16 strains (1:1 w/w ratio) was prepared for the simultaneous removal of lead and MG from wastewater. Statistical optimization determines that the pH, initial concentration of contaminants, and dry-biomass concentrations are critical for bioremediation under batch procedures. Further, optimization using the response surface methodology showed that 0.01% consortium dry-biomasses eliminated a maximum of 99.35% MG and 96.01% lead (II) within 6 h. SEM-EDS and FTIR confirmed a strong surface biosorption. Furthermore, a fixed-bed biofilter column of the consortium dry-biomasses was prepared, which was able to remove 98.1% MG and 98.5% lead at the 0.5-1 mL/min flow rate. Together, this study developed a biofilter with a consortium dry biomasses of B. licheniformis AG3 and B. cereus M 1 16  for the simultaneous removal of MG and lead from wastewater., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. There are currently no cures for AD, although various drugs are used to manage the symptoms and reduce the disease's progression. AChE inhibitors such as rivastigmine, donepezil, galantamine, and the NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist memantine are currently FDA-approved drugs used in the treatment of AD. Recently, naturally derived biological macromolecules have shown promising results in the treatment of AD. Several biological macromolecules derived from natural sources are in various stages of preclinical and clinical trials. During the literature search, it was observed that there is a lack of a comprehensive review that particularly focuses on the role of naturally derived biological macromolecules (protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) in the treatment of AD and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach for understanding the medicinal chemistry perspective. This review focuses on the SAR and probable mechanisms of action of biological macromolecules derived from natural sources for the treatment of AD, including peptides, proteins, enzymes, and polysaccharides. The paper further addresses the therapeutic possibilities of monoclonal antibodies, enzymes, and vaccines for the treatment of AD. Overall, the review provides insight into the SAR of naturally derived biological macromolecules in the treatment of AD. The ongoing research in this field holds great promise for the future development of AD treatment and provides hope for individuals affected by this devastating disease.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.