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Geotextile tubes hydraulically or mechanically filled with dredged materials have been successfully applied to hydraulic and coastal engineering in recent years (e.g. shore protection structures, sea dikes, groins, jetties, detached breakwaters). This method is becoming popular and has been widely applied in the developed countries of the world. It is economical as well as useful, and enables us to store and isolate contaminated materials obtained from harbour dredging. In this study, a numerical analysis was performed to investigate the behaviour of geotextile tubes in terms of various properties of the material, shape condition and pumping pressure. The computer program GeoCoPS was employed for this analysis. Also, field tests were conducted in order to identify the construction workability of Saemangeum inner dike when the geotextile tube method is applied. In the field tests, geotextile tubes of 62 m in length and 4.0 m in diameter were used. The field tests found that geotextile tubes, when filled, did not have the same diameter as the unfilled theoretical one, but might reach approximately 55% of the theoretical diameter. At that time, the effective height of a geotextile tube was about 2.2 m. The behaviour during and after construction was measured to confirm the construction method and workability, which ended in successful identification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The results of Saemangeum seadike field inspection and material testing of armor stones in order to analyze causes of abrasion according to material characteristics of seaside armor stones in Saemangeum seadike are in the following: 1. The armor stones in Saemangeum seadike have been constructed by using internal stones (mainly, sinsi stones) and external stones, which had less strength (77.3 %) and more abrasion rate (133.3 %) compared with sinsi stones. 2. The compressive strength and abrasion rate were compared between ordinary wave section and high wave section for the purpose of analyzing the influence of waves. In compressive strength, sinsi stones were 4.0 % stronger and external stones were 0.6 % stronger in ordinary wave section than those of high wave section in average. In the case of abrasion rate, sinsi stones were 3.0 % higher and external stones were 8.2 % higher in the high wave section than those in the ordinary section. 3. The result of comparing compressive strength according to a zone is that the compressive strength in the Intertidal area was less strong in most of the zones. 4. Considering that deviated stones are moving around over the surface of armor stones in situ, it is important to compare material characteristics. So the comparison test about this factor showed that deviated sinsi stones were stronger than armor stones in situ in terms of compressive strength and resistance to abrasion. Based on these results, abraded armor stones may have resulted from their durability. Therefore it is assumed that armor stones are likely to be abraded when deviated stones which are more durable are moving around over armor stones which are less durable.

This study is focused on analyzing the deformation types of seaside armor stones based of field survey in order to establish the cause of abrasion following the deformation of seaside armor stones. 1. The deformation of seaside armor stone in saemangeum sea dike was classified as three different types: floating, deviation, and abrasion. 2. It was discovered that the stones floated to the extent of maximum 50 m, as the result of inspecting floating stones which were situated on different ten places. 3. The average number of deviation in the high ocean wave section was four times more than that in the ordinary ocean wave section, as a result of comparing the deviation number of the ordinary ocean wave section and that of the high ocean wave section for the purpose of inspecting the relation between the deviation of armor stones and the effects of ocean wave. 4. The angular shape of armor stones seen in the initial construction period has been abraded smoothly, as result of comparing of the shape change of armor stones for the purpose of inspecting abrasion state of seaside armor stones. 5. It was discovered that the abrasion of armor stone was severe in the section of many floating stones, as a result of analyzing the levels of abrasion and the cumulative sections of floating stones for the purpose of investigating the cause of abrasion.

Cyanex-272 isa commercially available extractant along with its series,Cyanex-301 and Cyanex-302. The structural formulas andphysical properties or the Cyanex series are given in Table 1.That is, the organophosphorus compounds containing thephosphoryl group (P=O) have been widely used as analyticalextractants since the 1940s. Especially, Smart and coauthorsmeasured the metal extracting abilities of these threeextractants, and found that Cyanex-301 and Cyanex-302extracted metal ions much better than Cyanex-272 in thescCO

Fiberoptic bronchoscope guided tracheal intubation is more popular in patient with expected difficult intubation by conventional laryngoscopy. We report a case of smooth fiberoptic bronchoscope guided tracheal intubation under local anesthesia. A 10% lidocaine spray 2-3 puffs of pharyngolaryngeal topical anesthesia and 2% lidocaine injection through a 19 gauge epidural catheter (ARROW) placed over the fiberoptic bronchoscope suction channel for laryngeal and tracheal anesthesia were sufficient to prevent pain, coughing and nausea.