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Kök, sap, saman, yaprak ve kabuk vb. gibi lignoselülozik hammadde kaynaklarından elde edilebilen nanoselüloz, kullanım potansiyeli ile orman ürünleri alanında önemli bir malzemedir. Tarımsal faaliyetler sonucu ortaya çıkar ve sahip olduğu fiziksel, kimyasal ve morfolojik özellikleri ile kullanıldığı nihai ürünlere olumlu etkiler sağlar. Literatürde nanoselüloz üretim yöntemi olarak sıklıkla kullanılan alkali veya asidik üretim yöntemine nazaran enzimatik hidroliz yöntemi daha az araştırılmıştır. Genel olarak, enzimatik hidroliz yoluyla nanoselüloz üretim süreçleri ile selüloz nanofibriller (CNF) üretilirken, enzimatik olmayan işlemler ile kristal nanoselülozlar (CNC) üretilmektedir. Bu çalışmada ilk kez buğday sapından elde edilen soda-NaBH4 ağartılmış kağıt hamuru liflerine iki farklı enzimatik ön muamele (hemiselülaz Pulpzyme HC 2500 ve selülaz Celluclast 1.5 L ticari enzimleri) ve ardından gerçekleştirilen homojenizasyon işlemi ile CNF elde edilmiş, homojenizasyon işlemi sonrası elde edilen CNF’ nin kimyasal, morfolojik, termal ve reolojik özelliklerindeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Enzimatik ön muamele işlemleri sonrasında gerçekleştirilen HPLC analizleri; artan enzim konsantrasyonlarında yapıdan daha fazla miktarda karbonhidratın uzaklaştırıldığını ve yüksek basınç altında gerçekleştirilen homojenizasyon sonrasında alınan SEM görüntüleri liflerin CNF üretiminde homojen bir şekilde nano boyuta indirgendiğini (ortalama 20-50 nm lif çapı) ortaya koymuştur.

Powdery mildews (PM) are common and severe pathogen groups that threaten plants, and PM resistance is complex and polygenic in cucumbers. Previously

Cellulose based nanomaterials have the great potential to be applied to paper as bulk additive or coating material to improve overall final properties, especially in secondary fiber. In the present work, the effect of applying different kinds of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) to papers obtained from recycled fibers using size press on physical, mechanical and barrier properties was investigated and compared with the sole use of starch as coating material. The coating process of CNF was carried out by the addition of size press grade starch to coating suspension. As a cellulose source, wheat straw was evaluated and CNF was obtained through oxidative and enzymatic pretreatments. Results indicate that starch/CNF suspension improves the overall paper properties. As a result of the deposition of coating suspension contains of 4 % wt. periodate-oxidized CNF onto paper surface, tensile and burst indices of papersheets increased as 52.2 % and 194.4 %. Significant decreases were observed in air permeability as 69.8 %. Compression tests also have been conducted to evaluate papersheets end-use properties. In comparison to the other pretreated CNF, due to is lower viscosity, applying periodate-oxidized CNF as size press significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505]; Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate [1505, 5180044] This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000703585400013 2-s2.0-85108063350

Son yıllarda, dünya genelinde artan nüfus ile birlikte tarımsal ve endüstriyel faaliyetler giderek artmıştır. Bu faaliyetler sırasında ortaya çıkan organik maddeler, inorganik anyonlar, toksik ağır metaller, zehirli gazlar vb. birçok kirletici çevreye salınmakta ve özellikle sularda önemli derecede kirlilik sorunlarına yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle çevre dostu ve uygun maliyetli arıtma teknolojilerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Atık sularda kullanılan adsorpsiyon işlemi çevre dostu arıtma teknolojilerinden biridir. Çeşitli doğal kaynaklardan elde edilebilen selülozik maddeler adsorbanlar olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Atık sularda bulunan organik kirleticiler ve ağır metal iyonlarının adsorpsiyon kapasiteleri kimyasal işlemlerden etkilenmekte olup, modifiye edilmiş selülozun modifiye edilmemiş selüloza göre daha yüksek adsorpsiyon kapasitesi sergilediği bilinmektedir. Bu derlemede, literatürde yer alan çeşitli nanoselüloz esaslı adsorbanların, özellikle atık sularda bulunan boyaların uzaklaştırılmasında sergiledikleri adsorpsiyon kapasiteleri ve bu adsorbanların modifikasyonları sonrasında yapılarının karakterizasyonunda kullanılan FTIR ve SEM analizleri incelenmiştir. Nanoselüloz esaslı adsorbanların atık sulardaki boyaların uzaklaştırılmasında iyi bir potansiyel sergilediği görülmektedir. Çevre kirliliğini minimuma indirmek için ucuz ve daha etkili selüloz esaslı adsorbanların modifikasyonlarla geliştirilebileceği düşünülmektedir.

The tomato as both a fresh consumption and industrial product is one of the most profitable vegetables and has a large cultivation area in the world. Parallel to intense production activities, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), like viral diseases, results in significant economic losses every year. Use of resistant cultivars is the most efficient and environmental-friendly method of fighting against these diseases. This study was conducted to develop new tomato genetic resources resistant to TSWV because of the Sw-5 resistance breaking (RB) isolates that were determined in tomato cultivation areas. In this study, a total of 40 tomato materials including 15 lines, 9 commercial varieties and 16 wild genotypes were by tested with molecular and biological testing methods. Mechanical inoculation method was used for biological testing and SCAR marker was used in molecular analysis. S. penellii, S. chmielewski, S. habrochaites, S. peruvianum and S. sitiens, LA0716, LA1028, LA1777, LA2744 and LA4110 genotypes were found as resistant against breaking isolates of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. These genotypes may be a good resistance source for the future breeding studies in tomato.

Control of virus diseases such as zuchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) of cucumber causing major yield and quality losses is impossible by using any chemical pesticide except for using elimination of vectors of viruses and resistant cultivar. The objectives of this study were to investigate structure of genetic resistance to ZYMV of cucumber for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Forty-eigth resistant and 48 susceptible lines were selected from a germplasm of 600 cucumber lines. Bulk DNAs of resistant and susceptible lines were screened to find candidate marker(s) by using ISSR, RAPD and a cleaved amplified polymorphism (CAP) primers, which targeted over 5000 loci of cucumber. Candidate markers later were applied to 96 lines including 48 resistance and susceptible lines to find associating markers. A total of 54 candidate marker loci were produced, which were clustered into two groups based on Dice’, average distance, simple matching and correlation similarity matrices. In the association analyses by using TASSEL software, associating markers were detected. These markers were then subjected to backward regression analysis by SAS program. The results explained %78 of total variation for ZYMV. The remaining 22% of the variation was possibly due to presence of additional gene(s) and environmental effect that caused lower repeatability.

Türkiye’de patlıcan üretiminde lider olan Akdeniz bölgesinin Antalya ilinde patlıcan üretim alanlarında sorun olan virüs hastalıklarının tespiti ile ilgili bir araştırma yapılmamış olması sebebiyle bu çalışma yapılmıştır. 2016-2018 yılları arasında Antalya ilinin ilçelerinde sörveyler yapılmış, üretim miktarlarına göre toplam 243 örnek toplanmıştır. Örnekler PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) metoduyla Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)’e; RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction) metoduyla Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Eggplant mosaic virus (EMV), Eggplant mottled crinkle virus (EMCV), Eggplant mottled dwarf virus (EMDV), Potato Y virus (PVY), Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) ve Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)’e karşı testlenmiştir. Moleküler çalışmalar sonucunda AMV, EMV, EMCV, PVY, TBSV ve TMV ile enfekteli örnek bulunmazken, çalışma kapsamında toplanan patlıcan bitkilerinin %19’u TYLCV, %10’u ToCV, %6’sı ToMV, %5’i EMDV, %4’ü TSWV ve %3’ü CMV ile enfekteli bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma ile Antalya ilindeki patlıcan yetiştirilen alanlarda görülen virüs hastalıkları belirlenmiş ve virüs hastalıklarına karşı dayanıklılık sağlamak amacıyla yapılacak ıslah çalışmalarına katkıda bulunacak sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.

Domateste lekeli solgunluk virüsü (Tomato spotted wilt virus-TSWV), dünya genelinde ekonomik anlamda büyük kayıplar meydana getiren virüslerden biridir. Son zamanlara kadar domateslerde Sw-5 geni vasıtasıyla bu hastalık ile mücadele edilmekteydi. 2016-2019 yılları arasında Antalya ili ve ilçelerinde domates yetiştiriciliği yapılan seralarda Sw-5 geni barındıran çeşitler üzerinde TSWV’a ait simptomların geliştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Bu izolatların PCR çalışmaları ile bitkilerin Sw-5 geni içerdiği ve RT-PCR (Revers-Transkriptaz Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu) çalışmaları ile de simptomların TSWV’a ait olduğu doğrulandıktan sonra izolatın ismi TSWVAntRB olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan gözlemlemeler sonucunda TSWVAntRB izolatının farklı simptomolojik karakterlere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu farklılıklarının belirlenebilmesi için TSWVAntRB izolatının, bitkiler üzerine mekanik inokulasyonu 5 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mekanik inokulasyon çalışmalarında; Sw-5 geni içeren 4 adet ticari çeşit, bir adet dayanıklılık kaynağı olarak bilinen Solanum peruvianum ve bir adet hassas çeşit kullanılmıştır. Sw-5 dayanımını kırmayan (NRB) izolatında şimdiye kadar yaprakta sadece nekrotik lekelenmeler meydana gelirken, Sw-5 dayanımını kıran (RB) izolatında yaprak üzerinde de halkalı lekelenmelerin meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bazı çeşitler üzerinde ilk simptomlar meyve dönemine kadar gizli kaldığı ve meyve salkımında bazen bir veya iki meyve üzerinde simptomlar meydana getirdiği gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmada simptom şiddetinin hava sıcaklığı ile ilişkili olduğu saptanmış ve TSWVAntRB izolatının simptomolojik özellikleri her açıdan incelenmiştir.

The printability properties of the paper can be increased by some processes applied to the surface. The use of non-recyclable materials derived from petroleum is decreasing day by day, and the demand for recyclable materials obtained from renewable sources is increasing. These materials include cellulose derivatives, starch types and polyvinyl alcohol. The materials ratios, sizes, physical and chemical properties of these materials used in the processes applied to the paper and the content of the paper will affect the strength of the paper as well as change the surface properties and significantly affect the printability. The aim of this study is to obtain better printability properties by improving the paper surface with CNF/CNF-OX coating. In this study, fluting and core board papers coated with different amounts of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/cellulose nanofiber-oxidized (CNF-OX) were produced. Surface properties, contact angle, surface energy, color and gloss of the produced papers were measured by optical microscope, goniometer, spectrophotometer and glossmeter. The papers were printed with the IGT C1 offset printability tester. As a result, in terms of printability, it was determined that CNF/CNF-OX coated papers have smoother surfaces and give better results in terms of both gloss properties and printability. [GRAPHICS] . WOS:000637661300003 2-s2.0-85103957996

The influence of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was investigated as a reinforcing agent to improve strength properties of papersheets fabricated from recycled pulp fibers of mixtures of old newspapers, old magazines, and old corrugated cardboards. To determine the effects of the NFC on the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled pulp papers, cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) were isolated from wheat straw, pretreated chemically and enzymatically (NFC-OX), and then added to the bulk suspensions of papermaking pulp slurries at various percentages. The electrokinetic and drainage properties of the pulps and the mechanical and physical properties of the papersheets were analyzed and compared. As expected, the addition of NFC/NFC-OX significantly increased the strength properties of papers. Papers containing 4% of NFC-OX (periodate pretreated) presented higher increases in tensile index (43%) and burst index (59.3%) than other papers. However, a high addition of NFC/NFC-OX increased the water retention, which is undesirable for papermaking. Hence, with optimum selection of NFC/NFC-OX and process conditions, higher mechanical properties could be acquired without increasing drainage rate. Compared to the other pretreated NFC/NFC-OX types, sodium-periodate-oxidized NFC-OX samples significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505, 5180044] The authors would like to thank to KMK Paper Co. for their kind support and provision of recycled pulps. This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000616046900065

A new virus, defined as Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) in the genus Tobamovirus, has made the epidemic in wide spread areas. ToBRFV was first detected in Israel in 2014. Since then, the virus has been detected in Europe, North America, Asia, Turkey and many more countries. ToBRFV has the potential to significantly affect crop production, the marketability of tomatoes and peppers. The virus is not a food safety risk. This virus mainly affects tomatoes and peppers. It has been determined that some weed species, such as Solanum nigrum, can host the virus. Like other Tobamoviruses, ToBRFV can be transported very effectively with the hands and clothes, bumblebees, greenhouse tool equipment, with seeds and mechanical contact. ToBRFV infects by neutralizing the Tm22 gene in tomatoes and L1, L2, L3 genes in peppers, which provide resistance to Tobamoviruses. To date, ToBRFV has been reported mainly in greenhouse tomatoes. It shows brown rugose or yellow spots on tomato fruits. These fruit symptoms significantly reduce market value. Strict biosafety measures are required to limit the entry and spread of this virus into greenhouses. Producers should make sure they use seeds and seedlings from reliable sources., Tobamovirus cinsinde Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) olarak tanımlanan yeni bir virüs geniş yayılım alanlarında epidemi yapmıştır. ToBRFV, ilk olarak 2014 yılında İsrail'de tespit edilmiştir. O zamandan günümüze kadar virüs Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika, Asya, Türkiye ve daha birçok ülkede tespit edilmiştir. ToBRFV, bitkisel üretimi, domates ve biberlerin pazarlanabilirliğini önemli ölçüde etkileme potansiyeline sahiptir. Virüs bir gıda güvenliği riski değildir. Bu virüs esas olarak domates ve biberleri etkilemektedir. Solanum nigrum gibi bazı yabancı ot türlerinin virüse konukçuluk yapabildiği belirlenmiştir. ToBRFV hastalığı da diğer Tobamovirus’ler gibi tohumla ve mekaniksel temas ile işçilerin elleri, kıyafetleri, bombus arıları, sera alet ekipmanları yoluyla çok etkili bir şekilde taşınabilmektedir. ToBRFV, Tobamovirus’lere dayanıklılık sağlayan domateslerdeki Tm22 genini ve biberlerdeki L1, L2, L3 genlerini etkisiz kılarak enfeksiyon yapmaktadır. Bugüne kadar ToBRFV, ağırlıklı olarak sera domateslerinde rapor edilmiştir. Domates meyvelerinde buruşuk kahverengi veya sarı lekeler göstermektedir. Bu belirtiler, meyvelerin piyasa değerini önemli ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Virüsün seralara girişini ve yayılmasını sınırlamak için katı biyogüvenlik önlemleri gereklidir. Üreticiler, güvenilir kaynaklardan tohum ve fide kullandıklarından emin olmalıdır.

Surveys were conducted on the fields of faba bean culture in Turkish republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) during 2011-2013 indicated that Botrytis fabae and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) are the diseases that cause crop loss at economic level. During the field surveys 117 infected plants that have the symptoms of both diseases were collected from 38 different locations. Symptomatologic, morphologic and classic tests indicated that 96 of the faba bean samples had Chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae and the conidia lengths have been measured between 12.7-22.4 x 9.4-17.8 microns. Faba bean samples with virus symptoms that were collected from 38 locations. All samples were infected by Bean common mosaic potyvirus (BCMV) serologically (DAS-ELISA). The 850 bp section of BCMV isolates coat protein was increased using RT-PCR method. This section was sequenced directly using ClonJet and characterization was determined. According to Blast obtained from sequences 98% and 96 % resemblances with Mexican and Columbian isolates have been found.

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is one of themost common Tobamoviruses can be found in worldwide. This virus haspotential to cause economic losses and has kept secret infections until harvesttime causing great damages on pepper fruits at this period. During 2016-2019production periods, it has been frequently seen in pepper grown areas. Severalisolates reported from different regions of the world regarding resistance withL4 gene fights against this virus disease. In this study, we aimed toinvestigate how the PMMoV increased and understood its incidence pepper grownareas in Turkey. In order to determine the effectiveness of L4 resistance,PMMoV and other suspected pepper samples were isolated. The collected sampleswere studied by RT-PCR technique using PMMoV-Kum isolate and its gene bank’saccess number (MK806437) was registered. A sensitive (B1) and 5 resistant(L4B1, L4B2, L4B3, L4B4, L4B5) plants were mechanically inoculated with thePMMoV-Kum isolate and their phenotypic observations were recorded. ThePMMoV-Kum isolate was confirmed as avirulent in biological tests, the PMMoVcould not overcome L4 gene mediated resistance. Furthermore, asuccessful primer set has determined as AP-7 / AP-8 in L4 gene mediatedresistance against occurrence of any PMMoV symptoms on the tested plants.Determining new PMMoV isolates which break the L4 gene mediated resistance, phylogenetic analyzes was performed todetermine its place among the world’s isolates., Biber hafif benek virüsü (Pepper mild mottle virus- PMMoV) Tobamovirüsler içerisinde yer alan dünya genelinde biber üretimalanlarında en sık karşılaşılan virüslerden biridir. Bu virüs çoğu zaman hasatdönemine kadar gizli kalabilmekte ve en büyük zararlarını hasat dönemindemeyveler üzerinde meydana getirebilmektedir. Bölgemizde son yıllarda biberüretim alanlarında sıklıkla karşılaşılan bir problem olarak karşımızaçıkmaktadır. Dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde L4 geni vasıtasıyla sağlanandayanıklılığı kıran virüs izolatının rapor edilmesi, ülkemizde de PMMoV’nin epidemidurumunun araştırılması gerekliliğini ortaya koymuştur. L4 dayanıklılığının etkinliğinibelirleyebilmek için bölgemizden biber üretim alanlarında PMMoV ile şüpheliörnekler toplanmıştır. RT-PCR tekniği ile doğrulanan bu örnek PMMoV-Kum olarakkodlanmıştır ve Gen bankasına kaydı yapılarak erişim numarası (MK806437)alınmıştır. PMMoV-Kum izolatı 1 hassas (B1) ve 5 dayanıklı (L4B1, L4B2, L4B3, L4B4,L4B5) bitkilerine mekanik inokulasyon yöntemi ile bulaştırılmıştır. Yapılanfenotipik gözlemler neticesinde PMMoV-Kum izolatının L4 genine bağlıdayanıklılığı kıramadığı biyolojik testler ile doğrulanmıştır. Dayanıklı olarakseçilen bitkiler üzerinde herhangi bir PMMoV simptomunun oluşmaması üzerine enbaşarılı çalışan L4 markırlarını belirlemeye yönelik primerlerin belirlenmesitez çalışmasının seyrini belirlemiş ve en başarılı markırın AP-7/AP-8 veP118/119primer çiftleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important Allium spp. plants that are widely cultivated throughout the world. A significant reduction in yield and quality due to virus infection is now a serious economic problem (1). In many cases, garlic plants are infected with a variety of viruses, but elimination of these viruses is difficult because this crop is propagated through bulbs. Potyviruses, carlaviruses, and allexiviruses have been detected in diseased garlic. Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and Leek Yellow Stripe Virus (LYSV), genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, are two important viral pathogens of garlic. Virus diseases of garlic are widespread in the world, causing serious damage to yields and quality of the crop. The East Mediterranean Region produces 14% of the garlic production of Turkey (110,000 t). A survey was done in garlic fields in Adana, Mersin, Kahramanmaras, Hatay, and Gaziantep provinces of Turkey where virus-like symptoms were noted in samples collected during the 2007–2008 growing season. Leaf and bulb samples were taken from 202 plants with leaf yellow stripe, mosaic, enations, and deformation or dwarfism symptoms. ELISA was performed with antibodies from Agdia (Elkhart, IN). Results indicated that 57 samples (28.2%) were infected with OYDV and 43 samples (21.2%) were infected with LYSV. In addition, 23 samples were determined to be infected by both viruses. All ELISA-positive samples and 10 ELISA-negative samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR with primers 1OYDV-G (5′ TTA CAT TCT AAT ACC AAG CA 3′) and 2OYDV-G (5′ GCA GGA GAT GGG GAG GAC GC 3′) for the detection of OYDV and primers 1LYSV (5′ TCA CTG CAT ATG CGC ACC AT 3′) and 2LYSV (5′ GCA CCA TAC AGT GAA TTG AG 3′) for the detection of LYSV. These primers were previously reported to be specific for the coat protein genes of OYDV and LYSV, respectively (2). Products of the expected size (774 bp for OYDV and 1,020 bp for LYSV) were amplified only from the ELISA-positive samples of the respective viruses, confirming infections by OYDV and LYSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of OYDV and LYSV in garlic in Turkey. References: (1) L. Bos et al. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 84:185, 1978. (2) T. V. M. Fajardo et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 26:619, 2001.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL) causes Fusarium crown and root-rot diseases and Tomato yellow leaf curling virus (TYLCV, Israel, Mild, Sardinian strains) infection leads to low yield and poor quality fruits, which causes important economic losses in tomato growing areas. In this study, previously developed molecular markers for FORL and TYLCV were used with 418 tomato genotypes which have characteristics of high yield, quality fruit and resistance to abiotic stresses. 62 tomato lines were obtained from Cukurova University (CU), 196 and 160 of tomato lines were generated from Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute (BATEM) and private sector, respectively. All genotypes were tested with classical and molecular methods where species specific resistance RAPD and SCARFrl primers for FORL, CAPS and Co-dominant SCAR primers for TYLCV resistance were used. Analyses revealed that 102 tomato genotype are resistant to FORL, 46 and 35 of plant genotypes contain TY3 and TY1 loci respectively. Three genotypes from BATEM and 4 genotypes from private sector contained the 3 target genes (FORL+TY1+TY3), however, none of the tested CU tomato genotype was resistant to the 3 target genes. Furthermore, yield and some fruit quality characteristics of 7 tomato lines which were resistant to both diseases were determined in molecular and classical tests. © 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary.

The Banana infecting viruses have an importance in the movement and propagation of plant germplasm, especially in areas where banana is propagated vegetatively. During field surveys 118 banana leaf samples have been tested by DAS-ELISA, PCR and RT-PCR have shown malformation, necrosis, chlorotic streak and mosaic symptoms collected from Mediterranean Coast Line (Adana, Antalya and Mersin provinces) of Turkey in 2015 and 2016. For diagnosis of CMV, BBTV, BSV, TMV, PVY, WMMV, PRSV, BCMV and TSWV pathogens that cause severe crop loss in banana plantations firstly, serological tests have been conducted using DAS-ELISA immune kit. Further identification and confirmation studies by PCR and RT-PCR from leaf samples exhibiting mild chlorotic streaks and mosaics on leaves, typical infection of Banana streak mosaic virus (BSV) and Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) were used. Their symptoms were truly matched in PCR (BSV & CMV) and DAS-ELISA (CMV) analyses. Disease incidence was consequently estimated between 17.79% (CMV) and 4.23% (BSV). This is the first molecular evidence for BSV or BSV mixed with CMV in banana in Turkey. Sequence information of PCR products were obtained from Hoplotypes and searched on BLAST system of NCBI. Phylogenetic analyses have informed the origin and ecology of CMV in bananas which were infected by vegetables grown inside the banana greenhouses The banana BSV isolate was in the same group isolates that were obtained in Kenya, Congo, Australia, China and India. © 2019, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary.

WOS: 000423720800019 This study examined the effects of matrix (PVA and Si) on the properties of TEMPO-treated nanocomposites preparing from different pulp sources (Kraft and NaBH4 treated Kraft). Chemical characterization and crystallization were determined via FT-IR, thermal stability via TGA and morphological alterations via SEM. UTM and DTMA were used to measure the Young's and storage moduli. The real and imaginary parts of permittivity and electric modulus were evaluated using an impedance analyzer. After interaction, prominent vibrations and alteration of crystallinity were seen. Storage and Young's moduli decreased after Si and PVA interaction. The Si-TOCN films showed higher permittivity properties and all of the films followed a similar trend of significantly dropping epsilon' and epsilon'' values at high frequency. The PVA-TOCN films had mechanical advantages at room temperature compared to the Si-TOCN films. However, the Si-TOCN films had better thermomechanical properties at high temperatures. NaBH4 revealed favorable effects on mechanical properties of the films. Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [COST 114O022]; Istanbul University Research FundIstanbul University [48069] The authors thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK Project Number: COST 114O022) and the Istanbul University Research Fund (Project Number: 48069).

Bohm, Martin/0000-0001-5160-7169 WOS: 000448985200001 Permeability of coatings for water and water vapor is an important factor in their wood protective function. In this study, the permeability of coatings in terms of liquid water and water vapor absorption and desorption was measured based on different parts of the standard EN 927. This study evaluated the permeability of commercial coating systems and ascertained effects of coating layering on the coating permeability. For this measurement, six different waterborne acrylate dispersions were used as paint on spruce test samples. The results clearly revealed that liquid water and water vapor uptake were affected by coating film thickness, number of coats, and coating composition (producer). It was ascertained that the type of coating pigmentation affected water absorption of coatings and that with a constant coating film thickness, the number of coats affected water vapor absorption and desorption, but not water absorption. Furthermore, it was observed that the number of coats affected the correlation between the coating film thickness and water vapor absorption and desorption. The values for water vapor absorption were much higher than for liquid water absorption and, unlike the water vapor absorption rate, the water vapor desorption rate was approximately 50% lower. Czech University of Life Sciences Prague [CIGA 20174304] This research was funded by Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, project no. CIGA 20174304.

Since January 2019, greenhouse tomato plants growing in Demre near Antalya in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were observed to have leaves with chlorotic mosaic, mottling, rugosity and occasional narrowing (Fig. 1). Necrotic spots were …

The means of bulb production, use of the infected plants in production, the presence of vectors and presence of virus in wild host plants are important factors influencing the spread of virus diseases in a given area. During a survey that was made in 2008 and 2009, heavily virus infected onion and garlic plants were observed near Urginea maritime (L) (Baker) plants in Adana and Mersin provinces. The virus diseases symptoms that were noticed on the wild plants were similar to that of onion and garlic plants. Samples of suspected infected garlic, onion and U. maritime plants were collected from fields and were tested by ELISA against Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) which is a major onion and garlic viruses disease. The highest absorbance value was obtained from the infected U. maritime samples. The samples were also tested by RT-PCR against the same and other viruses. Allexivirus coat protein genes of group specific AL-N30 (+) and AL-C10 (-) RT-PCR using primers U. maritime and garlic as a result work, 456 bp DNA bands were seen on the agarose gel. DNA fragments were directly sequenced and compared with the isolates. Japanese isolate is 93% similar to that of selected isolates. The 96 collected samples of U. maritime were found to be infected with LYSV and Allexivirus. 28 samples out of 96 U. maritime samples were found to be mix-infected with LYSV and Allexivirus. The study suggested that U. maritime serves as a source of inocula as well as overwintering host of and Potyvirus diseases spread. Finally, the result of studies revealed that U. maritime is a new recorded host of Allexivirus on the leek onion and garlic plants in Turkey.

Bu çalışma bitki bünyesindeki besin elementi miktarı ile biyotik stres koşulları arasındaki ilişkileri değerlendirmek amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Bu amaca yönelik olarak hıyar mozaik virüsüne (CMV) hassas Cemre F1 ve dayanıklı Melen F1 hıyar çeşitleri su kültüründe yetiştirilmiş ve bitkiler ilk gerçek yapraklı aşamaya geldiğinde CMV inokulasyonu yapılmıştır. Bitkilerin bazı besin elementi içerikleri (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B, P, K, Ca, S ve Mg) ile yeşil aksam ve kökte taze ve kuru ağırlık değerleri incelenmiştir. CMV Cemre F1 çeşidinde yeşil aksam taze (CMV-: 91.63 g; CMV+: 83.67 g) ve kuru ağırlık değerleri (CMV-: 7.13 g; CMV+: 6.73 g) üzerine etkili çıkmazken Melen F1 çeşidinde virüs bitki taze ağırlık (CMV-: 104.90 g; CMV+: 94.60 g) ve kuru ağırlık değerlerini (CMV-: 8.70 g; CMV+: 7.76 g) önemli derecede azaltmıştır. Kök taze ve kuru ağırlıkları bakımından ise CMV yeşil aksamın aksine hassas Cemre F1 çeşidinde etkili olurken Melen F1 çeşidinde önemli bulunmamıştır. Bitki besin elementi analizleri CMV'nin Cemre F1 çeşidinde yeşil aksamdaki B, P, K ve S üzerine etkilerinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olmadığını, incelenen diğer besin elementleri üzerine etkilerinin ise önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. CMV partikülleri hassas çeşit Cemre F1'de Zn, Mn, Ca ve Mg değerlerinin artmasına neden olurken Fe ve Cu değerlerinin azalmasına neden olmuştur. Dayanıklı çeşit Melen F1'de ise CMV sadece Cu değerlerinin düşmesine neden olurken diğer element içerikleri yönünden önemli etkiler oluşturmamıştır. Bitki köklerinde yapılan bitki besin elementi analizleri virüsün hassas çeşit Cemre F1'de Zn değerini (CMV-: 99.97 ppm; CMV+: 93.99 ppm) düşürdüğü ve Fe (CMV-: 1384 ppm; CMV+: 2092 ppm) değerini artırdığını gösterirken diğer besin elementi içeriklerine önemli etkiler yapmamıştır. Öte yandan dayanıklı Melen F1 çeşidinde ise kökteki bitki besin elementi içeriklerine CMV'nin etkisi önemli çıkmamıştır. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between nutrition content of plant and biotic stress condition. For that purpose CMVsusceptible Cemre F1 and CMV-resistant Melen F1 cucumber cultivars were grown in hydroponic culture. CMV was inoculated when the plants were at the first leaf stage. Plant nutrition content (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B, P, K, Ca, S, Mg) and fresh and dry matter were measured in leaves and roots separately. While CMV has not been found effective on leaf fresh and dry weight values of Cemre F1 it caused to reduction in leaf fresh (CMV-: 104.90 g; CMV+: 94.60 g) and dry weight (CMV-: 8.70 g; CMV+: 7.76 g) values of resistant Melen F1 cultivar. On the other hand while CMV affected root fresh and dry weight values of Cemre F1, it did not found to be effective on Melen F1 cultivar. Results showed that CMV did not affect leaf B, P, K and S content of Cemre F1. However CMV particles increased the Zn, Mn, Ca and Mg content of Cemre F1 leaves but decreased Fe and Cu contents. Nutritional contents of CMV-resistant Melen F1 leaves were not affected statistically significant except Cu. CMV reduced the Cu content of Melen F1 leaves. Nutritional element analysis in roots showed that effects of CMV were found to be significant in Cemre F1 for only Zn (CMV-: 99.97 ppm; CMV+: 93.99 ppm) and Fe (CMV-: 1384 ppm; CMV+: 2092 ppm), but not significant in Melen F1 cultivar.

Polygala myrtifolia isknown as Myrtle-leaf milkwort or Petite Butterflys, which is cultivated as anornamental in Turkey. During the observations in 2014-2015 summers, systemicmosaic and irregular yellowish lines were recorded on leaves. In order toidentify causal agent, leaf samples were tested by DAS-ELISA using specificpolyclonal antiserums against to TRSV (TobaccoRingspot Virus), ToRSV (TomatoRingspot Virus), SLRSV (StrawberryLatent Ringspot Virus), ArMV (ArabisMosaic Virus), CMV (Cucumber MosaicVirus), TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus),TNV (Tobacco Necrosis Virus), ToMV (Tomato Mosaic Virus), Tospo (Tospovirus), TSWV (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus), PVX (Potato Virus X), SqMV (SquashMosaic Virus), Poty (Group Poty Virus),PVY (Potato Virus Y), AMV (Alfalfa Mosaic Virus) and ZYMV (Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus), suppliedby BIOREBA AG for common ornamental plant viruses. The samples (8 individual,13.1%) which are positive for CMV in DAS-ELISA, were confirmed by RT-PCR usingtotal RNA extracted from leaves (100 mg). 513 bp cDNA bands in RT-PCR assay byprimer pairs Sense CMVr and Antisense CMVf were observed in 1.5% agarose gel.In Turkey, this study is the first record of CMV via serologicaly and moleculertechnics on Polygala that is evergreen in Antalya, may be also evidence ofuncontrolled distribution between species and vectors., Mersin Yapraklı Sütotu ya da Küçük Kelebek, olarakbilinen Polygala myrtifolia,Türkiye’de süs bitkisi olarak yetiştirilmektedir. 2014-2015 yaz mevsimlerindeyapılan gözlemler sırasında Mersin Yapraklı Sütotu bitkilerinin yapraklarında,sistemik mozaik ve düzensiz sarımsı izler gözlenmiştir. Neden olan etmenintanılanma için yaprak örnekleri BIOREBA AG’dan (Switzerland) temin edilenspesifik poliklonal antiserum ile DAS-ELISA tekniğine göre TRSV (Tobacco Ringspot Virus), ToRSV (Tomato Ringspot Virus), SLRSV (Strawberry Latent Ringspot Virus), ArMV(Arabis Mosaic Virus), CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus), TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus), TNV (Tobacco Necrosis Virus), ToMV (Tomato Mosaic Virus), Tospo (Tospovirus), TSWV (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus), PVX (Potato Virus X), SqMV (SquashMosaic Virus), Poty (Group Poty Virus),PVY (Potato Virus Y), AMV (Alfalfa Mosaic Virus) ve ZYMV (Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus) gibibilinen süs bitkisi virüslerine karşı testlenmiştir. DAS-ELISA’da CMV pozitiförnek (8 adet, %13.1) sonuçları, 100 mg yapraktan ekstrakte edilen toplamRNA’ların RT-PCR’da kullanılmasıyla doğrulanmıştır. Sense CMVr ve Anti senseCMVf primerleriyle yapılan RT-PCR sonucu, 513 bp cDNA bandları %1.5’lik agarozjelde gözlenmiştir. Antalya’da her dem yeşil olan Sütotu’nda CMV’nin serolojikve moleküler tekniklerle ilk kaydı olan bu çalışma belki de türler ve bölgelerarasında kontrolsüz yayılımının kanıtıdır.

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was for the first time detected in potato, peppers and alfalfa crops growing in North Cyprus. This virus was frequently found on the hosts nearby alfalfa plantation areas. The detection and characterization of AMV was made by bioassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The collected potato (154), alfalfa (81) and pepper (63) samples were proceeded to test by DAS ELISA and RT-PCR. RT-PCR tests using primers, specific for the coat protein gene of AMV, resulted in an amplicon of the expected size (351 bp). The amplicons were then direct sequenced and deposited in GenBank (JN104033, JN104034). Direct sequencing analyses showed that potato, alfalfa and pepper AMV virus isolates were highly similar to each other. Sequence analysis (BioEdit v 7.0.5) and a comparison with other AMV isolates showed about 96% (nt) identities with FN667767 and HQ185596. Comparison of the isolates of AMV to each other and type of symptoms expression of viruses on three host plants revealed that potato, pepper and alfalfa plants were infected by the same AMV strains. The results of serological and molecular assays clearly suggested that alfalfa plants is an over wintering host and source of inoculums of AMV. The virus from the infection source (the alfalfa fields) was transmitted by the migration of aphids at the nearby potato and pepper fields. Latter on, AMV has been completed the life cycle on potato and pepper plants at the end of growing seasons.

With the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991 and the end of the cold war, a revision was made to the creation of Turkish foreign policy. The reason for this cha...

İklim değişikliği zararlı böceklerin yoğunluğu ve dağılımındaki değişmelerin önemli bir nedeni olarak görülmektedir. Beyazsinekler (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) dünyada pek çok tarımsal sistemin önemli bitki zararlısı ve virüs vektörleridir. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tüm dünyada beyazsinek grubu içinde en önemli zararlı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu zararlının salgınlarını tahmin etmeye olanak sağlayacak bir klimatik model geliştirmek üzere uluslararası bir araştırmanın parçası olarak Adana ilinde doğa koşullarında 2013 yılı sonbaharı ve 2014 yılı yaz başında B. tabaci'nin gelişmesi ve canlılık oranı incelenmiştir. Çalışma süresince sıcaklık ve nem değerleri her saat kaydedilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda sıcaklığın B. tabaci'nin gelişme süresi ve canlılık oranını önemli ölçüde etkilediği ve gelişme süresi ile sıcaklık arasında ters korelasyon olduğu saptanmıştır. B. tabaci'nin ergin öncesi gelişme süresi sıcaklıktaki artışla birlikte kısalmış olup, sonbahar ve yaz başında doğa koşullarındaki ortalama 21.4°C and 24.6°C sıcaklıkta sırasıyla 24.6 ve 21.8 gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Zararlının ergin öncesi toplam ölüm oranı larva dönemindeki ölümlerin fazlalığından dolayı yaz başında daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma ile elde edilen sonuçlardan Entegre Zararlı yönetimi programlarında yeni yaklaşımların geliştirilmesinde yararlanılabilecektir., Climate change is an important driver of changes in the abundance and distribution of insect pests. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are important plant pests and virus vectors in many agricultural systems worldwide. Among them, the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is considered the most devastating pest of various crops worldwide. As a part of a multinational effort to develop a climatic model that will predict B. tabaci population outbreaks, the developmental time and survival rate of B. tabaci were evaluated under field conditions in Adana, Turkey in autumn 2013 and early summer in 2014. The temperature and humidity were measured hourly during the experiments. Results indicated that temperature has significant effects on immature life stages development and mortality of B. tabaci, and an inverse relationship between development time and temperature was observed. The total preadult developmental time of B. tabaci declined with increasing temperature, and was 24.6 and 21.8 days at average field temperatures of 21.4°C and 24.6°C in autumn and early summer, respectively. Higher total preadult mortality rate occurred in early summer 2014 due to considerably higher larval mortality. These results will be used for the development of new tools for combating the pest as a part of an IPM program.

Mersin Yaprakli Sutotu ya da Kucuk Kelebek, olarak bilinen Polygala myrtifolia , Turkiye’de sus bitkisi olarak yetistirilmektedir. 2014-2015 yaz mevsimlerinde yapilan gozlemler sirasinda Mersin Yaprakli Sutotu bitkilerinin yapraklarinda, sistemik mozaik ve duzensiz sarimsi izler gozlenmistir. Neden olan etmenin tanilanma icin yaprak ornekleri BIOREBA AG’dan (Switzerland) temin edilen spesifik poliklonal antiserum ile DAS-ELISA teknigine gore TRSV ( Tobacco Ringspot Virus ), ToRSV ( Tomato Ringspot Virus ), SLRSV ( Strawberry Latent Ringspot Virus ), ArMV ( Arabis Mosaic Virus ), CMV ( Cucumber Mosaic Virus ), TMV ( Tobacco Mosaic Virus ), TNV ( Tobacco Necrosis Virus ), ToMV ( Tomato Mosaic Virus ), Tospo ( Tospovirus ), TSWV ( Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ), PVX ( Potato Virus X ), SqMV ( Squash Mosaic Virus ), Poty ( Group Poty Virus ), PVY ( Potato Virus Y ), AMV ( Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ) ve ZYMV ( Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus ) gibi bilinen sus bitkisi viruslerine karsi testlenmistir. DAS-ELISA’da CMV pozitif ornek (8 adet, %13.1) sonuclari, 100 mg yapraktan ekstrakte edilen toplam RNA’larin RT-PCR’da kullanilmasiyla dogrulanmistir. Sense CMVr ve Anti sense CMVf primerleriyle yapilan RT-PCR sonucu, 513 bp cDNA bandlari %1.5’lik agaroz jelde gozlenmistir. Antalya’da her dem yesil olan Sutotu’nda CMV’nin serolojik ve molekuler tekniklerle ilk kaydi olan bu calisma belki de turler ve bolgeler arasinda kontrolsuz yayiliminin kanitidir.

In a survey of four fig-growing provinces of Turkey (Adana, Hatay, Sanliurfa and Mersin), 132 samples were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess the presence of Fig leaf mottle-associated virus 1 (FLMaV-1), Fig leaf mottleassociated virus 2 (FLMaV-2) and Fig mosaic virus (FMV). All samples were negative in PCR to FLMaV1, whereas FLMaV-2 and FMV were detected in six (4.5%) and 10 (7.6%) of the samples, respectively. Both viruses were found in fig trees collected in the provinces of Adana, Hatay and Sanliurfa, but no infection was found in Mersin province. Sequence analysis of amplified DNA showed a level of nucleotides variability ranging from 1 to 10% for FLMaV-2 and from 6 to 17% for FMV isolates. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Turkish FLMaV-2 isolates in one cluster together with other near-eastern FLMaV-2 isolates previously reported in GenBank.

In the Çukurova University Department of Horticulture more than 350 melon accessions were collected from different ecological parts of Turkey which is located on the secondary genetic diversification center of this crop, and their characterization studies are near completion. Furthermore, evaluation studies of these materials have started. In the present study 67 melon accessions, sampled from this germplasm, were tested for resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). After resistance tests made by mechanical inoculation, four accessions (‘CU 100’, ‘CU 287’, ‘CU 305’ and ‘CU 328’) were found resistant to ZYMV and three accessions (‘CU 305’, ‘C 264’, and ‘C 276’) to WMV. No resistant genotype was found to CMV.

Although the world has never been wealthier than its current state, there are more than a billion people, one in five of the world's population, still living in extreme poverty. As the world has be...

CRISPR/Cas9 is one of the most robust technologies for plant breeding enabling precise and efficient modifications in a genome. This technology is being used for the manipulation of target genes in a host to develop resistance against the plant pathogens. Cucumis sativus elF4E is one of the target genes playing a key role in viral infection during interaction with potyvirus viral proteins genome linked (VPg). Nevertheless, the allelic and positional effect of elF4E mutations in C. sativus is to be clarified in elF4E-VPg interaction. In addition, there are entanglements in the massive production of pathogen-resistant cultivars suitable for commercial production using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Therefore, we targeted different positions of the elF4E in G27 and G247 inbred lines, using specific gRNA1 and gRNA2 for the first and third exons, respectively, and 1,221 transgene-free plants were selected in segregated T1 generation, where 192 G27 and 79 G247 plants had the least mutation at Cas9 cleavage site of gRNA1 or gRNA2. Crossing was performed to see allelic effects of elfF4E mutations in F1 populations, which were homozygous and heterozygous single (elF4E_1DEL or elF4E_3DEL) and double (elF4E_1-3DEL) mutants. Disease symptoms of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) were evaluated in both non-edited and edited F1 plants, and we did not observe any symptom in homozygous elF4E_1-3DEL and elF4E_1DEL mutants. However, homozygous elF4E_3DEL was positive in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), even if there were no significant symptoms on the inoculated leaves. ELISA and qRT-PCR indicated lower viral accumulation in homozygous elF4E_3DEL than heterozygous and non-edited plants. Regeneration and transformation protocols were also optimized comprehensively for both the genotypes. The average number of shoots/100 explants was determined for both G27 and G247 as 13.6 and 18.0, respectively. We could not detect any distinguishing difference between the non-edited and edited F1 plants for yield and morphology. Our results demonstrate an effective route for mass production of viral resistant cultivars of cucumber to WMV, ZYMV, and PRSV. In this way, the pathogen-resistant cultivars could be generated to reduce the losses caused by these pathogens in cucumber production.