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Abstract With the increasing demand for fresh food markets, refrigerated transportation has become an essential component of logistics operations. Currently, fresh food transportation frequently faces issues of high energy consumption and high costs, which are inconsistent with the development needs of the modern logistics industry. This paper addresses the optimization problem of multi-vehicle type fresh food distribution under time-varying conditions. It comprehensively considers the changes in road congestion at different times and the quality degradation characteristics of fresh goods during distribution. The objectives include transportation cost, dual carbon cost, and damage cost, subject to constraints such as delivery time windows and vehicle capacity. A piecewise function is used to depict vehicle speeds, proposing a dynamic urban fresh food logistics vehicle routing optimization method. Given the NP-hard nature of the problem, a hybrid Tabu Search (TS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) approach is designed to compute an optimal solution. Comparison with TS and GA algorithm results shows that the TS-GA algorithm provides the best optimization efficiency and effectiveness for solving large-scale distribution problems. The results indicate that using the TS-GA algorithm to optimize a distribution network with one distribution center and 30 delivery points resulted in a total cost of CNY 12,934.02 and a convergence time of 16.3 s. For problems involving multiple vehicle types and multiple delivery points, the TS-GA algorithm reduces the overall cost by 2.94–7.68% compared to traditional genetic algorithms, demonstrating superior performance in addressing multi-vehicle, multi-point delivery challenges.

Abstract Objective In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of HuangQiSiJunZi Decoction (HQSJZD) for treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using network pharmacology and bioinformatics analyses. Methods Effective chemical components together with action targets of HQSJZD were selected based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Meanwhile, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from TNBC sample data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Additionally, we built a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and acquired hub genes. Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) datasets were utilized to verify the accuracy of hub gene expression. Additionally, enrichment analyses were conducted on key genes. Furthermore, TNBC severity-related high-risk factors were screened through univariate together with multivariate Cox regressions; next, the logistic regression prediction model was built. Moreover, differential levels of 22 immune cell types in TNBC tissues compared with normal tissues were analyzed. The hub gene levels within pan-cancer and the human body were subsequently visualized and analyzed. Finally, quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate the correlation of the hub genes in TNBC cells. Results The study predicted 256 targets of active ingredients and 1791 DEGs in TNBC, and obtained 16 hub genes against TNBC. The prognostic signature based on FOS, MMP9, and PGR was independent in predicting survival. A total of seven types of immune cells, such as CD4 + memory T cells, showed a significant difference in infiltration (p

Abstract Despite the gradual development of students’ sedentary habits and associated health problems, only a few studies have extensively and systematically measured campus built environments (CBE) and their impact on street walking activity. This study explores the association between CBEs and pedestrian volume (PV). Comprehensive questionnaires, field audits, and GIS were used to measure the CBE variables and PV of 892 street segments on eight Chinese campuses in Tianjin. We used negative binomial regression models without spatial autocorrelations to investigate the relationship between the CBEs and PV. The findings indicated that campus Walk Score, facility and residential land ratio, campus design qualities, sidewalk conditions, street amenities, and other streetscape features were positively associated with PV. This study presents implications for campus research and planning practices in designing a pedestrian-friendly, sustainable, and healthy campus.

Abstract Improving walkability in the campus environment and socio-psychological environments can promote students’ mental health and subjective well-being. This study aimed to propose a theoretical model to investigate the link of perceived campus walkability (PCW) with mental health and life satisfaction (LS), and to disentangle the mediating impact of socio-psychological environments and academic performance on this relationship, while simultaneously considering the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. We applied structural equation modeling to analyze the data collected through a questionnaire survey conducted at six universities and colleges in Yantai, China. PCW had both direct and indirect positive effects on mental health and LS. However, indirect effects are greater than direct effects. Walking attitudes, social capital, and academic performance were critical to the relationship between PCW, mental health, and LS. Academic performance had the strongest indirect effect on mental health, while social capital had the strongest indirect effect on LS. We also found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, body mass index and family income were significantly correlated with mental health and LS. The findings indicate that campus planners and policymakers should improve PCW and support the socio-psychological environment to promote students’ mental and social health during situations like the COVID-19 pandemic.

The desert steppe is unique as a transition zone from the steppe to the desert of the Eurasian Steppe. The spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants has changed due to long-term disturbance caused by overgrazing in the ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the degree of patchiness of shrubs and perennial plants under grazing disturbance, which is of great significance to better understand the succession mechanism of plant community in the desert steppe. This study investigated the spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants under four stocking rates (no grazing, CK, 0 sheep·hm−2·half year−1; light grazing, LG, 0.93 sheep·hm−2·half year−1; moderate grazing, MG, 1.82 sheep·hm−2·half year−1; heavy grazing, HG, 2.71 sheep·hm−2·half year−1) in the desert steppe of Inner Mongolia, primarily using geostatistical methods. The density of perennial grasses increased with increasing stocking rate, while its height decreased (except for HG). The density and height of the shrubs and the perennial forbs showed an exponential or gradual decline. The spatial distribution of shrubs and perennial plants is mainly affected by structural factors such as topography, soil parent material, and climate, and the density of shrubs and perennial plants is most sensitive to changes in stocking rate. An appropriate stocking rate increases the spatial heterogeneity of shrubs and perennial plants, but heavy grazing reduces the spatial heterogeneity of shrubs and perennial plants.

Community stability plays a vital role in ensuring the consistent provision of ecosystem services despite climatic changes. It is presumed that future changes to annual precipitation will impact the ecological stability of many systems, particularly the ‘fragile’ desert steppe. However, most studies of ecological stability are inferred from short-term field precipitation manipulation experiments. There is still extensively to learn regarding how the desert steppe reacts to long-term changes in precipitation. We conducted a 7-year experimental study monitoring the aboveground biomass of major plant functional groups (perennial grasses, perennial forbs, annual herbs, and semi-shrubs) under four experimentally manipulated precipitation gradients [reducing natural precipitation by 50% (-50%), natural precipitation (CK), increasing natural precipitation by 50% (+50%), and increasing natural precipitation by 100% (+100%)] to evaluate how changes in precipitation affect the biomass stability of plant communities. We did observe higher levels of species asynchrony, resistance, resilience, and temporal stability of community and functional groups in experimental plots receiving more precipitation. Interestingly, the contribution of species richness to community stability was not observed in our experiment. The increase in soil water content in the 20–30 cm soil layer caused by increased precipitation promoted the resilience of perennial grasses but inhibited the resistance of perennial forbs. At the same time, the decrease in soil inorganic nitrogen caused by increased rainfall inhibited the resilience of perennial grasses. Notably, community resilience predominantly hinged on the resilience of perennial grasses, while community resistance was primarily dictated by the resistance of perennial forbs. Moreover, species asynchrony emerged as the primary regulator of community temporal stability. Our long-term experimental evidence underscores the transformative potential of precipitation in reshaping grassland stability across both functional and structural dimensions. Importantly, sustaining the high stability of perennial herbs emerges as a strategic avenue for enhancing the ecological stability of the desert steppe in the face of evolving precipitation patterns.

Abstract The poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (THCA) subtype is associated with an aggressive disease course, a less favorable overall prognosis, and an increased risk of distant organ metastasis. In this study, our objective was to explore the potential utility of the Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 3 (SPRED3) as a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis in THCA patients. The differentially expressed prognostic-related genes associated with THCA were identified by querying The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The difference in the expression of the SPRED3 gene between thyroid carcinoma (THCA) tissues and normal tissues was analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and further validated through immunohistochemistry. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used, along with clinical information from THCA patients, to analyze the prognostic value of the SPRED3 gene in THCA patients. Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulatory effects of the SPRED3 gene on thyroid carcinoma. Additionally, we calculated the percentage of infiltrating immune cells in THCA patients and evaluated their correlation with SPRED3 gene expression. Compared with those in noncancerous thyroid tissue, the gene and protein expression levels of SPRED3 were found to be elevated in thyroid carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, the expression of SPRED3 in thyroid carcinoma exhibited significant correlations with tumor location, histological grade, pathological stage, and tumor node metastasis classification (TNM) stage. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards (Cox) regression analyses demonstrated that SPRED3 could serve as an independent prognostic factor for predicting the overall survival of THCA patients. The results of functional enrichment analysis suggested the potential involvement of SPRED3 in the regulation of extracellular matrix organization, epidermal development, signaling receptor activator activity, skin development, receptor ligand activity, glycosaminoglycan binding, neuroactive ligand‒receptor interaction, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, there were significant correlations between the expression level of the SPRED3 gene and the infiltration of various immune cells (eosinophils, central memory T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells) within the thyroid tumor microenvironment. SPRED3 can be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with THCA could potentially be therapeutic target for THCA.

Many college students have adopted sedentary and physically inactive lifestyles, leading to obesity, diabetes, and other epidemics. Improving campus walkability can promote students’ walking activities and health conditions. This study aims to explore the influence of street-level environmental walkability attributes on campus pedestrian activity in a developing country, and thus present physical activity and health promotion campus planning and design strategies. Based on the Urban Design Quality theory, we use field audit to measure five environmental qualities and 23 types of streetscape features at eight Chinese university campuses. Several negative binomial regression models, without spatial autocorrelation, are fitted to analyze the effect of campus micro-scale walkability environmental attributes on pedestrian volume in different types of campuses. We found that environmental qualities and street space part streetscape features significantly affect pedestrian volume. Pedestrian-oriented campus planning strategies are presented based on the results.

The performance of two underexploited ternary oxides – Ba3Fe2O6 and Ba5Fe2O8 are investigated for carbon dioxide capture and chemical looping oxygen uncoupling. The ternary compound Ba3Fe2O6 was found to have a structure characterised by space group Pa3¯. Experimental results have shown that both Ba3Fe2O6 and Ba5Fe2O8 are capable of cyclically capturing CO2 at temperatures above 800 °C. Ba5Fe2O8 demonstrated superior CO2 capture performance compared to Ba3Fe2O6, with consistent gravimetric CO2 uptake capacities of 4.35 wt% and 13.39 wt% at 900 °C and 1000 °C, respectively, over 20 cycles. In comparison, Ba3Fe2O6 demonstrated high initial CO2 uptake capacities which deteriorated cyclically, with 20 cycle average capacities of 7.73 wt% and 11.99 wt% at 900 °C and 1000 °C, respectively. Ba3Fe2O6 also exhibits excellent recyclability and satisfactory chemical looping oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) activity over temperature swing cycles between 550 °C and 950 °C. In contrast, the strong affinity with CO2 makes Ba5Fe2O8 unsuitable for application in chemical looping oxygen uncoupling or chemical looping air separation, especially in the presence of substantial partial pressures of CO2.

With the rapid development and wide applications of information and communication technologies, human production and life and social governance are evolving in the direction of digitizing, informatization, and intelligence.As one of the most widely applied wireless communication technologies, the wireless local area network (WLAN) needs to make further breakthroughs in the key performance such as data throughput, reliability, and latency and needs to add sensing functions and intelligence.The huge frequency resources of the millimeter wave (mmWave) band have injected new momentum into the development of WLAN.But the mmWave WLAN has also brought new technical challenges and requirements.Firstly, the WLAN development history was reviewed, and network structures, typical applications, development directions, and performance index requirements of WLAN in the future were summarized.Then, the characteristics of wireless channels in the mmWave band were given, and the new requirements and challenges for mmWave WLAN design were analyzed.Finally, some potential key technologies that may meet these challenges and requirements were discussed and prospected.

Background Veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation serves as a crucial mechanical circulatory support for pediatric patients with severe heart diseases, but the mortality rate remains high. The objective of this study was to assess the short‐term mortality in these patients. Methods and Results We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for observational studies that evaluated the short‐term mortality of pediatric patients undergoing veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. To estimate short‐term mortality, we used random‐effects meta‐analysis. Furthermore, we conducted meta‐regression and binomial regression analyses to investigate the risk factors associated with the outcome of interest. We systematically reviewed 28 eligible references encompassing a total of 1736 patients. The pooled analysis demonstrated a short‐term mortality (defined as in‐hospital or 30‐day mortality) of 45.6% (95% CI, 38.7%–52.4%). We found a significant difference (P

Abstract Purpose Optimal treatment of breast abscesses has been controversial. Herein, we report an innovative method for the operative treatment of lactational mammary abscesses. Methods Nineteen lactating patients diagnosed with breast abscesses were enrolled in the study, and abscess debridement and drainage were performed using an arthroscopic system. The clinical characteristics of the patients were recorded to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and cosmetic results of arthroscopic surgery for breast abscesses. Results All 19 patients were cured and did not relapse within the 6-month-follow-up period. One patient stopped breastfeeding due to breast leakage. All patients were satisfied with the postoperative appearance of the breast. Conclusion Arthroscopic debridement and drainage are effective treatment methods for lactational breast abscesses, with a high cure rate, few complications, and satisfactory cosmetic outcomes.

BackgroundChanges in rainfall induced by climate change will likely influence the utilization of water resources and affect the nutrient cycle in plants in the water-limited desert steppe. In order to understand the response of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption characteristics of plant leaves to precipitation changes, this study compared the nitrogen (N) resorption efficiency, phosphorus (P) resorption efficiency and influencing factors of plants in a desert steppe through water treatment experiments.MethodsA 4-year field experiment was performed to examine the response and influencing factors of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus resorption efficiency of five dominant plants in Stipa breviflora desert steppe to simulated precipitation change in Inner Mongolia, with four simulated precipitation gradients including reducing water by 50%, natural precipitation, increasing water by 50%, increasing water by 100%.ResultsCompared with natural precipitation, increasing water by 100% significantly increased soil moisture, and significantly increased the aboveground biomass of S. breviflora, C. songorica, A. frigida, decreased the N concentrations in green leaves of S. breviflora, Cleistogenes songorica, Artemisia frigida, Kochia prostrata, decreased the N concentrations in senesced leaves of C. songorica, decreased the P concentrations in green leaves of K. prostrata and Convolvulus ammannii, decreased the NRE of S. breviflora. NRE was significantly negatively correlated with N concentration in senesced leaves, and PRE was significantly negatively correlated with P concentration in senesced leaves.ConclusionsIncreasing water indirectly reduces NRE by reducing plant leaf green leaves nitrogen concentration, and decreasing water indirectly reduces PRE by reducing soil moisture.

Abstract A dual‐polarised symmetrically cross‐slotted square patch (SCSSP) antenna with multimode resonance is proposed for 5G millimetre‐wave broadband applications. A symmetrical cross‐slot is etched on the square patch surface to change the original E‐field distribution where a whole square patch is cut into four disconnected equal parts. For both polarisations, this etching also tunes the resonance frequencies of the two modes to be sufficiently close to each other. Therefore, the antenna can realize good impedance performance within the wide designated bandwidth. Dual‐polarised radiation of the SCSSP is vertically excited by three bow‐tie‐shaped slots and fed by two orthogonal substrate integrated coaxial lines. Simulated and measured results show that the fabricated prototype achieves a broad overlapped impedance bandwidth of 50.0% (24–40 GHz), isolation higher than 30 dB between the two input ports, stable radiation pattern, and low cross‐polarisation over the operating band. Moreover, the proposed SCSSP antenna with compact size, planar shape, and simple vertical feeding is very well‐suited for two‐dimensional array design.

The development of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is dependent on both genetic predisposition and traditional risk factors. Strategies for unraveling the genetic basis of PCAD have evolved with the advent of modern technologies. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified a considerable number of common genetic variants that are associated with PCAD. Most of these genetic variants are attributable to lipid and blood pressure-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genetic variants that predispose individuals to developing PCAD may depend on race and ethnicity. Some characteristic genetic variants have been identified in Chinese populations. Although translating this genetic knowledge into clinical applications is still challenging, these genetic variants can be used for CAD phenotype identification, genetic prediction and therapy. In this article we will provide a comprehensive review of genetic variants detected by GWASs that are predicted to contribute to the development of PCAD. We will highlight recent findings regarding CAD-related genetic variants in Chinese populations and discuss the potential clinical utility of genetic variants for preventing and managing PCAD.

Current Chinese campus planning and design have neglected to promote walking activity (WA). Lacking WA and developing sedentary and physical inactivity habits can lead to obesity, diabetes, and other noncommunicable diseases. Academia has confirmed that WA can be facilitated by planning and designing built environment (BE) interventions. Accordingly, this study aims to explore the effect of campus BE features on walking in different regions’ campuses and present nuanced campus planning and design strategies. We selected the objectively measured BE features of destination accessibility, land use, street connectivity, and spatial configuration. Environmental design qualities and pedestrian facilities were chosen as the micro-level BE features. We applied GIS 10.1 and sDNA to calculate gross BE features and field audit tools to measure street environmental features and pedestrian volume (PV). We built negative binomial regression models and eliminated spatial autocorrelation to investigate and compare the BE correlates of walking in urban and suburban campuses. Similarities and differences were found among the outcomes derived from the two regions. We found that campus Walk Score, land use attributes of facility density and park land ratio, complexity, and other features closely correlate with PV in the two types of campuses. Comparatively, closeness, transparency, and complexity only influence urban campuses’ PV, while block length, entropy, facility land ratio, and sidewalk quality only correlate with PV on suburban campuses. According to these findings, we proposed different and targeted campus renewal and planning strategies for WA and walkability promotion.

Vascular remodeling during microgravity exposure results in postflight cardiovascular deconditioning and orthostatic intolerance in astronauts. To clarify the underlying mechanism, we investigated whether estrogen receptor α (ERα)-NRF1-OMI-mitophagy signaling was involved in the dedifferentiation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) under simulated microgravity. Phenotypic markers, mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in rat thoracic artery smooth muscle cells were examined. Four-week hindlimb unweighting (HU) was used to simulate microgravity in rats and 10% serum was used to induce VSMCs dedifferentiation in vitro. The effects of ERα-NRF1-OMI signaling on mitophagy, phenotypic switching and proliferation of VSMCs, and cerebrovascular remodeling in HU rats were studied by genetic manipulation and chronic drug intervention. We found that ERα is positively associated with contractile phenotype switching but inversely correlated with synthetic phenotype switching and proliferation of VSMCs both in vivo and in vitro. During the dedifferentiation process of VSMCs, reduced mtDNA copy number, disturbed mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration, and perturbed fission-fusion-mitophagy signaling were detected, which were reversed by ERα overexpression. Mechanistically, the ERα downstream protein OMI preserved the mitochondrial Parkin level by increasing its protein stability, thereby protecting mitophagy. In line with this, we found that activating ERα signaling by propyl pyrazole triol (PPT) could alleviate the synthetic phenotype switching and proliferation of HU rat cerebral VSMCs by reestablishing fission-fusion-mitophagy hemostasis. The current study clarified a novel mechanism by which inhibited ERα-NRF1-OMI-mitophagy signaling resulted in synthetic phenotype switching and proliferation of VSMCs and cerebrovascular remodeling under simulated microgravity.

Introduction Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) is an available treatment for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), which is the most common cause of pain and disability. Nonetheless, whether the clinical effects are like that of most used drugs is unclear. Thus, this study aims to determine the effect of PEMF on pain relief by comparing them with the positive drug (celecoxib). Furthermore, this clinical trial aims to evaluate the effect of PEMF on function and quality of life with a long-term follow-up.Methods and analysis This two-armed, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial will be conducted in the outpatient physiatry/physiotherapy clinic or inpatient ward of 17 hospitals in China. A total of 428 individuals will be included who are more than 40 years of age with diagnosed KOA. The participants will be randomly allocated to the PEMF group: receiving a 6-week PEMF (15 Hz, 30 mT) at a frequency of 40 min per day, 5 days per week plus sham drug (n=214), or drug group: receiving a 6-week celecoxib 200 mg combined with sham PEMF (n=214). Clinical outcomes will be measured at baseline (T0), mid-term of intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2), 10, 18 and 30 weeks (T3–5) of follow-up after randomisation. The primary outcome will be the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) pain index. The secondary outcomes will be WOMAC function and stiffness, pain measured by numerical rating score, quality of life, 6-minute walk test, pain catastrophising scale and responder index.Ethics and dissemination The trial is performed following the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and consent form have been approved by the Ethics Committee on Biomedical Research of West China Hospital of Sichuan University (#2021-220). All patients will give informed consent before participation and the trial is initiated after approval. Results of this trial will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number ChiCTR2100052131.

CO2, despite its role as the primary greenhouse gas, is well-accepted as the most affordable and abundant nontoxic C1 source. Integrated CO2 capture and conversion (ICCC) is an emerging and promising process capable of reducing CO2 emissions and in-situ producing value-added products such as CH4 and syngas. This article reviews the recent research progress on the ICCC process, with an emphasis on the development of dual function materials (DFMs). The ICCC process with the combination of different CO2 catalytic conversions is first discussed from a thermodynamic point of view. The influence of operation parameters on the performance of DFMs is also summarized in detail. Then, the development of DFMs categorized by the catalytic component (i.e., Ni, Ru, etc.) is reviewed, including their performance and potential reaction mechanisms. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the ICCC process are highlighted.

Summary: Programmable vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurface is proposed at THz frequencies. The insulating and metallic states of VO2 can be switched via external electrical stimulation, resulting in the dynamical modulation of electromagnetic response. The voltages of different columns of the metasurface can be controlled by the field-programmable gate array, and thus the phase gradients are realized for THz beam steering. In 1-bit coding, we design periodic and nonperiodic 24 × 24 coding sequences, and achieve wide-angle beam scanning with the deflection angles from −60° to +60°. In 2-bit coding, we use two different meta-atoms to design 18 × 18 coding sequences. Compared with 1-bit coding, 2-bit coding has more degree of freedom to control the optical phase, and 3 dB diffraction efficiency is improved by generating a single deflection angle. The proposed programmable metasurfaces provide a promising platform for manipulating electromagnetic wave in 6G wireless communication.

BackgroundCoronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common progressive disease that is difficult to diagnose and predict in the young asymptomatic period. Our study explored a mechanistic understanding of the genetic effects of premature CHD (PCHD) and provided potential biomarkers and treatment targets for further research through high throughput sequencing and integrated bioinformatics analysis.MethodsHigh throughput sequencing was performed among recruited patients with PCHD and young healthy individuals, and CHD-related microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using R software. Enrichment analysis and CIBERSORT were performed to explore the enriched pathways of DEGs and the characteristics of infiltrating immune cells. Hub genes identified by protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were used to construct the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. Potential drugs were predicted by using the Drug Gene Interaction Database (DGIdb).ResultsA total of 35 DEGs were identified from the sequencing dataset and GEO database by the Venn Diagram. Enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs are mostly enriched in excessive immune activation pathways and signal transduction. CIBERSORT exhibited that resting memory CD4 T cells and neutrophils were more abundant, and M2 macrophages, CD8 T cells, and naïve CD4 T cells were relatively scarce in patients with PCHD. After the identification of 10 hub gens, three ceRNA networks of CD83, CXCL8, and NR4A2 were constructed by data retrieval and validation. In addition, CXCL8 might interact most with multiple chemical compounds mainly consisting of anti-inflammatory drugs.ConclusionsThe immune dysfunction mainly contributes to the pathogenesis of PCHD, and three ceRNA networks of CD83, CXCL8, and NR4A2 may be potential candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment targets of PCHD.

BackgroundSynovial macrophages play important roles in the formation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). This study aimed to explore the biological and clinical significance of macrophage-associated genes (MAGs) in OA.MethodsThe OA synovial gene expression profiles GSE89408 and GSE82107 were obtained from the GEO database. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and GSEA were employed to decipher differences in immune infiltration and macrophage-associated biological pathways, respectively. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and machine learning were utilized to establish a macrophage-associated gene diagnostic signature (MAGDS). RT-qPCR was performed to test the expression of key MAGs in murine models.ResultsOA synovium presented high levels of immune infiltration and activation of macrophage-associated biological pathways. A total of 55 differentially expressed MAGs were identified. Using PPI analysis and machine learning, a MAGDS consisting of IL1B, C5AR1, FCGR2B, IL10, IL6, and TYROBP was established for OA diagnosis (AUC = 0.910) and molecular pathological evaluation. Patients with high MAGDS scores may possess higher levels of immune infiltration and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), implying poor biological alterations. The diagnostic value of MAGDS was also validated in an external cohort (AUC = 0.886). The expression of key MAGs was validated in a murine model using RT-qPCR. Additionally, a competitive endogenous RNA network was constructed to reveal the potential posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms.ConclusionsWe developed and validated a MAGDS model with the ability to accurately diagnose and characterize biological alterations in OA. The six key MAGs may also be latent targets for immunoregulatory therapy.

A small amount of campus walkability research has considered facility layout and environmental quality. The aim of this paper is to use a Walk Score and Urban Design Quality to assess campus walkability and investigate the impact of a campus Walk Score, environmental quality and other streetscape features on walking activity. This paper optimizes the Walk Score method based on the frequency, variety, and distance of students’ walking to and from public facilities. A total of 157 campus street segments from the Weijin Road Campus of Tianjin University in China were selected to assess campus Walk Scores and environmental quality through the use of GIS and field audits. The effect of campus walkability and environmental features on pedestrian volume was examined by negative binomial regression. We found that Walk Score, transparency, street furniture, the number of buildings and noise level have a positive effect on walking activity, while enclosure and building basic color show a negative relationship with pedestrian volume. The results will be used to propose strategies to improve campus walkability and promote walking activity.

Fe-Cr-based soft magnetic alloy (SMA) monolayer coatings with high saturation magnetization (Ms) above 1.3 T were deposited onto AISI 1010 substrate by co-axial powder feeding plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding, using FeCrBSi self-fluxing powders Fe313, which have a similar chemical composition to AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel (FSS). The effect of welding parameters on the phase assemblage, microstructure, hardness and magnetic performance of the coatings was investigated. The results show that the coating’s maximum width and the welding surplus height increased with the rise in welding heat input and powder distribution density, respectively. The coating’s Ms increased sharply, but its coercivity (Hc) decreased with the growth in the substrate dilution ratio. The coating’s Hc increased whereas its Ms decreased with the increment in welding heat input. The as-welded coating C3 with optimum magnetic performance had a dendrites–eutectics composite structure, where the columnar or equiaxed sorbitic pearlite dendritic cores surrounded by network-like eutectics α(Fe,Cr) + (Fe1−xCrx)2B were the main contents. Moreover, (Fe,Cr)7C3 and CrB had also been detected, and they were mainly distributed in the interdendritic regions. The body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) α(Fe,Cr) multi-element solid solution contributes to a high Ms of 1.61 T, and the borides (Fe1−xCrx)2B and CrB as well as (Fe,Cr)7C3 and other carbides cause a high Hc of 58.6 Oe and hardness HV0.3 of 4.90 ± 0.06 GPa, much higher than that of AISI 430 FSS (HV < 1.8 GPa). The current work verifies the feasibility of fabricating Ni- and Co-free FeCrBSi SMA coatings with high Ms and high hardness via PTA welding, and since the feedstock powders have chemical composition similar to AISI 430 FSS, the work may bring about novel applications for AISI 430 FSS in particular cases where the considerable wear-resistant performance as well as superior soft magnetic and anti-corrosive properties are required.

Ever since the deployment of the first-generation of mobile telecommunications, wireless communication technology has evolved at a dramatically fast pace over the past four decades. The upcoming fifth-generation (5G) holds a great promise in providing an ultra-fast data rate, a very low latency, and a significantly improved spectral efficiency by exploiting the millimeter-wave spectrum for the first time in mobile communication infrastructures. In the years beyond 2030, newly emerged data-hungry applications and the greatly expanded wireless network will call for the sixth-generation (6G) communication that represents a significant upgrade from the 5G network - covering almost the entire surface of the earth and the near outer space. In both the 5G and future 6G networks, millimeter-wave technologies will play an important role in accomplishing the envisioned network performance and communication tasks. In this paper, the relevant millimeter-wave enabling technologies are reviewed: they include the recent developments on the system architectures of active beamforming arrays, beamforming integrated circuits, antennas for base stations and user terminals, system measurement and calibration, and channel characterization. The requirements of each part for future 6G communications are also briefly discussed.

Abstract Background Root-knot nematode is one of the most significant diseases of vegetable crops in the world. Biological control with microbial antagonists has been emerged as a promising and eco-friendly treatment to control pathogens. The aim of this study was to screen and identify novel biocontrol agents against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Results A total of 890 fungal isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil of different crops and screened by nematicidal activity assays. Snef1910 strain showed high virulence against second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita and identified as Trichoderma citrinoviride by morphology analysis and biomolecular assay. Furthermore, T. citrinoviride Snef1910 significantly inhibited egg hatching with the hatching inhibition percentages of 90.27, 77.50, and 67.06% at 48, 72, and 96 h after the treatment, respectively. The results of pot experiment showed that the metabolites of T. citrinoviride Snef1910 significantly decreased the number of root galls, J2s, and nematode egg masses and J2s population density in soil and significantly promoted the growth of tomato plants. In the field experiment, the biocontrol application showed that the control efficacy of T. citrinoviride Snef1910 against root-knot nematode was more than 50%. Meanwhile, T. citrinoviride Snef1910 increased the tomato plant biomass. Conclusions T. citrinoviride strain Snef1910 could be used as a potential biological control agent against root-knot nematode, M. incognita.

Based on the vision on the 6G wireless communication network,i.e.,global coverage,all spectrums and all applications,we comprehensively survey 6G related wireless channel measurements,channel characteristics,and channel models for all frequency bands and all scenarios.Millimeter wave (mmWave),terahertz (THz),optical band,satellite,unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV),maritime,underwater acoustic,high-speed train (HST),vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V),massive/ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO),orbital angular momentum (OAM),and industry Internet of things (IoT) communication channels were particularly investigated.The related 6G channel measurement and modeling results were also given.Finally,future research challenges on 6G channel measurements and modeling were pointed out.

Abstract Background Lung cancer surgery is associated with a high incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). Preliminary evidence suggests that ERAS processes can reduce overall incidence of PPCs as short- and long-term recovery improved by supporting units to adopt evidence-based care. However, the evidence is inconclusive due to insufficient high-level studies in this research field. No well-designed, adequately powered, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have investigated the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation based ERAS program (PREP) on post-operative pulmonary complications, pulmonary function, and health related quality of life following lung cancer surgery. Methods The PREP trial is a pragmatic, investigator-initiated, multi-center, randomized controlled, parallel group, clinical trial. Five hundred patients scheduled for minimally invasive pulmonary resection at six hospitals in China will be randomized with concealed allocation to receive either i) a pre-operative assessment and an information booklet or ii) a pre-operative assessment, an information booklet, plus an additional education, a 30-min pulmonary rehabilitation training session and the post-operative pulmonary rehabilitation program. The primary outcome is incidence of PPCs defined with the Melbourne Group Scale diagnostic scoring tool. Secondary outcomes include incidence of cardiopulmonary and other complications, pulmonary function, cardiopulmonary endurance, muscle strength, activity level, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), pre- and post-operative hospital length of stay (LOS), and total hospital LOS. Discussion The PREP trial is designed to verify the hypothesis that pulmonary rehabilitation based ERAS program reduces incidence of PPCs and improves pulmonary function and HRQoL in patients following lung cancer surgery. This trial will furthermore contribute significantly to the limited knowledge about the pulmonary rehabilitation based ERAS program following lung cancer surgery, and may thereby form the basis of future recommendations in the surgical community. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR1900024646, 21 July 2019.

As a key module for self-driving cars and advanced driver assistant systems (ADAS), frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) automotive millimeter-wave (mmwave) radar has a good market prospect. Due to the relative motion of target and radar in the detection window, the motional frequency spread is inevitable especially for wide-band FMCW automotive mmwave radar systems with large bandwidth and possible high-speed motion. In this paper, for wide-band FMCW automotive mmwave radar systems, we first derive analytical expressions of the motional frequency interference term and phase interference term in the intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Then, the effect of frequency spread is comprehensively analyzed with the help of numerical results. Motivated by the mechanism and influence of frequency spread, we propose three schemes for motional frequency spread calibration with different performance-complexity tradeoff. Finally, simulations verify that the proposed schemes can effectively compensate the degradation of system resolution and parameter estimation accuracy due to frequency spread.

Deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs) are promising light sources for disinfection, especially during the pandemic of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite much effort in the development of DUV LEDs, the device temperature and ideality factor are key parameters of devices, which are often neglected. Here, we developed a simple and convenient method to study the behavior of a 280 nm AlGaN-based DUV LED, obtaining the electrical, optical, and thermal properties within one measurement. From the experimental results, we find that the light output power and wall-plug efficiency of the AlGaN-based DUV LED are strongly affected by device temperature, ideality factor (β), and series resistance (Rs). β decreases from 9.3 to 8.1 at 40 mA when the temperature increases from 302 to 317 K. We compared these results with simulations and found that the high potential barriers inside the device and the carrier concentration in n-type or p-type layers, especially the hole concentration in p-type layers, are the two key factors for the high value of the ideality factor from the LED structure. As the device temperature increases, carriers with higher energy would overcome some potential barriers and Mg acceptor activation would be more efficient, which are beneficial for carrier transportation. However, these also lead to the carrier overflow and weaken the radiative recombination rate. The trade-off role of device temperature in carriers between transportation and overflow is needed to be considered in the future development of DUV LEDs with higher efficiency and higher brightness.

Abstract Objective To determine the three‐dimensional (3D) changes of the spinal canal length (SCL) after corrective surgeries and their association with the radiographic and clinical outcomes of idiopathic scoliosis patients. The length of the spinal cord has been demonstrated to be strongly correlated with the SCL. Understanding the changes in SCL could help determine the morphologic changes in the spinal cord to prevent spinal cord injury. Methods Twenty‐seven scoliotic patients' 3D spinal canal were investigated using computed tomography images. The SCL between the upper and lower end vertebrae (U/L‐EV) was measured at five locations. The radiographic parameters of each patient and the patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) scores were also collected. The correlations of the changes of the SCLs with the other factors were analyzed. Results The SCL between the U/L‐EV changed non‐uniformly at different locations. The post‐operative SCLs were significantly elongated by 7.5 ± 3.5 mm (6.0 ± 2.5%, P

Aquaculture wastewaters have been used in rice irrigation directly or indirectly. Antibiotics in aquaculture wastewater entering the rice fields with irrigation will affect the soil physicochemical properties, microbial properties, and nitrogen conversion. A pot experiment irrigated with simulated aquaculture wastewater was performed to study the effects of sulfamethazine in aquaculture wastewater on nitrogen concentration and conversion-related microorganisms in rice fields with different irrigation modes. Sulfamethazine (500 ng/L, 1500 ng/L, and 3000 ng/L) decreased the NH4+ concentration at the late tillering stage and NO3− concentration at the late tillering and jointing–booting stages (p < 0.05) but increased the NH4+ concentration at the late tillering stage (p < 0.05). Sulfamethazine (3000 ng/L) promoted the lowest nitrogen conversion gene (amoA, nirS, and nirK) abundances and the most special community structure of nitrogen conversion microorganism under mild alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Furthermore, Nitrosospira_sp._KAN8, belonging to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), was sensitive to sulfamethazine. Flora with the same nitrogen conversion genes exhibited different variations under the same treatment. The results show that antibiotic and mild AWD caused more serious adverse effects to soil nitrogen conversion and nitrogen conversion microorganisms, which will increase the environmental risks of sulfamethazine. It can provide a basis for the scientific and rational use of aquaculture water to irrigate rice fields.

Steam gasification of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) for hydrogen-rich syngas production was investigated in a lab-scale gasification system with CaO modification. A simulation model based on Aspen Plus was built to study the characteristics and the performance of the RDF gasification system. The influences of gasification temperature, steam to RDF ratio (S/R), and CaO adsorption temperature on the gas composition, heating value, and gas yield were evaluated. Under the gasification temperature of 960 °C and S/R of 1, H2 frication in the syngas increased from 47 to 67% after CaO modification at 650 °C. Higher syngas and H2 yield were obtained by increasing both S/R and gasification temperature. However, as the CaO adsorption temperature increased, a lower H2 fraction was obtained due to the limitation of the CaO adsorption capacity at high temperatures. The highest H2 fraction (69%), gas yield (1.372 m3/kg-RDF), and H2 yield (0.935 m3/kg-RDF) were achieved at gasification temperature of 960 °C, S/R of 2, and CaO modification temperature of 650 °C. The variation trends of simulation results can match well with the experiment. The deviation was mainly because of the limitation of contact time between the gasification agent and RDF, uneven temperature distribution of the reactors, and the formation of tar during the experiment.

Background: Anti-inflammatory therapy has been proposed as a promising treatment for coronary heart disease (CHD) that could reduce residual inflammation risk (RIR) and therefore major adverse cardiovascular events. We implemented a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the clinical benefits of anti-inflammatory agents in patients with CHD based on secondary cardiovascular prevention.Methods: We systemically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for RCTs (published between Jan 1, 1950, and June 1, 2021; no language restrictions) that focused on anti-inflammatory therapy for coronary heart disease. Our primary end points of interest were a composite of all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction and stroke. We processed pooled data using a random-effects model.Results: Of 1497 selected studies, 18 studies with 67,449 participants met our inclusion criteria and were included in the present meta-analysis. Comparing anti-inflammatory agents with placebo, there was no significant decrease in risk of primary end points, secondary end points, all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke or revascularization. Further subgroup analysis indicated that anti-inflammatory agents led to a significant reduction in secondary end points (OR 0.87, CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.03), recurrent myocardial infarction (OR 0.86, CI 0.78–0.95; P = 0.003) and revascularization (OR 0.81, CI 0.70–0.92; P = 0.001) in patients with stable CHD compared with placebo. Moreover, stable CHD patients had a lower propensity for recurrent myocardial infarction than acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients when using anti-inflammatory agents (P = 0.03). The colchicine subgroup analysis showed that colchicine yielded a promising reduction in the primary end points (OR 0.81, CI 0.70–0.95; P = 0.009) compared with placebo. Anti-inflammatory agents were associated with a higher risk of infection (OR 1.13, CI 1.03–1.23; P = 0.007) and negligible effects on cancers (OR 0.98, CI 0.90–1.06; P = 0.61).Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory agents appear to have beneficial effects in reducing the risk of recurrent myocardial infarction in patients with stable CHD, albeit at the cost of increased infection. Notably, colchicine demonstrates a promising cardioprotective effect with a lower incidence of major cardiovascular events and thus is a potential therapeutic strategy for stable CHD patients.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021245514.

Abstract Background Radiation or radiochemotherapy is a common adjuvant therapy for gastric cancer. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been demonstrated to provide better dose conformity, allowing dose escalation and/or reduction of normal tissue exposure compared with three-dimensional conformal radiation treatment (3D-CRT). However, the efficacy of IMRT and 3D-CRT in gastric cancer remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of IMRT with those of 3D-CRT in treating patients with gastric cancer through conducting a meta-analysis of 3-year survival rates [overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS)], local control rates, and toxic event rates. Methods Embase, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and clinical trial databases were searched to identify the clinical trials of IMRT versus 3D-CRT for treating patients with gastric cancer. The obtained data of survival and safety were analyzed using the Stata 14.0 software. Results A total of 9 controlled clinical studies, including 516 patients with gastric cancer, met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the 3-year OS rate was slightly higher in the IMRT group than in the 3D-CRT group, without any statistical significance. The 3-year local control rate was significantly higher in the IMRT group than in the 3D-CRT group. No significant difference in the 3-year DFS rate was found between the IMRT and 3D-CRT groups. Grade 2–4 toxicities were similar between the IMRT and 3D-CRT groups. Conclusion The findings suggested that IMRT might be superior to 3D-CRT in treating patients with gastric cancer in terms of local control rates without increasing toxicity.

Anomaly data detection is not only an important part of the condition monitoring process of rolling element bearings, but also the premise of data cleaning, compensation and mining. Aiming at the abnormal data segment detection of the vibration signals of a rolling element bearing, this paper proposes an abnormal data detection model based on comprehensive features and parameter optimization isolation forest (CF-POIF), which can adaptively identify abnormal data segments. First, in order to extract the mutation feature of vibration signals more accurately, the concept of comprehensive feature is proposed, which integrates the time domain and wavelet packet energy features. Then, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the rectangular window length and sub sample set capacity in the isolation forest for anomaly detection. Finally, three real cases concerning abnormal data are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to detect missing data, drift data and external interference data effectively, and it has a higher F1 score and accuracy compared to other methods.

Electroconductive hydrogels (EHs) are promising composite biomaterials of hydrogels and conductive electroactive polymers, incorporating bionic physicochemical properties of hydrogels and conductivity, electrochemistry, and electrical stimulation (ES) responsiveness of conductive electroactive polymers. The biomedical domain has increasingly seen EHs’ application to imitating the biological and electrical properties of human tissues, acclaimed as one of the most effective biomaterials. Bone’s complex bioelectrochemical properties and the corresponding stem cell differentiation affected by electrical signal elevate EHs’ application value in repairing and treating bone, cartilage, and skeletal muscle. Noteworthily, the latest orthopedic biological applications require broader information of EHs. Except for presenting the classification and synthesis of EHs, this review recapitulates the advance of EHs application to orthopedics in the past five years and discusses the pertinent development tendency and challenge, aiming to provide a reference for EHs application direction and prospect in orthopedic therapy.

In order to avoid subjective estimation of the direction of groove by using a tester in the four-ball friction test, an automatic wear angle detection method based on gray difference of inclination angle is proposed in this paper. First, the gray difference between the pixel and its W × 2W neighborhood pixels is acquired, in which each neighborhood pixel corresponds to an inclination angle. Second, a row’s grayscale difference of inclination angle is calculated, which is the sum of grayscale difference of all pixels in the same row with the same inclination angle. Third, the inclination angle corresponding to the minimum row’s grayscale difference is defined as the approach angles. Finally, the first t approaching angles with the highest frequency determine the wear angles. Compared with true angles determined manually, the simulation results of 200 samples show that the average absolute error is 2.1238° and the average running time is 1.3 s per frame. The influence of the algorithm parameters on detection precision is also analyzed.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cause of acute death worldwide. Both innate and adaptive immunity regulate atherosclerosis progression, plaque stability, and thrombus formation. Immune and inflammation dysfunction have been indicated in the pathogenesis of ACS. The imbalance in the proatherogenic and antiatherogenic immune networks promotes the transition of plaques from a stable to unstable state and results in the occurrence of acute coronary events. The residual inflammatory risk (RIR) has received increasing attention in recent years, and lowering RIR has been expected to improve the outcomes of ACS patients. The CANTOS, COLCOT, and LoDoCo trials verified the benefits of reducing cardiovascular events using anti-inflammation therapies; however, most of the other studies focusing on lowering RIR produced negative or contradicting results. Therefore, restoring the balance in autoimmune regulation is essential because proatherogenic and antiatherogenic immunomodulatory effects are equally important in the complex human immune network. In this review, we summarized the recent evidence of the roles of proatherogenic and antiatherogenic immune networks in the pathogenesis of ACS and discussed how immune and inflammation contribute to atherosclerosis progression, plaque instability, and adverse cardiovascular events. We also provide a “from bench to bedside” perspective of a novel and promising personalized strategy in RIR intervention and therapeutic approaches for the treatment of ACS.

Abstract Background In an earlier study, we investigated the expression of tight junction protein claudins (CLDNs) in human osteosarcoma (OS) cells, and the CLDN2 was found to be down-regulated in primary tumor cells compared with normal osteoblast cells. Here, we sought to explore the effects of CLDN2 on the malignant phenotype of OS and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods The expression patterns of CLDN2 and afadin in OS tissues and histologically non-neoplastic bone tissues were explored via immunohistochemistry and western blotting. CLDN2 expression levels in an OS cell line stably expressing CLDN2 and an osteoblast cell line with a CLDN2 knockout were confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The malignant phenotype of OS cells and osteoblast cells in vitro was assessed using a cell counting kit-8 assay, transwell assay and wound-healing experiment. Western blotting was utilized to detect the activation state of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Moreover, an RNA interference method were used to silence afadin in CLDN2-expressing OS cells. Results Our research group found that CLDN2 and afadin was underexpressed in OS tissues, and the overexpression of CLDN2 significantly inhibited the migration abilities of OS cells. Genetic silencing of afadin in CLDN2-overexpressing OS cells promoted U2OS cell motility and activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Conclusions In this study, we confirmed that CLDN2 expression significantly inhibited the malignant phenotype of OS cells in vitro. Inhibition of the ERK pathway by afadin may be one of the mechanisms by which CLDN2 blocks the metastasis phenotype of OS cells.

Abstract Stable and safe operation of power grids is an important guarantee for economy development. Support Vector Machine (SVM) based stability analysis method is a significant method started in the last century. However, the SVM method has several drawbacks, e.g. low accuracy around the hyperplane and heavy computational burden when dealing with large amount of data. To tackle the above problems of the SVM model, the algorithm proposed in this paper is optimized from three aspects. Firstly, the gray area of the SVM model is judged by the probability output and the corresponding samples are processed. Therefore the clustering of the samples in the gray area is improved. The problem of low accuracy in the training of the SVM model in the gray area is improved, while the size of the sample is reduced and the efficiency is improved. Finally, by adjusting the model of the penalty factor in the SVM model after the clustering of the samples, the number of samples with unstable states being misjudged as stable is reduced. Test results on the IEEE 118-bus test system verify the proposed method.

Abstract Background Several studies have suggested that claudin proteins, which are the main components of tight junction structures, are related to the regulation of cell polarity and cell differentiation. Method To explore the expression profiles of the tight junction proteins claudin-2, − 5, − 8 and − 9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, IHC (immunohistochemical analysis), Western blot and real-time PCR were used to detect the expression profiles of these claudin proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and in non-neoplastic mucosal tissues. Results According to our study, the expression levels of claudin-2 and claudin-5 were reduced, while the expression of claudin-8 was increased in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues in comparison with non-neoplastic mucosal tissues. Correlations between claudin-2 and -5 expression and metastatic progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were also found. Conclusion In summary, our research reveals distinct expression profiles of claudin-2, − 5 and − 8 in non-neoplastic mucosal tissues and nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. In addition, the expression of these claudin proteins was highly correlated with metastatic progression and prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and had predictive value for the metastasis and survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

To extract fault features of rolling bearing vibration signals precisely, a fault diagnosis method based on parameter optimized multi-scale permutation entropy (MPE) and Gath-Geva (GG) clustering is proposed. The method can select the important parameters of MPE method adaptively, overcome the disadvantages of fixed MPE parameters and greatly improve the accuracy of fault identification. Firstly, aiming at the problem of parameter determination and considering the interaction among parameters comprehensively of MPE, taking skewness of MPE as fitness function, the time series length and embedding dimension were optimized respectively by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then the fault features of rolling bearing were extracted by parameter optimized MPE and the standard clustering centers is obtained with GG clustering. Finally, the samples are clustered with the Euclid nearness degree to obtain recognition rate. The validity of the parameter optimization is proved by calculating the partition coefficient and average fuzzy entropy. Compared with unoptimized MPE, the propose method has a higher fault recognition rate.

Facing the bottleneck problem of the scarcity of the traditional spectrum resource and the demand of wireless business that increases explosively,millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication with rich available spectrum resources become a promising way for the next generation broadband wireless cellular communication.However,the features of the large propagation path loss and severe oxygen and water molecules absorb of mmWave bring great challenge to the mmWave communication technology research.After analyzing the propagation properties of mmWave communication,a comprehensive analysis and summary of the research progress and radio front end were given out.Challenges of mmWave communication were profoundly analyzed and the corresponding research direction was put forward.

In this paper, the dynamic channel characteristics at 23.5 GHz in an indoor scenario are investigated according to measurement and deterministic simulation. In order to obtain accurate channel realizations, the ray tracing (RT) software is calibrated on both the power delay profile and the path levels. For the measurement data, the propagation paths are identified using the non-parametric peak detection algorithm. The cluster-alike behaviors of these paths and the influence of the antenna radiation pattern are also studied through the comparison with the RT simulated paths. Subsequently, the evolutionary traces of channel with regard to the user equipment's movement are identified by associating the samples, which have the similar parameters at adjacent locations. The features of these traces are analyzed in both statistical and individual ways. Results show that the life durations of most traces are within 5 m. The line of sight and reflected paths with significant power survive longer than the others. These observations confirm the feasibility of designing adaptive beam tracking algorithms based on the spatial consistency of the dominant propagation paths. Moreover, high correlations among the variations of different parameters in the same trace are revealed.

Pain hypersensitivity is the most common category of chronic pain and is difficult to cure. Oxidative stress and certain cells apoptosis, such as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, play an essential role in the induction and development of pain hypersensitivity. The focus of this study is at a more specific molecular level. We investigated the role of advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs) in inducing hypersensitivity and the cellular mechanism underlying the proapoptotic effect of AOPPs. Normal rats were injected by AOPPs-Rat serum albumin (AOPPs–RSA) to cause pain hypersensitivity. Primary cultured DRG neurons were treated with increasing concentrations of AOPPs–RSA or for increasing time durations. The MTT, flow cytometry and western blot analyses were performed in the DRG neurons. A loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed. We found that AOPPs triggered DRG neurons apoptosis and MMP loss. After AOPPs treatment, intracellular ROS generation increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, whereas, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a specific ROS scavenger could inhibit the ROS generation. Proapoptotic proteins, such as Bax, caspase 9/caspase 3, and PARP-1 were activated, whereas anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was down-regulated. AOPPs also increased Nox4 and JNK expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that AOPPs cause pain hypersensitivity in rats, and extracellular AOPPs accumulation triggered Nox4-dependent ROS production, which activated JNK, and induced DRG neurons apoptosis by activating caspase 3 and PARP-1.

Demand side management techniques have drawn significant attentions along with the development of smart grid. This paper proposes a new direct load control (DLC) model for scheduling interruptible air conditioner loads. The model is coordinated with the unit commitment and economic dispatch to minimize the total operation cost over the whole dispatch horizon. The network constraints are also considered in the model. To ensure the thermal comfort of the occupants, we are among the first to incorporate the advanced two-parameter thermal inertia dynamical model of customer houses into the DLC model to calculate the indoor temperature variation. This paper also proposes a distributed imperialist competitive algorithm to effectively solve the model. The simulation studies prove the efficiency of the proposed methodology.

The editor has retracted this article [1] because of flaws and inconsistencies in the methodology, reporting and interpretation of the data.