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Sonothermal therapy (STT) has become increasingly attractive recently as a noninvasive, safe, and nonionizing methodology. STT, as a newly emerging heat‐enabled therapeutic approach, can rely on built‐in bubble cavitation and thermal energy‐electron recombination of sonothermal agents (STAs) activated by ultrasound (US) irradiation. In this domain, STT‐enabled nanomedicine is considered a potential treatment for abnormal cell killing and normal cell renewing, which addresses the drawbacks of nonspecific heating in conventional microbubbles, side effects, and poor tissue penetration of available thermal‐based therapies. Herein, a comprehensive review on the efficiency of STT in tumor ablation, infection therapy, and tissue regeneration is presented. Moreover, this review focuses on the benefits of STT as a therapeutic hot topic that can be used for nonantibiotic treatments, noninvasive heat‐activated tissue regeneration, and highly efficient local cancer therapy. In addition, rational design of STAs, mechanistic innovations, and prospects of STT will also be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study experimentally investigates the dynamics of turbulent round offset jets introduced into both a quiescent environment and a coflowing stream. The acoustic Doppler velocimeter was employed to precisely measured the velocity field of the jet in a water flume. The results pertaining to the offset jets released into a quiescent background was compared against those of the previous studies and the measurement technique was validated. Coflow confines the offset jets, leading to narrower mean and root mean square (rms) velocity profiles. Furthermore, the spreading and decay rates decrease, indicating that the external flow constrains the growth and development of the offset jets. The effect of coflow becomes more pronounced and the rates further decrease when the offset ratio reduces. The rms velocities of coflowing offset jets increase compared to those of jets in a quiescent background. Moreover, by decreasing the offset ratio, the rms velocities decrease, as the wall proximity further restricts the jet's meandering and intermittency. The velocity spectra of coflowing offset jets have higher values in the inertial subrange compared to those of the offset jets in a quiescent environment. However, this trend reverses within the energy-containing range. This coincides with a decrease in the integral length scales, suggesting that the coflow may suppress the large-scale jet structures mainly responsible for engulfing the ambient fluid into the jet. The observed reduction in spreading and decay rates, as well as integral length scales of the coflowing offset jets, suggest a decrease in jet entrainment, resulting in a reduction in overall jet mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The semiology of liver dystemperament can help in predicting susceptibility to some diseases and improving the treatment process of the liver or general disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the wet liver dystemperament concept in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) based on a hybrid concept analysis. Materials and Methods: The literature review of this qualitative study focused on evaluating 11 major academic textbooks from the 3rd to 19th century and some databases. In-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 16 ITM experts with a minimum of five years of clinical experience and maximum variations in terms of gender, age, and clinical experiences for empirical data gathering. Data were analyzed with MAXQAD10 and conventional content analysis. Results: In this study, wet liver dystemperament was classified into three main themes of systemic, local, and Para-clinical symptoms and 10 categories. Conclusions: This manuscript explains wet liver dystemperament as a disorder in general temperament and determines more important diagnostic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric disorders are one of the most common human ailments, which impose a huge economic burden on countries. In Persian Medicine (PM), it is possible to predict the susceptibility to gastric diseases with diagnosis of gastric Mizajes (temperaments) and dystemperaments. The semiology of gastric dystemperaments has been investigated in PM textbooks, although the value of each sign and symptom is not mentioned. Consequently, this research is designed to determine the major and minor criteria for classifying gastric dystemperaments on the basis of valid manuscripts and with the help of PM specialists in the present era. Methods: This was a consensus-based study consisting of four phases. In the first phase, reference PM textbooks were studied. Symptoms and signs of gastric dystemperaments were collected and listed in four groups. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with a sample of PM experts were carried out. Phase three included a focused group discussion with experts. Eventually, findings were integrated from the three study phases in a two-day meeting in Sari City. Results: Selected criteria included eight major and eight minor criteria for hot-cold dystemperament, as well as six major and eight minor criteria for wet-dry gastric dystemperament. Conclusion: Modern lifestyles and the interfering factors are responsible for some changes in diagnostic signs and symptoms according to PM. This was the first step to coordinate PM diagnostic criteria for gastric dystemperaments. Further studies are recommended to reach a unique protocol in the field of PM diagnostics. The next step includes design and validation of national diagnostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene glycol‐(N‐methylimidazolium) hydroxide‐grafted hydroxyapatite encapsulated γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles, γ‐Fe2O3@HAp@PEG(mim)OH, were prepared and characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM, TGA, and EDAX. This nanocomposite was applied as a novel, green, nanomagnetic, and recyclable basic phase‐transfer catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzopyrans in high yields via the three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile, and dimedone or 1,3‐cyclohexanedione in aqueous media at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines from the condensation of 4-amino-6-methyl-3-thioxo- 1,2,4-triazine-5(2H)-one (AMTTO) or 4-amino-1,4-dihydro-5-methyle-1,2,4-triazole-5-thione (AMTT) with phenacyl bromide in the presence of a catalytic amount of various heteropolyacids (HPAs) under refluxing conditions is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclization of 6-alkyl-3-propargylmercapto-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H)- one, derivatives (2) in the presence of Keggin heteropoly acids, H3PW12O40, H3PMo12O40, H4SiW12O40 and lacunary Keggin structure (K7PMo2W9O40) afforded 3 (3a = 6-dimethyl-7H-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,2,4]-triazin-7-one and 3b=6- ethyl-3-methyl-7H-thiazolo[2,3-b][1,2,4]-triazin-7-one) in high yields and short reaction times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C(15)H(13)ClN(6), contains two pyrimidine rings and one benzene ring, where the dihedral angle between the planes through the pyrimidine rings is 81.57 (10)°, and those between the pyrimidine rings and the benzene ring are 84.02 (8) and 89.46 (7)°, indicating that the three rings are almost perpendicular. In the crystal, inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into infinite chains along (100).

In the title compound, C(14)H(13)N(7), inter-molecular N-H⋯N and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into infinite one-dimensional chains along (100). A C-H⋯π inter-action also occurs in the crystal.