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The maintenance of an upright posture and the execution of desired movements by individuals necessitate the seamless and harmonious functioning of the muscular and skeletal systems. Neuromuscular diseases, spinal cord injuries, and related conditions can adversely impact individuals' motor functions, leading to a loss of muscle strength and, in severe cases, paralysis. Such health challenges may result in social isolation and detachment from one's social life. This study is focused on the development of a computer control application utilizing eye movements to aid users in navigating and interacting with computers. The system utilizes a lightweight eyeglass frame and a mini-USB camera to accurately capture images of the user's pupil. Pupil detection is achieved through a combination of traditional image processing and deep learning techniques, ensuring high accuracy under diverse conditions. Users have the ability to interactively calibrate the application to accommodate varying screen sizes, thereby enhancing system responsiveness. The user interface incorporates functionalities such as left-click, right-click, double-click, and scrolling, empowering users to perform tasks ranging from internet browsing to video watching. After the development of the application, a request for research permission was submitted to the local institution to allow volunteers to test the application, adhering to ethical standards. Following the approval of ethical clearance, the application was made available for use by volunteers, and feedback was systematically collected. Volunteers generally reported that the application was beneficial, indicating its potential use by disadvantaged individuals. The upcoming versions of the application have the potential for integration with smart home systems. Additionally, the developed application can be used in games and for educational purposes.

Although pituitary adenomas and meningiomas are among the commonly encountered benign tumors, the co-existence of these tumors is rare. One of the most important complications of pituitary adenomas is the development of apoplexy, often resulting in death if left untreated. In this article, we present a patient admitted to the emergency department with complaints of sudden-onset headache, nausea, vomiting, and optic nerve paralysis. On examination, the case was found to have parietal lobe meningioma and pituitary adenoma. Therefore, the case underwent emergent transsphenoidal surgery considering pituitary apoplexy and was treated with l-thyroxine and hydrocortisone in the post-operative period. Although the co-existence of a pituitary adenoma and a meningioma is known in the literature, such a co-existence with apoplexy is the first case to be described in the literature.

Objective:In this study, we examined the effects of dyslipidemia, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis on kidney stone formation.Materials and Methods:Patients were divided into two groups; group 1; 300 patients having kidney stones or not group 2; 528 patients. Among these patients’ triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein values; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, waist circumference and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness were recorded.Results:It was determined that the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol levels and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness did not have any effect on developing kidney stones. However, triglyceride level and waist circumference had a statistically significant effect on kidney stone formation.Conclusion:Considering that the presence of high triglyceride and low waist circumference levels can cause kidney stones in the patient; then the formation of kidney stones can be avoided by eliminating these factors through preventable or treatable modifications.

Purpose: To compare hemodynamic effects of two different modes of ventilation (volume-controlled and pressure-controlled volume guaranteed) in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecology surgeries with exaggerated Trendelenburg position. Methods: Thirty patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecology operations were ventilated using either volume-controlled (Group VC) or pressure-controlled volume guaranteed mode (Group PCVG) (n = 15 for both groups). Hemodynamic variables were measured using Pressure Recording Analytical Method by radial artery cannulation in addition to peak and mean airway pressures and expired tidal volume. Results: The only remarkable finding was a more stable cardiac index in Group PCVG, where other hemodynamic parameters were similar. Expired tidal volume increased in Group VC while peak airway pressure was lower in Group PCVG. Conclusion: PCV-VG causes less hemodynamic perturbations as measured by Pressure Recording Analytical Method (PRAM) and allows better intraoperative hemodynamic control in exaggerated Trendelenburg position in laparoscopic surgery.

Abstract Background Bruxism is defined as repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by the grinding and clenching of teeth. The prevalence of bruxism in children is extensive, and it can cause irregularities in dental arches. The study aimed to investigate the presence of any effects of bruxism on maxillary arch length and width in children using three-dimensional (3D) digital model analysis. Method This study evaluated 30 children with bruxism. For every child with bruxism, a case control without bruxism was selected and matched for gender, age, and dentition. Digital models of the patients’ maxilla were obtained with a 3D intraoral scanner, and width and length measurements between the reference points on the maxilla were obtained on the digital models. Results The mean age of the study group was 9.13 ± 1.27. Insıgnificance differences were found between females and males within and between groups in terms of maxillary width and length. Insignificant difference was found between the control and study groups when the lengths of 3R-3L, 4R-4L, 5R-5L, 6R-6L, and IP-M were compared (p > 0.05). Conclusion Based on the study results, there were no differences in the maxillary arch length and width in patients with bruxism and patients without bruxism.

Objective: To compare digital and conventional impressions in terms of impression time, and comfort, anxiety, and preference of the patients.Methods: Digital scans (Trios 3 Cart) and conventional impressions (irreversible hydrocolloid material, hand-mixed) were randomly performed on 39 patients by a single experienced operator at 14-21-day intervals (crossover design). The impression time, comfort score with the visual analog scale, anxiety level with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and preference with a questionnaire, were recorded. The 2 techniques were compared with the independent t-test in terms of time, comfort, and anxiety. Patient–operator assessment and time–comfort relationship were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation test.Results: No statistical difference was found between the 2 impression techniques in terms of time (P = .231). Both the operators’ and patients’ comfort scores showed that the digital technique was found to be more comfortable (P < .001). There was no statistical difference between the 2 techniques with regard to anxiety (P = .668). The patients’ and operators’ comfort scores showed a strong correlation (P < .001), but no correlation was found between comfort and time (P > .05).Conclusion: Digital scanning and conventional dental impression were similar in terms of impression time and anxiety of patients. However, patients were more satisfied with the digital technique, and preferred it.

Daniel Defoe’s most renowned adventure novel Robinson Crusoe introduces the eponymous protagonist as a selfmade practical man that fares more or less well in the world given his survival skills helped by a fair amount of luck. Crusoe appears to be the embodiment of Homo economicus who optimally engages with his environment to reach his self-interested ends, and such engagement accordingly points to a certain manipulation or domination of other humans, animals, and nature. Crusoe has an unabashed propensity for claiming people, nonhuman beings, places, and objects that fall under his gaze as his own throughout the narrative. In this study, Robinson Crusoe’s self-interested individualism and his deeply anthropocentric relations with the environment which appears only as a means for the anthropos to achieve his ends will be read through the lens of Derridean host/guest relations in which Crusoe is revealed to be a guest who is received in the “home” of the oikos (as in homeland, i.e., the land that receives/accommodates). In this light, it will be further argued that Crusoe’s deeply anthropocentric, expansionist, and exploitative attitude figures as a precursor to humans’ endless desire to dominate and appropriate nature (oikos), and thus become masters/hosts in the world where they are, in fact, mere guests.

Evangelical movement or Evangelicalism was at the forefront of the political, religious, social, and cultural life of the United States in the 20th century, especially in the last quarter. After seeing some laws issued by the state as a direct intervention in their religious life, the evangelicals organized and entered the political scene. There are many evangelical organizations with different purposes under the Christian Right. The Christian Right has continued to convey its demands to politicians and conducts lobby activities since the 1976 presidential elections. After this date, the influence of the Evangelical movement on politics has continued increasingly. There are many issues on which the Christian Right Movement has concentrated. The main ones are anti-abortion, anti-homosexuality rights, Israeli support, demands for Christianity in public schools, and anti-evolution. This study aims to reveal and examine the religious demands of the Christian Right from the political institution, which is mostly formed by the Evangelicals. While doing this, it explains the concept of Evangelicalism first, and then gives the historical background of the evangelical movement. It also reveals the reasons for evangelicals entering politics and their religious demands from politicians.

Objective: Although craniopharyngiomas are benign pathologies, they have surgical challenges due to their locations, infiltrations, and potential for neuroendocrine problems. We evaluated the surgical outcomes, complications, the neuroendocrine problems in patients who underwent total or subtotal resection, and to reveal the ideal treatment regimen. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 68 patients who received pathologic results of craniopharyngioma between 1999 and 2019 in our neurosurgery clinic. The demographic characteristics, hormone levels, resection ratio (total/subtotal), residue and recurrence rate, and the complications after surgery were used in the analysis. Results: Twenty-six (38.2%) patients underwent total tumor removal, and 42 (61.8%) had subtotal removal. Fifteen (22%) patients had recurrence. Of the total tumor removal group, only one patient was determined as having recurrence. We detected hypothalamic–pituitary system deficiency in 15 patients with total removal and nine patients with subtotal removal. Of the 37 patients who had lesions smaller than 4 cm, only one died and 30 were in good health after surgery. Of the 31 patients who had lesions larger than 4 cm, five died and 15 were in poor or moderate health. Conclusion: Tumor size is one of the most important factors affecting surgical results. Subtotal tumor removal is associated with tumor recurrence and total removal with serious hypothalamic deficiency symptoms.

İnsanoğlunun doğup büyüdüğü coğrafya, içinde bulunduğu kültürel ortam, ailesi, yakın çevresi, mesleği vb. birçok faktör sahip olduğu yaşam biçimini etkilemektedir. Söz konusu yaşam biçimi içerisinde de beslenme alışkanlıkları önemli bir yere sahiptir. Toplum genelinde kabul edilen yaygın beslenme alışkanlıklarının dışında toplumsal azınlık denebilecek farklı gruplar tarafından tercih edilen vegan ve vejetaryen yaşam biçimleri ise son yıllarda oldukça ilgi görmektedir (Tunçay Son, 2016). Bu çalışmanın amacı 2000- 2018 yılları arasında yayımlanmış gazete haberlerinde veganlığın ve vejetaryenliğin nasıl betimlendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma kapsamında 2000-2018 yıllarında yayımlanmış toplam 2161 haber metnine PRNet medya takip sistemi üzerinden ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan haberlere içerik analizi uygulanması amacıyla kodlama cetveli oluşturulmuş ve veriler SPSS paket programına girilerek içerik analizi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, 2000-2018 yılları arasında vegan ve vejetaryen konulu haberlerin sayısında önemli bir artış yaşandığı görülmektedir. Ancak yaygın medyada önemli bir yeri bulunan ulusal gazetelerdeki vegan ve vejetaryenlikle ilgili haberlere çoğunlukla haber ajansları ve köşe yazarlarının kaynaklık ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili yetkili ve uzman kişilerin görüşleri ise haberlerde çok az yer bulabilmiştir. Ayrıca gazetelerde haberler için ayrılan boyutların da küçük ve yetersiz olduğu saptanmıştır. Haber metinlerde veganlık ve vejetaryenliğin sürdürülebilir bir yaşam biçiminden ziyade daha çok alternatif beslenme ve bir diyet biçimi olarak çerçevelendiği görülmüştür.

Objective:The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of digital and plaster model methods and the time required for analysis.Methods:A total of 30 subjects (20 females, 10 males; mean age, 14.36±6.30 years), who required plaster models for the construction of either a fixed or a removable orthodontic appliance, were randomly selected. As part of the diagnostic records, digital impressions with a three-dimensional (3D) intra-oral scanner (TriosColor-P13 Shape) were taken from all subjects. Conventional impressions for the orthodontic appliances were taken with alginate (Orthoprint, Zhermack, Italy), and the plaster models were obtained (Scheu-Dental, GmbH.D-58642, Iserlohn, Germany). Two groups were formed. In the conventional measurement group, manual measurements were taken on the plaster models, while in the digital measurement group, the 3Shape OrthoAnalyzer 2013 software was used to make the measurements on the 3D models. In both groups, the total time required to perform the Bolton analysis and space analysis was recorded, and the results were compared.Results:There was no statistically significant difference found between the two groups in terms of the measurement values. The total time to perform all the analyses was determined to be shorter with digital models compared to conventional plaster models (p

Kitle iletişim araçlarının toplumsal hayatı birçok şekilde etkilediği bir gerçektir. Gelişen teknoloji ile bilginin, geniş kitlelere çok hızlı ulaştırılması özelliği başlangıçtan beri Amerika’da kitle iletişim araçlarının birçok dinî hareket tarafından kullanılması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Bir dini grubun medyada geniş yer tutması popüler kültüre açılan bir pencere görevi görmektedir. Amerika gibi medya odaklı bir ülkede bir dini grubun önemi, basın ve yayında ne kadar yer aldığı ile ölçülmektedir. Evanjelikler, İncil mesajını yaymak anlamına gelen “Büyük Görev” için teknolojiyi kullanmaya özel bir dinî önem vermişlerdir. Evanjelik Hareketin radyoya olan ilgisi ilk radyo yayınlarının ortaya çıkışı ile başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda Evanjelikler radyoyu dini amaçla kullanan, frekans ve yayın hakkı satın alan ilk dini harekettir. 1970lerin sonlarından bu yana medyaya olan ilgi artarak devam etmiştir. Teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle bu inanç eksenli yayın yapma ilgisi, ortaya çıkan televizyon ve sonrasında internet ile devam etmiştir. Günümüzde ise Evanjelikler geniş kitlelere hitabeden oldukça yaygın, etkili ve kaliteli yazılı, işitsel ve görsel yayın ağına sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ABD’de siyaset alanında oldukça etkili olan Evanjeliklerin radyo ve televizyonu hangi amaçla nasıl kullandıklarını ve Evanjelik yayıncılığın ABD’deki tarihi arka planını ortaya koymaktır. Evanjelikalizm bir Anglo-Amerikan fenomeni olmasına rağmen çalışma sadece ABD ile sınırlı kalacaktır. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızda Evanjelikalizmden ve medya ilgisinin teolojik temeli olan Evanjelizmden bahsedilecek, Evanjelik radyo ve televizyonun tarihi süreci ve başlıca Evanjelik yayın ağları nitel bir yaklaşımla incelenecektir.

Üretim süreçlerinde karşılaşılan problemlerin çözümünde 3B yazıcılar önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ergiyik yığma modelleme (EYM) yöntemi ile 3B yazıcıda üretilen ABS esaslı dişli çarkların yüzey kalitesi ve boyutsal kontrolü üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 3B yazıcı ile sabit sıcaklıkta üç farklı katman kalınlığı (90, 190 ve 290μm) kullanarak dişli çark numuneleri hazırlanmıştır. Deney numunelerinin boyutsal kontrolü morfolojik görüntü işleme yöntemleri kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş olup yüzey kalitesi ise Mahr marka Marsurf M300 portatif yüzey pürüzlülük ölçüm cihazı ile elde edilen ortalama sonuçlar üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Ürünlerin kamera-mikroskop düzeneği ile siyah arka plan üzerinden üst görünüşlerinin fotoğrafları alınmıştır. Alınan renkli görseller griye çevrilerek elde edilen gri görseller üzerinde eşik değeri 60 olacak şekilde eşikleme uygulanmıştır. Böylece ürünlerin beyaz, arka planın ise siyah olarak kaldığı 2 bit'lik görüntüler elde edilmiştir. Bu görüntülere sırasıyla aşındırma ve çıkarma uygulanarak dişli çarkların dış sınırları elde edilmiştir. Çizim programından elde edilen sınırlar ile görsellerden elde edilen sınırlar çakıştırılarak aradaki sapmalar hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, boyutsal kontrol ve yüzey kalitesi açısından en iyi performans en düşük katman kalınlığı kullanılarak üretilen ABS esaslı numunelerde elde edilmiştir. Ancak kaynak tüketimi ve zaman açısından değerlendirme yapıldığında 290 mikron hassasiyet ile üretimin tercih edilebileceği anlaşılmıştır.

Amaç: Pediatrik dönemde tıbbi ve adli açıdan önemi nedeniyle kemik yaşı tayini için çekilen sol el bileği grafisini değerlendirmede en çok kullanılan Greulich-Pyle atlası ve Tanner-Whitehouse yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada kronolojik yaşları 11-16 arasında değişen 150 kız olgu ve 11-18 arasında değişen 210 erkek olgu incelenmiştir. Toplamda 360 olgu yıllara ve cinsiyete göre 12 gruba ayrılmıştır. Tüm olguların sol el bilek grafileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Olguların kemik yaşı tespiti GP atlası, TW2 ve TW3 yöntemlerine göre yapılmıştır. TW yönteminde en çok kabul gören RUS skorları kullanılmıştır. Yöntemler ile kronolojik yaş arasında ilişki, fark ve kullanılabilirlik araştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Genelde TW2 yöntemi olguların yaşını daha büyük, TW3 yöntemi ise küçük göstermektedir. Kronolojik yaş ile kemik yaşı arasındaki farklar ise GP yönteminde anlamlı bulunmamış, TW3 yönteminde anlamlı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Çalışmaya dâhil edilen yaş gruplarında GP atlasının daha kullanılabilir olduğu görülmüştür.

Hughes–Stovin syndrome is an extremely rare autoimmune clinical disorder that is characterized by deep vein thrombosis with multiple pulmonary and/or bronchial arterial aneurysms. This syndrome is an important cardiovascular status that may manifest Behçet's disease with systemic aneurysms. Here, we present the case of a 16-year-old female patient who suffered from recurrent life-threatening hemoptysis episodes due to right lower lobe pulmonary artery aneurysms and was finally treated with pulmonary resection.

Lomber disk hernisi zayıflamış annulus fibrozus liflerinden nucleus pulposusun çıkması ile oluşmaktadır. Lomber disk hernisi protrude, ekstrude ve sekestre şekilde görülebilir. Sekestre parçalar sıklıkla superior, inferior ve laterale doğru yer değiştirebilirler. Serbest parçanın posterior epidural mesafeye göçü ise son derece nadir olarak rapor edilmiştir. Burada posterior epidural mesafeye göç etmiş olan iki disk olgusu sunulmuştur. Bir olguda radiküler semptom, bir olguda kauda equina sendromu mevcuttu. Hastaların lomber manyetik rezonans görüntülemesinde posterior epidural mesafeden dural sakı basıya uğratan kitle mevcuttu. Hastalar tarafımızca acil operasyona alınmış ve operasyon sırasında epidural alandaki kitlenin posterior epidural alana göç etmiş sekestre disk parçası olduğu görülmüştür. Operasyon sonrası klinik semptomlarında düzelme olan hastalar şifa ile taburcu edilmiştir.

Purpose: The goal of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of burr hole drainage under local anesthesia in geriatric patients with chronic subdural hematoma.Material and Methods: This retrospective study involved 21 geriatric patients with chronic subdural hematoma who applied to the department of neurosurgery in an education and research hospital between 2011 and 2014. Sedoanalgesia was performed on 21 patients, then awake burr hole drainage was performed after scalp and periosteal local anesthesia with bupivacaine HCI 5mg/ml (Marcaine %0,5enj. Astrazeneca). Cranial motor perforator was used for burr hole trepanation. Age, sex, trauma history, examination findings, site of the pathology, systemic disease, ASA risk, glasgow coma scale, modified rankin scale, mortality and morbidity were evaluated. Results: The youngest patient was 68-year-old, the oldest was 90-year-old. The average age was 72.9 years. Eleven of the cases were male and 10 were female. Head trauma was the etiology in 20 cases. 2 burr hole drainages were performed in 18 cases and 1 burr hole drainage was performed in 3 cases under local anesthesia. 3 cases were re-operated. No mortality was seen in the early post-operative period. Cases were kept in the intensive care unit for 1 day. The average hospital stay was 7 days.Conclusion: Surgical interventions under local anesthesia in geriatric patients with chronic subdural hematoma can provide short operation time, early mobilization, early oral intake, avoidance of possible general anesthesia complications. Herewith, this intervention decrease mortality and morbidity in this age group.

The increase in organizational effectiveness and productivity is significantly related to employees' and managers' performance. In this base, it is important to determine the attitudes and behaviors of managers and their subordinates during the conflict management process. In this research, the relationships between organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), hierarchical conflict management (HCM) and organizational cynicism behavior (CB) were investigated within the scope of demographic variables. In this manner, the influence of OCB on HCM and on its sub-dimensions were measured. Moreover, the moderator effect of CB and demographic factors on the relation between OCB and HCM was tried to be identified. The population of this study is the financial sector employees in Turkey and the practice population is limited in terms of provinces and titles. Using the criterion, the pilot research was conducted with 201 respondents. The ultimate main research uses data from 384 questionnaires, selected through random sampling technique. Results achieved using IBM SPSS 17, FACTOR 10.3 and AMOS 21, indicated that the level of OCB of financial sector managers and their employees has a significant effect on HCM and its sub-dimensions. Furthermore, CB, Title and Capital Structure variables moderates the relationship between OCB and HCM. Keywords: Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Conflict Management, Organizational Cynicism Behavior. JEL Classifications: D23, D74, M10

Osmanlı tarihinin şâhid olduğu en büyük isyanlardan biri olan 1730 Patronaisyanı hakkında resmî tarih yazımının yer vermediği ve vermesinin beklenemeyeceğien önemli ayrıntılar, isyanın görgü tanıkları tarafından kalemealınmış çağdaş kısa kroniklerde yer almaktadır. Bu konuda, özellikle son yıllardabilinmeyen yeni kroniklerin ortaya çıkması, bize vak‘ayı oldukça farklıyönlerden değerlendirebilme imkânı sağlamıştır.Bu makalede, isyanla ilgili bu yeni kısa kroniklerden biri olan Rūz-nāme’ninkimliği meçhûl yazarı “Ahmed”in kim olduğu, eserin fiziksel özellikleri vedevrin diğer kaynaklarındaki ipuçları ışığında tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Bu makale, ünlü Osmanlı akıncı beyi Gâzî Evrenos Beg’in soyunu aydınlatacak nitelikte önemli bir vakıf belgesinin yayını nedeniyle, Ayşegül (Çalı) Kılıç ile Heath W. Lowry arasında yaşanan tartışma ve bu tartışma sırasında ortaya atılan iddiaları, tarihî kanıtlar ve bilimsel kıstaslar ışığında değerlendirmek amacıyla kaleme alınmış; belgedeki önemli bir ibârenin okunuşuna dair ortaya atılan yanlış bir iddia çağdaş materyallere dayanılarak düzeltilmeye çalışılmıştır.Bilimsel yayın ve çalışmalar hayli yorucu bir süreç ve uzun birmesai gerektirdiğinden, aynı konu üzerinde çalışan araştırmacılararasında zaman zaman tenkit ve tartışmalar yaşanması son derece doğaldır. Ancak bu tartışmalar sırasında taraflar arasında, ikimeşhur Türk deyimi olan “Vur deyince öldürmek” ve “Devenin altında buzağı aramak” sözlerine rahmet okutacak düzeyde bir “linç”ve “kusur arama” arayışı içerisine girişmek, işi ifrata vardırmanındaha da ötesinde; bazen bilimin ve bilimselliğin objektifliğine degölge düşürecek sonuçlar ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır.

OBJECTIVE: Aquacryl hydrogel is one of the cervical dilatators which is a synthetic rigid hydroscopic gel rod, indicated to be used for cervical preparation. The authors aimed to determine whether preoperative cervical preparation with Aquacryl hydrogel before hysteroscopy has any favorable effects either for the patient (pain scores) or for the surgeon (ease of the procedure). STUDY DESIGN: The randomized controlled trial was undertaken in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a University setting. Forty-three reproductive age women scheduled for hysteroscopy due to gynecological indications were randomized to receive hydroscopic dilatators for cervical preparation (n=19) or no intervention before the procedure (n=27). Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate pain scores until the operation. Analgesic administration was done in case of a VAS score ≥40 or patients’ demand for analgesia.Intraoperatively, mean arterial pressure and pulse were documented in order to evaluate analgesic requirement. RESULTS: Median VAS scores at hydroscopic dilatator administration 0th, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th hours after insertion were 29±24 (0 - 80), 14±15 (0 - 6), 13±15 (0 - 5), 8±9 (0 - 30) and 5±9 (0 -3), respectively; where pain score significantly decreased in time (p0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that, Aquacryl hydrogel for cervical priming before office hysteroscopy is not effective to reduce the pain of patients’ during the procedure but also does not ease access to the uterine cavity. Therefore, it is not advantageous for the patient to use this agent before hysteroscopy.

Bu çalışmanın amacı golf turistlerinin seyahat güdülerine ve gidecekleri destinasyonu seçerken kullandıkları bilgi kaynaklarına dayalı iletişim stratejileri önermektir. Araştırma, Türkiye'yi golf turizm pazarında temsil eden Belek destinasyonunu ziyaret eden 1250 golf turistine uygulanmıştır.Toplam 900 adet kullanılabilir soru formu elde edilmiştir.Çalışmanın bulguları golf turistlerinin golf odaklı ve sosyo-kültürel olmak üzere iki önemli seyahat güdüsüne sahip olduklarını göstermektedir.Bununla birlikte golf turistlerinin gidecekleri golf destinasyonunu belirlerken kullandıkları bilgi kaynaklarının başında sırasıyla televizyon, golf hakkındaki fuar ve organizasyonlar ileinternet gelmektedir. Çalışmanın sonunda elde edilen bulgulara dayalı öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Objective: The prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis may vary according to the influence of the altitude of a geographical area as well as the genetic and environmental factors. This study ained to determine the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Edirne population.Material and Methods: Patients with a definite diagnosis of MS according to McDonald’s criteria, admitted to one of the three MS clinics in Edirne, were included in this two-stage study. Also the records of hospitals in İstanbul serving patients from Edirne, have been evaluated. Results: The prevalence rate of confirmed MS patients was 33.9/100000 (95% CI: 32-36) in 2003. The mean annual incidence was 3.48/100000 (95% CI: 2.90-4.00). Mean age of the patients was 36.5±9.6 years. Mean age at onset was 29.2±8.5 years. Mean duration of disease was 6.9±5.2 years. Overall, 69.2% had a relapsing-remitting course, 20.5% had a primary progressive course and 10.3% had a secondary progressive course. Mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 3.04±2.18. The prevalence and annual incidence after one year was 36.5 per 100000 (95% CI: 33.2-38.6) and 2.60 per 100000 (95% CI: 2.1-3.8), respectively.Conclusion: This is the first city-based MS prevalence study performed in Turkey. The MS prevalence in Edirne is similar to that of Greece and Bulgaria but lower than that of European countries.

Bu çalışmada, Kalecik toplumunun erişkin bireylerinin iskeletlerinde görülen hastalıklar incelenmiştir. Kalecik toplumunda en sık rastlanılan hastalık eklemlerde görülen dejenarasyonlardır. Toplulukta görülen diğer rahatsızlıklar cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, periostitis, osteomyelit, calcaneus spur (topuk dikeni) ve travmalardır. Kalecik topluluğunun iskeletlerinde rastlanılmış lezyonların cinsiyetler arasında değerlendirildiğinde kadın ve erkek bireylerde lezyonların görülme sıklıklarında benzer oran tespit edilmiştir. Ancak travma kökenli lezyonlar sadece kadın bireylerde görülmüştür. Kalecik topluluğun erişkin bireylerinde görülen lezyonlar genel olarak çevresel faktörlerin etkin olduğu patolojik lezyonlar olduğu görülmüştür.

Ayak bileği yedi kemikten oluşur ve tarsal kemikler olarak adlandırılır. Bilek kısmında yer alan ayak topuğuna calcaneus denir. Topuk kemiği, vücut yükünden gelen ağırlığın büyük bir kısmını taşıyan ayak bileğinin en büyük ve sağlam kemiğidir(1). Topuk kemiğinin üst yüzeyinde (superior) üç ayrı eklem yüzeyi görülür. Bunlar sırasıyla facies artikularis posterior, facies artikularis medial ve facies artikularis anteriordur(2).

Objective: Evaluation of clinical efficiancy of fluoroscopy-accompanied transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with symptomatic lumbar foraminal intervertebral disc herniation and foraminal stenosis. Methods: Fifty patients, who underwent fluoroscopic-guided epidural steroid injection between 19.12.2013 - 28.02.2014, were evaluated retrospectively. Pain levels of patients before the procedure, after 3 weeks and after 6 months were compared using visuel analog scale (VAS). Fifty percent or more decrease, less than 50% decrease and no change in VAS were evaluated as sufficient response, insufficient response and unresponsiveness, respectively. The patients were asked whether they would undergo this process again and “Yes”, “Maybe” and “No” answers were evaluated for patient satisfaction score. Results: In 50 patients (32 female, 18 male), average pain levels were found to be 8.4 (VAS 7-9), 4.3 (VAS 1-9) and 4.4 (VAS 0-9) before the procedure, 3 weeks after the procedure and 6 months after the procedure, respectively. While thirty-seven (74%) of the patients were found to have sufficient response to treatment 3 weeks after the procedure, 10 (20%) patients were found to have insufficient response. There was no response to treatment in 3 (6%) patients. While thirty-five (70%) of the patients were found to have sufficient response to treatment 6 months after the procedure, 10 (20%) patients were found to have insufficient response. Six months after the procedure, there was no response to treatment in 5 patients (%10). Statistically significant improvement was observed when the pre and post-procedure VAS scores were compared. Forty (80%) patients gave the answer “Yes” to the question whether they would undergo this procedure again. Conclusion: We found that fluoroscopic guided transforaminal epidural steroid injection is effective in pain relief in patients with lumbar foraminal intervertebral disc herniation and foraminal stenosis that are resistant to pharmacological and physical therapy and have no absolute indication for surgery.

Türk tarihinin yetiştirdiği dünyâca ünlü ilim ve fikir adamlarından biri olanMehmed Fuad Köprülü (1890-1966), özellikle Osmanlı tarihinin kuruluş devrihakkındaki tartışmaların iyice alevlendiği bir dönemde en zorlu tartışmalaraeğilerek, ortaya koyduğu keskin ve iddiâlı tezlerle bir döneme damgasınıvuran en önemli isimlerden biri olmuştur. Onun bu tezlerinin en meşhurolanları; Wittek’in Kayı menşei ile ilgili itirazlarına yönelik güçlü savunmasıve Osmanlılar’ın atalarının Anadolu’ya göçünün -bilinenin aksine- Cengizistilâsı sırasında değil, Anadolu’nun ilk fethi sırasında gerçekleştiği yönündekiiddiâsıdır. Bu iki konu Köprülü’nün ölümünden sonra da uzun yıllartartışılmış; ancak her ikisi hakkında da çağdaş kaynaklar ışığında kalıcı birçözüme ulaşılamamıştır.Bu makale, hâlâ üzerinde tartışılan bu iki konu hakkında, şimdiye kadar devrinaslî kaynaklarına bakılmaksızın geliştirilen yüzeysel ve şahsî düşünceleredayalı tezlerin aksine, ilk kez dönemin İslâm kaynakları ve Bizans kroniklerindeki kayıtları Osmanlı rivâyetleriyle karşılaştıran bir tez ortaya koyarak, ikisi hakkında da kesin ve kalıcı bir çözüme ulaşmak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır.

VefeyâtMüverrihler Semâsının Gurûb Eden Güneşi:“Şeyhü’l-Müverrihîn”Halil İnalcık (1916 - 2016)

This paper investigates the effects of wearing a face mask on fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The formal analysis is achieved by using a difference-in-difference design, where U.S. county-level data on changes in COVID-19 cases or deaths are regressed on lagged changes in social interaction of people measured by Google mobility. The main contribution is achieved by distinguishing between the effects of social interaction on COVID-19 in different U.S. counties based on the corresponding share of people wearing a face mask determined by Dynata surveys. After controlling for county-specific and time-specific factors, the results show that social interaction increases both COVID-19 cases and deaths across U.S. counties, unless more than (or equal to ) 85% of people in a county “always” wear a face mask. It is implied that people can have social interactions without any statistically significant effects on the spread of COVID-19, if a community-wide wearing of face masks can be achieved.