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Purpose Arterial spin labeling perfusion imaging (ASL-PI) is a non-invasive perfusion imaging method that can be used for evaluation and quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Aim of our study was to evaluating the efficiency of ASL in histopathological grade estimation of glial tumors and comparing findings with dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion imaging (DSC-PI) method. Methods This study involved 33 patients (20 high-grade and 13 low-grade gliomas). Multiphase multislice pulsed ASL MRI sequence and a first-passage gadopentetate dimeglumine T2*-weighted gradient-echo single-shot echo-planar sequence were acquired for all the patients. For each patient, perfusion relative signal intensity (rSI), CBF and relative CBF (rCBF) on ASL-PI and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values on DSC-PI were determined. The relative signal intensity of each tumor was determined as the maximal SI within the tumor divided by SI within symetric region in the contralateral hemisphere on ASL-PI. rCBV and rCBF were calculated by deconvolution of an arterial input function. Relative values of the lesions were obtained by dividing the values to the normal appearing symmetric region on the contralateral hemisphere. For statistical analysis, Mann-Whitney ranksum test was carried out. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the rCBF-ASL, rSI-ASL, rCBV and rCBF ratios and grade of gliomas. Their cut-off values permitting best discrimination was calculated. The correlation between rCBV, rCBF, rSI-ASL and rCBF-ASL and glioma grade was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis. Results There was a statistically significant difference between low and high-grade tumors for all parameters. Correlation analyses revealed significant positive correlations between rCBV and rCBF-ASL (r = 0.81, p < 0.001). However correlation between rCBF and rCBF-ASL was weaker (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). Conclusion Arterial spin labeling is an employable imaging technique for evaluating tumor perfusion non-invasively and may be useful in differentiating high and low grade gliomas. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Çanakkale’de 2003-2004 yıllarında yürütülen bu araştırmada değişik meralarda farklı yoğunluklarda otlatmanın meranın ot verimi ile keçilerin süt verimlerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Denemede Saanen keçilerinden oluşan 24 başlık sağmal sürü doğal ve buğday merasında üç ayrı yoğunlukta (hafif: 0.5 keçi/da, orta: 1.0 keçi/da, ağır: 1.5 keçi/da) 2-3 ay süreyle otlatılmıştır. Buğday merasının ot verimi, yenen ot miktarı ve keçilerin süt verimleri doğal meradan yüksek olmuştur. Otlatma yoğunluğu arttıkça meraların kuru ot verimleri azalırken, yenen ot miktarı ve oranı artmış, süt verimlerinde ise önemli bir değişim görülmemiştir. Otlatma başlangıcından Mayıs ayına kadar ot verimi yükselmiş, daha sonra azalmıştır. Yenen ot miktarı ve oranı ile süt verimleri yeşil büyüme döneminde yüksek olurken, meraların kuruduğu haziran ayında düşmüştür

Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months.In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, egumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (P≤0.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P≤0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies., Meraların sürdürülebilirliliğinin sağlanması ve süt keçiciliğinde ilkbahar dönemindeki artan besin madde gereksiniminin karşılanması adına, mera kullanımı ve yönetimi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı otlatma yoğunluklarındaki mera tiplerinde keçilerin bazı davranış ve performans özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla toplam 24 baş Türk Saanen keçisi 3 farklı büyüklükteki doğal mera ve buğday hasılından oluşan 6 mera parselinde 3 ay süreyle takip edilmiştir. Buğdaygil, baklagil ve diğer familyalardan türlerin oranlarının sırasıyla %67, %4 ve %29 olduğu doğal merada ot verimi, nisan başına denk gelen dönemde buğday merasına yakın değerlerde iken, zaman ilerledikçe azalmıştır. Ele alınan tüm davranış özelliklerinin mera tipi, parsel büyüklüğü, gözlem tarihi ve gözlem periyoduna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir (P≤0.039). Buğday merası grubundaki keçilerin doğal mera parsellerindeki keçilere göre %31 (Ψ=0.69) daha az otlama davranışı, %50 daha az yürüme, %20 daha az yatma davranışı sergilerken, %73 daha fazla geviş getirme ve %49 daha fazla ayakta durma davranışı göstermişlerdir. (P≤0.0001). Parsel büyüklüklerine göre davranış özellikleri önemli ölçüde değişiklik gösterirken, değişimin doğrusal bir eğilim göstermediği belirlenmiştir (P=0.0480). Canlı ağırlık ve süt verim seviyeleri deneme boyunca buğday merasındaki keçilerin üstünlüğü ile geçmiştir. Daha kısa süreli otlama ve yürüme ile gerekli besin maddesini sağlayan laktasyon dönemindeki keçiler için buğday merasının, uygun bir mera olduğu; erken filizlenme döneminde olan doğal mera üzerindeki baskıyı azaltma anlamında yararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Doğal mera alanının ise laktasyondaki keçiler için yeterli olmadığı ve detaylı çalışmalarla doğal mera otlatma yönetiminin oluşturulması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır.

ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural in the Dry Areas-Suriye)'dan temin edilen ve Ankara şartlarında adaptasyon denemesine alınan farklı orijinli 15 fiğ hattı ile kontrol olarak kullanılan L-147 nolu Kara Elçi fiği ile yapılan bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Deneme Tarlasında 1995 ve 1996 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, en iyi bitki gelişimi L-147 nolu Kara Elçi fiği ve 2560. 2556. 2558. 2505. 2637, 2640. 2483 nolu hatlarda, en kısa sürede çiçeklenme ve hasat olgunluğuna gelme 2505. 2483 ve 2558 nolu hatlarda, en uzun bitki boyu 2497 nolu hatta ve L-147 nolu Kara Elçi fiğinde, en fazla biyolojik verim 2556, 2638. 2640 ve 2639 nolu hatlarda, en fazla tohum verimi 2505 nolu hatta, en fazla bin tane ağırlığı 2637. 2640 ve 2483 nolu hatlarda, en fazla hasat indeksi 2497. ve 2558 nolu hatlarda meydana gelmiştir.Sonuç olarak, erkencilik ve tane verimi bakımından en üstün hat 2505 nolu (Suriye orijinli) hat olmuştur. Bu hal Ankara şartlarında tane yemi olarak tavsiye edilebilir. Ayrıca yüksek biyolojik verime sahip olmaları nedeniyle 2556 (Kıbrıs kökenli), 2638 (İspanya kökenli ), 2640 (İspanya kökenli) ve 2639 (İspanya kökenli) nolu hatlarda. Orta Anadolu şartlarında yeşil ve kuru ol elde etmek için yetiştirilebilecek hatlar olarak önerilebilir., This research which was done with 15 germplasm material from different origins and send by ICARDA for adaptation under Ankara conditions and native line L-1-17 (Kara Elçi) as control was carried out in the experimental field in Agronomy Department of Agricultural Faculty, Ankara University between 1994 and 1996. According to the results, the best plant stand in control line L-147 (Kara Elçi) and lines 2560, 2656, 2558, 2505, 2637, 2640 and 2483, the earliest flowering and maturity in lines 2505, 2483 and 2558, the highest plant height in line 2497 and L-147 (Vetch cv. Kara Elçi), the highest biological in lines 2556, 2638, 2640 and 2639, the highest seed yield in line 2505, the highest 1000 seed weight in lines 2637, 2640 and 2483, the highest harvest index in lines 2497, and 2558 were obtained.Results, the best line for earlyness and seed yield was 2505 (originated from Syria). This line can be recommended as grain fodder plant under Ankara Conditions. The highest values for biological yield were obtained the lines of 2556 (originated from Cyprus). 2638 (originated from Spain), 2640 (originated from Spain) and 2639 (originated from Spain). For this reason, they can be grown for green fodder and hay production on Central Anatolia.

This research which was done with 15 lines originated from different locations and sent by ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas - Suriye) and one local population as control was carried out in the experimental field of Agricultural Faculty, Ankara University between 1994 and 1996. According to the results, the best plant stand in lines 2393 and 2561, the earliest flowering in lines 2380, 2383, 2388, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393 and 2468, the earliest maturity in lines 2380, 2390, 2391, 2393, and 2561, the highest plant height in lines 2468 and 2561, the highest biological yield in lines 2464, 2466 and local control, the highest seed yield in lines 2393 and 2383, the highest thousand seed weight in lines local control and 2466 the highest harvest index in lines 2380, 2388, 2390, 2391 and 2383 were achieved.Results of the study showed that 2383 (originated from Lebanon) and 2393 (originated from Syria) lines gave the highest plant stand, plant height, seed yield and harvest index. These lines can be recommended as grain fodder plants under Ankara Conditions. The highest biological yield was obtained from 2464, 2466 lines and local control, which these can be grown for green fodder, hay and silage plant under Ankara Conditions. In addition, early winter seeding in second year resulted in better herbage yield in narbonne vetch lines., Ankara koşullarına adaptasyonunu belirlemek amacıyla ICARDA'dan (International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Arcas - Suriye) gönderilen farklı orijinli 15 koca Tığ hattı ve kontrol amacıyla kullanılan yerel hatla yapılan bu çalışma Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme tarlasında 1994 ve 1996 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre en iyi bitki gelişimi 2393 ve 2561 nolu hatlarda, en erken çiçeklenme 2380, 2383, 2388, 2390, 2391, 2392, 2393 ve 2468 nolu hatlarda, en erken hasat olgunluğu 2380, 2390, 2391, 2393 ve 2561 nolu hatlarda, en fazla bitki boyu 2468 ve 2561 nolu hatlarda, en yüksek biyolojik verim 2464, 2466 ve yerel kontrol haltında, en fazla tane verimi 2393 ve 2383 nolu hatlarda, en yüksek bin tane ağırlığı yerel kontrol hattı ve 2466 nolu hatlarda ve en fazla hasat indeksi 2380, 2388, 2390 ve 2391 nolu hatlarda meydana gelmiştir.Sonuç olarak, bitki gelişimi, bitki boyu. tane verimi ve hasat indeksi bakımından en üstün hat 2383 (Lübnan orijinli) ve 2393 (Suriye orijinli) nolu hatlar olmuştur. Bu hatların Ankara şartlarında tane yemi olarak yetiştirilmesi önerilebilir. Türkiye orijinli 2464, 2466 nolu hatlardan ve yerel kontrol haltından, yabancı orijinli hatlara göre daha fazla biyolojik verim elde edilmiştir. Bu hatlardan Ankara şartlarında yeşil ot. kuru ot ve silo yemi olarak yararlanılabilir. Ayrıca, ikinci yıl daha erken tarihte yapılan kışlık ekim koca fiğ hatları yem veriminde artışa neden olmuştur.

Meraların sürdürülebilirliliğinin sağlanması ve süt keçiciliğinde ilkbahar dönemindeki artan besin madde gereksiniminin karşılanması adına, mera kullanımı ve yönetimi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı otlatma yoğunluklarındaki mera tiplerinde keçilerin bazı davranış ve performans özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla toplam 24 baş Türk Saanen keçisi 3 farklı büyüklükteki doğal mera ve buğday hasılından oluşan 6 mera parselinde 3 ay süreyle takip edilmiştir. Buğdaygil, baklagil ve diğer familyalardan türlerin oranlarının sırasıyla %67, %4 ve %29 olduğu doğal merada ot verimi, nisan başına denk gelen dönemde buğday merasına yakın değerlerde iken, zaman ilerledikçe azalmıştır. Ele alınan tüm davranış özelliklerinin mera tipi, parsel büyüklüğü, gözlem tarihi ve gözlem periyoduna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir (P?0.039). Buğday merası grubundaki keçilerin doğal mera parsellerindeki keçilere göre %31 (?=0.69) daha az otlama davranışı, %50 daha az yürüme, %20 daha az yatmadavranışı sergilerken, %73 daha fazla geviş getirme ve %49 daha fazla ayakta durma davranışı göstermişlerdir (P?0.0001). Parsel büyüklüklerine göre davranış özellikleri önemli ölçüde değişiklik gösterirken, değişimin doğrusal bir eğilim göstermediği belirlenmiştir (P=0.0480). Canlı ağırlık ve süt verim seviyeleri deneme boyunca buğday merasındaki keçilerin üstünlüğü ile geçmiştir. Daha kısa süreli otlama ve yürüme ile gerekli besin maddesini sağlayan laktasyon dönemindeki keçiler için buğday merasının, uygun bir mera olduğu; erken filizlenme döneminde olan doğal mera üzerindeki baskıyı azaltma anlamında yararlı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Doğal mera alanının ise laktasyondaki keçiler için yeterli olmadığı ve detaylı çalışmalarla doğal mera otlatma yönetiminin oluşturulması gerektiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Pasture use and management are of importance to ensure the sustainability of pastures and to meet the need for food which increases in the spring in dairy goat husbandry. Some behavioral and performance traits of goats in the types of pasture with different grazing intensities were determined in this study. For this purpose, totally 24 Turkish Saanen goats were followed in 6 pasture plots consisting of natural and wheat pastures of 3 different sizes for 3 months. In the natural pasture where the rates of species of Poaceae, legumes and other families were 67%, 4% and 29%, respectively, the grass yield had values close to those of the wheat pasture in the period corresponding to early April, while it decreased as time passed. It was determined that all of the behavioral traits under consideration varied by type of pasture, plot size, date of observation, and observation period (P?0.039). The goats in the wheat pasture group displayed 31% fewer grazing behaviors, 50% fewer walking behaviors and 20% fewer lying behaviors than the goats in the natural pasture plots, whereas they displayed 73% more ruminating behaviors and 49% more standing behaviors (P?0.0001). The behavioral traits significantly varied by plot size, while it was determined that the variation did not display any linear tendency (P=0.0480). The levels of live body weight and milk yield were higher among the goats in the wheat pasture throughout the experiment. It is thought that the wheat pasture is a convenient pasture for the lactating goats which provide the required food by grazing and walking for a shorter period and that it might be useful to reduce the pressure on the natural pasture undergoing the early sprouting period. On the other hand, it turned out that the natural pasture was inadequate for the lactating goats and that natural pasture grazing management should be formed with detailed studies.

WOS: 000297712300012 Nutritional stress during dry summer period is considered as a primary factor limiting goat production in the Mediterranean region. In this study, forage quality of two deciduous woody species (gall oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) and Christ's thorn (Paliurus spina-cristi Mill.)) and herbaceous species in a shrubland in the South Marmara was determined to assess their quality and capacity to meet goats needs. Dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), dry matter digestibility (DMD), metabolic energy (ME), Phosphorus (P) and Calcium (Ca) were determined in the shrubs and herbaceous. Results showed that DM and Ca in the gall oak were distinctly low in April. On the other hand, its CP and P were high in April while DMD and ME were high in May and June. Contents of DM, ash and Ca in the Christ's thorn showed a decrease in April-May and those of CP, DMD, and ME increased in May. Herbaceous had their lowest DM, NDF, and ADF in April and highest CP, DMD, and ME in March-April. Consequently, when goats' needs were considered, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during autumn months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity. TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [106O458] This paper contains some results of a research project (106O458) financed by the TUBITAK.

The most common shrub species in the Mediterranean vegetation is kermes oak (Quercus coccifera). This evergreen shrub and herbaceous vegetation underneath it is grazed by goats and other animals year round. In this research, the botanical composition of shruby grazeland located in the Mediterranean vegetation along with the forage yield (in October, 2006 and May, 2007) and nutritional value (between December, 2006 and November, 2007) of both the herbaceous species and kermes oak was studied. DM, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL, ash, DMD, ME, P and Ca contents of the shrub and herbaceous species were determined. Grazeland was covered by shrubs in 47.26%. Kermes oak was widely dominant (28.90%). In the herbaceous vegetation, grasses were most commonly found (57.36%), followed by forbs (32.94%) and legumes (9.70%). On the average, while kermes oak contained more DM, NDF, ADF and ADL, the herbaceous species had higher contents of CP, ash, DM D, ME, P and Ca. When plants started to grow in the springtime, DM, NDF, ADF and ADL decreased and CP, DMD, ME, P and Ca increased in both kermes oak and herbaceous species. Ash content changed in kermes oak throughout the year and no change was observed in the herbaceous species. Kermes oak specially had more CP and less DM compared to the herbaceous species during the summer. When the forage yield and nutritional value of the grazeland was considered, in the grazing goats there was a deficiency of HP during July-September and ME in the months other than April and May, and no deficiency of P and Ca. Consecutively, in the grazing lands representing Mediterranean vegetation, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during summer months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity.

WOS: 000292265600013 Shrublands are important habitats for ruminants in the Mediterranean area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shrub yield, quality (between November 2006-November 2007) and preferences of goats for the six shrubs (Quercus coccifera L., Phillyrea latifolia L., Juniperus oxycedrus, Cistus creticus L., Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach and Thymus longicaulis C. Presl.) of Mediterranean shrublands in Turkey. In the shrubland the highest yield was obtained from kermes oak and prickly juniper. Yield in May was higher than that of in October. Dry matter (DM), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were low and Crude protein (CP), Dry matter digestibility (DMD), ME, P, and Ca were high during the spring in the kermes oak, thyme and mock privet. Reverse situation was observed during the summer and winter months. Changes in the prickly juniper, pink rockrose and prickly burnet were not stable. When production and nutritive values of the shrubs were considered, goats showed deficiency in CP and ME throughout the year except in the spring. P and Ca were found sufficient. As a conclusion, in Mediterranean shrublands, goats should be fed with supplementary energy feed throughout the year except for spring months, and with CP during summer months in order to obtain satisfactory productivity. TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [106O458] This paper contains some results of a research project (106O458) financed by the TUBITAK.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The demonstration of communication between arachnoid cysts (ACs) and the adjacent subarachnoid space is a prerequisite for their proper management. CT cisternography (CTC) is the conventional method for functional evaluation of ACs. The sensitivity of MR imaging to CSF flow has been demonstrated, but reports of the clinical usefulness of MR CSF flow techniques in this application are limited. The purpose of our study was to prospectively evaluate the accuracy of MR CSF flow study as an alternative to CTC in this setting. METHODS: MR CSF flow study with retrospective ECG-gated 2D, fast low-angle shot, phase-contrast (PC), cine gradient-echo sequence was performed in 39 patients with an intracranial AC. Results were compared with intraoperative and CTC findings. RESULTS: PC cine MR imaging results were compatible with operative or CTC findings in 36 (92.3%) of 39 patients. Twenty-four cysts were noncommunicating, and 15 were communicating. Three cysts were evaluated as being noncommunicating on PC cine MR imaging (false-negative) but demonstrated contrast enhancement on CTC. No false-positive diagnoses occurred. All cysts regarded as being communicating on PC cine MR imaging were also found to be communicating on both confirmation methods. CONCLUSION: MR CSF flow imaging with a PC cine sequence can be incorporated in the imaging work-up of ACs. This is a reliable alternative to invasive CTC for the functional evaluation of ACs.

ÖZET Doktora Tezi ÇOK YILLIK YONCA, KORUNGA ve NOHUT GEVENİNDE BİTKİ SIKLIĞININ YEM VERİMİNE ETKİLERİ Basri Hakan HAKYEMEZ Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarla Bitkileri Anabillm Dalı Danışman: Prof.Dr. Ahmet ERAÇ Bu çalışmanın amacı Ankara kıraç koşullarında farklı sıra aralıkları ve ekim oranları uygulanan çok yıllık baklagil yem bitkilerinden yonca (Medicago saliva L.), korunga (Onobrychis sativa Lam.) ve nohut geveni (Astragalus deer L.)'nde en uygun bitki sıklığının belirlenmesidir. Araştırma tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre dört tekrarlamak olarak kurulmuş ve A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü deneme tarlasında 1996-1998 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada her üç bitkide de 50, 75, 100 cm olmak üzere üç farklı sıra aralığı ve yonca ve nohut geveninde 1, 2, 3 kg/da, korungada ise 10, 15, 20 kg/da ekim oranlan uygulanmıştır. Fide yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları yoncada sıra aralıkları darahp ekim oranları azaldığında artma göstermiş, korungada 75 cm ve 10 kg/da uygulamasında en yüksek değerler elde edilmiş, nohut geveninde ise sıra aralıklarının genişlemesi ise bu karakterlerde artış görülmüştür. Metrekarede fide sayısı balonundan her üç bitkide de sıra aralıkları genişleyip ekim oranlan azaldığında m2,ye düşen fide sayısı düşmüştür. Yoncada 1997 ve 1998 yıllarında ekim oranlan doğal bitki boyuna önemli bir etkide bulunmazken bu durum ana sap uzunluğu bakımından 1997 yılında da gerçekleşmiş ancak 1998'de ekim oranlarının artmasıyla ana sap uzunluğu azalmıştır. Sıra aralıklarının genişlemesi ile 1997 yılında doğal bitki boyu ve ana sap uzunluğu artarken 1998 yılında azalmıştır. Korungada her iki yılda da doğal bitki boyu ve ana sap uzunluklan bakımından dar sıra aralıktan ve yüksek ekim oranlan bu karakterlerde artış sağlamıştır. Nohut geveninde 1997 yılında en dar sıra aralığı ve en düşük ekim oranında en yüksek doğal bitki boyu, en dar sıra aralığı ve en yüksek ekim oranında ise en yüksek ana sap uzunluğu elde edilmiş, 1998'de her iki karakter balonundan yalnızca sıra aralıkları etkili olmuş ve genişlemeyle birlikte bu iki karakterde artış gözlenmiştir. Ana sap kalınlıktan bakımından yonca ve korungada 1998 ydında, nohut geveninde ise 1997 yılında farklı bitki sıklıklarının etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Yoncada her iki ydda da geniş sıra aralıktan ve düşük ekim oranlan ana sapta yaprak sayısını artırmış, korungada 1997 yılında farklı sıra aralıklarının etkisi önemli olmuş ve yoncadaki gibi en geniş sura aralığında en yüksek değerler elde edilmiş, 1998 yılında ise ekim oranlan etkili olmakla beraber sayısal anlamda büyük bir farklılık kaydedilmemiştir. Nohut geveninde 1997 yılında sıra aralıklarının genişlemesi ve ekim oranlarının azalması yaprak sayısını artırmış, 1998'de bitki sıklıklarının yaprak sayışma etkileri önemli olmamıştır. Sıra aralıklannın daralması her iki yılda da üç bitkide gerek yeşil ot gerek kuru ot veriminin artmasına neden olmuştur. Ekim oranlannda ise böyle bir parelellik görülmemiştir. Yonca, korunga ve nohut geveninde 1997 ydında en yüksek kuru otverimleri sırayla 776.79 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 3 kg/da, 644.S0 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 15 kg/da, 487.85 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da uygulamalarında, 1998 yılında ise 655.26 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da, 623.00 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 20 kg/da ve 556.36 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da uygulamalarında saptanmıştır. 1997 yılında yonca, korunga ve nohut geveninde en yüksek kuru madde verimleri sırayla 750.45 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da, 604.32 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 15 kg/da, 524.93 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da uygulamalarında, 1998 yılında aynı sırayla 655.17 kg/da Ue 50 cm ve 3 kg/da, 579.79 kg/da Ue 50 cm ve 20 kg/da, 524.93 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da uygulamalarında bulunmuştur. Ham protein verimleri batanımdan en yüksek değerler yonca, korunga ve nohut geveninde 1997'de sırayla 154.94 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da, 85.71 kg/da Ue 50 cm ve 15 kg/da, 80.60 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da uygulamalarında, 1998 yılında ise 120.27 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 3 kg/da, 8937 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 20 kg/da, 80.28 kg/da ile 50 cm ve 2 kg/da uygulamalarında belirlenmiştir. Yoncada kuru ot verimi 1997 ve 1998 yularında sırayla; kuru madde verimi ( r=0.989**, r=0.999**), yeşü ot verimi (r=0.987**, r=0.988**) ve protein verimi (r=0.882**, r=0.923**) ile olumlu ve önemli bir ilişki göstermiştir. Korungada kuru ot verimi; kuru madde verimi, yeşil ot verimi ve ham protein verimi ile sırayla 1997'de r=0.999**, r=0.991** ve r=0.990**, 1998 yılında ise r=0.998*/ r=0.993**, r=0.974** önemli bir ilişkide bulunmuştur. Nohut geveninde kuru ot verimi; ham protein verimi, kuru madde verimi ve yeşil ot verimi ile sırayla 1997 yılında r=0.979**, r=0.961** ve r=0.934** önemli ve olumlu bir ilişkide bulunmuş, 1998 yılında ise kuru ot verimi sırayla kuru madde verimi ve yeşil ot verimi ile r=0.999** ve r=0.953** önemli ve olumlu bir ilişki göstermiştir. Yapılan path analizi sonucunda en yüksek toplam korelasyon katsayısı yoncada 1997 ve 1998 yıllarında kuru ot verimi ile kuru madde verimi arasında (0.999), korungada 1997 ve 1998 yıllarında kuru ot verimi ile kuru madde verimi arasında (0.999, 0998), nohut geveninde kuru ot verimi ile 1997 yılında ham protein verimi (0.979), 1998 yılında ise kuru madde verimi (0.999) arasında gerçekleşmiştir. 2000, 158 sayfa ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Yonca, korunga, nohut geveni, fide kuru ağırlığı, doğal bitki boyu, ana sap uzunluğu, ana sapta yaprak sayısı, kuru ot verimi, kuru madde verimi, ham protein verimi ABSTRACT Ph. D. Thesis EFFECTS of PLANT DENSITIES ON FORAGE YIELD of ALFALFA, SAINFOIN and CICER MILKVETCH Basri Hakan HAKYEMEZ Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Agronomy Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ahmet ERAÇ The objective of this study is to determine the most suitable plant densities of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis sattva Lam.) and cicer milkvetch {Astragalus cicer L.) which are perennial legumes and were tested for different row spacings and sowing rates under dryland conditions of Ankara. The research was conducted by using split plot randomized block design with four replications, at the experimental fields of the Deparment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, from 1996 to 1998. In this study, three different row spacings (50, 75 and 100 cm) and three different sowing rates (1, 2, 3 kg/da) for alfalfa and cicer milkvetch and 10, 15, 20 kg/da for sainfoin were examined. Fresh and dry seedling weights increased as increased row spacings and decreased sowing rates in alfalfa. However, the highest values were obtained with 75 cm row spacing and 10 kg/da seeding rate for sainfoin and decreasing row spacing caused increase for these two characters for cicer milkvetch. The number of seedling per square meter also decreased when row spacings increased and sowing rates decreased for all three plants. Sowing rates did not affect the natural plant height of alfalfa during 1997 and 1998 significantly and the same situation was observed for main stem length in 1997 but the main stem length decreased in 1998 when sowing rates were increased. The natural plant height and the main stem length increased in 1997 but decreased in 1998 when row spacings increased. Each year narrow row distances and high sowing rates affected positively on these characters for sainfoin. The highest natural plant length was obtained from the narrowest row distance and the lowest sowing rate and the largest main stem length was obtained from the narrowest row distance and highest sowing rate for cicer milkvetch in 1997. During 1998 only row distances had effects on these two characters and it was observed that the natural plant length and main stem length also increased when row distances were increased. In regard to main stem thickness, different plant densities had no significant effects on alfalfa and sainfoin in 1998 and on cicer milkvetch in 1997. Each year wide row spacing and low sowing rates increased in the number of leaves on main stem. The effects of different row distances were significant in sainfoin and the highest values were obtained from the widest row distance like alfalfa in 1997, meanwhile sowing rates were effective but there were no important differences in numerical way in 1998. Increasing row spacings and decreasing sowing rates resulted in increasing the number of leaves in 1997 nevertheless plant densities had no effect on number of leaves in 1998 for cicer milkvetch.Decreasing row spacing resulted in higher green and hay yield in two years for each of three plants. This situtation was not observed for sowing rates. The highest hay yield for alfalfa, sainfoin and cicer milkvetch were found as 776.79 kg/da with 50 cm and 3 kg/da, 644.50 kg/da with 50 cm and 15 kg/da, 487.85 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da applications in 1997, while 655.26 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da, 623.00 kg/da with 50 cm and 20 kg/da, 55636 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da applications in 1998 respectively. The highest dry matter yield of alfalfa, sainfoin and cicer milkvetch were determined as 750.45 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg /da, 60432 kg/da with 50 cm and 15 kg/da, 524.93 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da applications in 1997, meantime 655.17 kg/da with 50 cm and 3 kg/da, 579.79 kg/da with 50 cm and 20 kg/da, 524.93 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da applications in 1998 respectively. As far as crude protein yield was concerned, the highest values of alfalfa, sainfoin and cicer milkvetch were found as 154.94 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da, 85.71 kg/da with 50 cm and 15 kg/da, 80.60 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da in 1997 meanwhile 120.27 kg/da with 50 cm and 3 kg/da, 8937 kg/da with 50 cm and 3 kg/da and 80.28 kg/da with 50 cm and 2 kg/da respectively in 1998. The hay yield of alfalfa was significantly and positively correlated to the dry matter yield (r=0.989**, r=0.999**), green yield (r=0.987**, r=0.988**) and crude protein yield (r=0.882**, r=0.923**) in 1997 and 1998 respectively. The hay yield of sainfoin was significantly and positively corelated to the dry matter yield, green yield and crude protein yield as r=0.999**, r=0.991**, r=0.990** in 1997 while r=0.998*«, r=0.993»* and r=0.974** in 1998, respectively. The hay yield of cicer milkvetch was significantly and positively corelated to the crude protein yield, dry matter yield and green yield as r=0.979**, r=0.961**, r=0.934** in 1997 whereas it was correlated to the dry matter yield and green yield as r=0.999** and 0.953** in 1998 respectively. The results of the path analysis clearly indicated that the greatest total correlation coefficient occured between the hay and dry matter yields (0.989, 0.999) in alfalfa and in sainfoin (0.999, 0.998) in 1997 and 1998, respectively. The greatest total correlation coefficient of cicer milkvetch was between hay and crude protein as 0.999 in 1997 and dry matter yield as 0.999 in 1998. 2000, 158 pages KEY WORDS: alfalfa, sainfoin, cicer milkvetch, dry seedling weight, natural plant height, main stem length, the number of leaves on main stem, hay yield, dry matter yield, crude protein yield. IV 158