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Abstract Detrital composition of sandstone is the most important data for siliciclastic studies including sandstone classification, provenance analysis, oil and gas exploration. A large amount of detrital composition data has accumulated over the past decades, however, they are scattered in publications without unified standards. Here we constructed a global dataset of detrital components of sandstones from 646 peer‐reviewed publications using Gazzi‐Dickinson method. A total of 19,861 samples from Precambrian to Quaternary are involved in this dataset. For each sample, we present details on reference information, geographic information, geological background, depositional age and the original data. It is a high‐quality dataset for the information on each sandstone sample from different studies which was standardized. The dataset can be used widely, such as for stratigraphic comparison, provenance analysis, exploring the general laws of the source‐to‐sink process and geological engineering.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a crucial public health issue and a major cause of liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. At present, orally administered small molecule drugs, such as nucleoside / nucleotide analogues, are recommended as the first‐line treatment for HBV. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is hindered by off‐target toxicity caused by the whole‐body permeation distribution of these oral drugs. As an emerging drug delivery technology, systemically administered nanocarriers can enhance the aqueous solubility and stability of encapsulated drugs, prolong circulation times, and deliver them efficiently to the liver, showing great promise for increasing the safety and efficacy of small molecule drugs. Furthermore, nanocarriers also accelerate the clinical translation of new therapies, such as nucleic acids and vaccines. This review article highlights the progress of nanoparticle delivery systems in anti‐HBV therapeutics and discusses the opportunities and challenges for the future development of anti‐HBV nanotherapeutics.

Summary: Sorafenib, a first-line drug for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), unfortunately encounters resistance in most patients, leading to disease progression. Traditional approaches to counteract this resistance, particularly those targeting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, often face clinical feasibility limitations. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH), unlike conventional thermal therapies, emerges as a promising alternative. It uniquely combines magnetothermal effects with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study found the potential of intracellular MH enhanced the efficacy of sorafenib, increased cellular sensitivity to sorafenib, and reversed sorafenib resistance by inhibiting the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway in an ROS-dependent manner in a sorafenib-resistant HCC cell. Further, in a sorafenib-resistant HCC mouse model, MH significantly sensitized tumors to sorafenib therapy, resulting in inhibited tumor growth and improved survival rates. This presents a promising strategy to overcome sorafenib resistance in HCC, potentially enhancing therapeutic outcomes for patients with this challenging condition.

Abstract Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dysregulated inflammatory response. Previous studies have reported that shikonin (Shik) possess prominent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and holds promise as a potential therapeutic drug for sepsis. However, the poor water solubility and the relatively high toxicity of shikonin hamper its clinical application. To address this challenge, we constructed Zn2+-shikonin nanoparticles, hereafter Zn-Shik-PEG NPs, based on an organic-inorganic hybridization strategy of metal-polyphenol coordination to improve the aqueous solubility and biosafety of shikonin. Mechanistic studies suggest that Zn-Shik-PEG NPs could effectively clear intracellular ROS via regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, meanwhile Zn-Shik-PEG NPs could inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated activation of inflammation and apoptosis by regulating the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. As a result, the Zn-Shik-PEG NPs demonstrated excellent therapeutic efficacies in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as cecal ligation puncture (CLP) induced sepsis model. These findings suggest that Zn-Shik-PEG NPs may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of other ROS-associated and inflammatory diseases.

Based on the observed biological activity of 1,2,4-triazin-5-one derivatives and their cyclic analogues, a novel series of 7H-thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazin-7-one derivatives that contain ester moiety compounds 3a-3g, carboxylic acid moiety compounds 4a-4g and piperazine amide moiety compounds 5a-5k at position-3 of the thiazolotriazinone scaffold were synthesized. The intermolecular cyclization occurred regioselectively at N2-position of 1,2,4-triazine ring was characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis. The in vitro biological activities of the target compounds were assayed against some bacterial strains. Compared with ciprofloxacin, compounds 3g and 4g exhibited more excellent antibacterial activity, especially the activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, showing that the fluorine at the para position of the benzyl group would be the best choice. In addition, compounds 4e-4g with carboxylic acid moiety can enhance the antibacterial activity. Compounds 5g-5k containing bulky 1-(substituted phenyl)piperazine moiety were found with slightly less biological activity. Similar to ciprofloxacin, the docking result of target compounds with DNA topoisomerase II indicates the carboxyl group of the target compounds with carboxylic acid moiety has a crucial salt bridge interaction with Mg2+ in the protein.

Abstract Cancer immunotherapy has shown promising therapeutic results in the clinic, albeit only in a limited number of cancer types, and its efficacy remains less than satisfactory. Nanoparticle-based approaches have been shown to increase the response to immunotherapies to address this limitation. In particular, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a powerful manipulator are an appealing option for comprehensively regulating the immune system in vivo due to their unique magnetically responsive properties and high biocompatibility. This review focuses on assessing the potential applications of MNPs in enhancing tumor accumulation of immunotherapeutic agents and immunogenicity, improving immune cell infiltration, and creating an immunotherapy-sensitive environment. We summarize recent progress in the application of MNP-based manipulators to augment the efficacy of immunotherapy, by MNPs and their multiple magnetically responsive effects under different types of external magnetic field. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms underlying the promotion of antitumor immunity, including magnetically actuated delivery and controlled release of immunotherapeutic agents, tracking and visualization of immune response in real time, and magnetic regulation of innate/adaptive immune cells. Finally, we consider perspectives and challenges in MNP-based immunotherapy.

Abstract Thermal decomposition in solution is the most effective approach for achieving highly monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). However, a simple, economical, and environment‐friendly iron precursor with high iron content remains in great demand. Although siderite (FeCO3) has been reported to produce iron oxide particles via calcination, it is difficult to control the shapes of the obtained particles compared to those obtained by solution methods. Herein, FeCO3 was employed as a precursor in solution thermal decomposition to prepare monodisperse IONPs and investigated the influence of reaction conditions on the particle size, including the concentration of oleic acid, concentration of the precursor, and the reaction temperature. The seed‐mediated growth method with FeCO3 as a precursor was also studied to extend the scope of particle size. The experimental results demonstrate that high‐quality IONPs can be synthesized in solution via FeCO3 thermal decomposition. The particle diameter was tuned between 3 and 20 nm by varying the reaction conditions, and by seed‐mediated growth. FeCO3 is thus a readily available, economical, environment‐friendly precursor with high iron content, which is a novel candidate for the synthesis of IONPs.

ObjectiveTo develop a deep learning model for synthesizing the first phases of dynamic (FP-Dyn) sequences to supplement the lack of information in unenhanced breast MRI examinations.MethodsIn total, 97 patients with breast MRI images were collected as the training set (n = 45), the validation set (n = 31), and the test set (n = 21), respectively. An enhance border lifelike synthesize (EDLS) model was developed in the training set and used to synthesize the FP-Dyn images from the T1WI images in the validation set. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the synthesized images were measured. Moreover, three radiologists subjectively assessed image quality, respectively. The diagnostic value of the synthesized FP-Dyn sequences was further evaluated in the test set.ResultsThe image synthesis performance in the EDLS model was superior to that in conventional models from the results of PSNR, SSIM, MSE, and MAE. Subjective results displayed a remarkable visual consistency between the synthesized and original FP-Dyn images. Moreover, by using a combination of synthesized FP-Dyn sequence and an unenhanced protocol, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MRI were 100%, 72.73%, 76.92%, and 100%, respectively, which had a similar diagnostic value to full MRI protocols.ConclusionsThe EDLS model could synthesize the realistic FP-Dyn sequence to supplement the lack of enhanced images. Compared with full MRI examinations, it thus provides a new approach for reducing examination time and cost, and avoids the use of contrast agents without influencing diagnostic accuracy.

Abstract Effective delivery of anticancer drugs into the nucleus for pharmacological action is impeded by a series of intratumoral transport barriers. Despite the significant potential of magnetic nanovehicles in electromagnetic field (EF)‐activated drug delivery, modularizing a tandem magnetoresponsive activity in a one‐nanoparticle system to meet different requirements at both tissue and cellular levels remain highly challenging. Herein, a strategy is described by employing sequential EF frequencies in inducing a succession of magnetoresponses in the magnetic nanovehicles that aims to realize cascaded tissue penetration and nuclear accumulation. This nanovehicle features ferrimagnetic vortex‐domain iron oxide nanorings coated with a thermo‐responsive polyethylenimine copolymer (PI/FVIOs). It is shown that the programmed cascading of low frequency (Lf)‐EF‐induced magnetophoresis and medium frequency (Mf)‐EF‐stimulated magneto‐thermia can steer the Doxorubicin (DOX)‐PI/FVIOs to the deep tissue and subsequently trigger intracellular burst release of DOX for successful nuclear entry. By programming the order of different EF frequencies, it is demonstrated that first‐stage Lf‐EF and subsequent Mf‐EF operation enables DOX‐PI/FVIOs to effectively deliver 86.2% drug into the nucleus in vivo. This nanodelivery system empowers potent antitumoral activity in various models of intractable tumors, including DOX‐resistant MCF‐7 breast cancer cells, triple‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, and BxPC‐3 pancreatic cancer cells with poor permeability.

The electrochemical formation mechanism of microdroplets formed around a primary droplet of 3.5% NaCl solution on an iron-plated film was investigated by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and concentric three-electrode array (CTEA) measurements. During the initial stage, the microdroplets mainly originate from evaporation owing to cathodic polarization and electric current of the localized corrosion cell under the primary droplet. The maximal electrochemical potential difference between the anode and cathode was measured to be 0.36 V and acted as the driving force for the formation of microdroplets. The maximums of anodic and cathodic electric current density of pure iron under the NaCl droplet are 764 and −152 μA/cm2, respectively. Propagation of microdroplets in the developing stage attributes to horizontal movement of the electrolyte, water evaporation, and recondensation from primary and capillary condensation from moist air. The results of the study suggest that the initiation and propagation of microdroplets could promote and accelerate marine atmospheric corrosion.

Ferrite nanoparticles have been widely used in the biomedical field (such as magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic hyperthermia, etc.) due to their appealing magnetic properties. In tumor acidic microenvironment, ferrite nanoparticles show intrinsic peroxidase-like activities, which can catalyze the Fenton reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce highly toxic hydroxyl free radicals (•OH), causing the death of tumor cell. Recent progresses in this field have shown that the enzymatic activity of ferrite can be improved via converting external field energy such as alternating magnetic field and near-infrared laser into nanoscale heat to produce more •OH, enhancing the killing effect on tumor cells. On the other hand, combined with other nanomaterials or drugs for cascade reactions, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can also be increased to obtain more efficient cancer therapy. In this review, we will discuss the current status and progress of the application of ferrite nanoparticles in ROS-mediated cancer therapy and try to provide new ideas for this area.

The poor physical property and strong heterogeneity of Triassic Yanchang formation in Huanjiang oilfield of Ordos Basin are the main reasons for uneven water absorption, partial injection wells underinjection at high pressure, and decline of production. Previously, large numbers of conventional acidifications were used for plugging removal in the reservoir, but the effect was not so good and effective period was short. Aiming at the geological characteristics of Huanjiang oilfield, an online shunt acidification and augmented injection technology which does not stop water injection, pull original production strings out, and continuously inject acid and diverting agent has been proposed. A chelating acid COA-1S with low corrosion rate (0.3675 g/(m2·h)), good retardation capacity (hydrolysis constant = 1.2 × 10−6), and effective chelating ability (precipitation inhibition rate >95%) has been developed, as well as a diverting agent COA-1P with good dispersion in acid solution, diversion effect, and particle size (10–100 μm), which behaves well in COA-1S acid. It has been proved that the online acid system has a good diversion acidizing ability and plugging removal performance in a deep area in the laboratory core physical simulation test. The field test results show that the online shunt acidizing and augmented injection technology could reduce the injection pressure significantly (4.2 MPa) and increase water injection by 10 m3/d for the measured well (H5) and improve the water injection profile prominently. The online shunting acidification and augmented injection technology have the following advantages: simple procedures, fewer equipment needed, high efficiency of depressurization, and increasing water injection, which could effectively improve the profile of water wells, and there is a bright future of the technology.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of oxygen derived radicals and derivatives, can induce cancer cell death via elevated oxidative stress. A spatiotemporal approach with safe and deep‐tissue penetration capabilities to elevate the intracellular ROS level is highly desirable for precise cancer treatment. Here, a mechanical‐thermal induction therapy (MTIT) strategy is developed for a programmable increase of ROS levels in cancer cells via assembly of magnetic nanocubes integrated with alternating magnetic fields. The magneto‐based mechanical and thermal stimuli can disrupt the lysosomes, which sequentially induce the dysfunction of mitochondria. Importantly, intracellular ROS concentrations are responsive to the magneto‐triggers and play a key role for synergistic cancer treatment. In vivo experiments reveal the effectiveness of MTIT for efficient eradication of glioma and breast cancer. By remote control of the force and heat using magnetic nanocubes, MTIT is a promising physical approach to trigger the biochemical responses for precise cancer treatment.

Cancer is the top cause of death globally. Developing smart nanomedicines that are capable of diagnosis and therapy (theranostics) in one–nanoparticle systems are highly desirable for improving cancer treatment outcomes. The magnetic nanoplatforms are the ideal system for cancer theranostics, because of their diverse physiochemical properties and biological effects. In particular, a biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticle based magnetic nanoplatform can exhibit multiple magnetic–responsive behaviors under an external magnetic field and realize the integration of diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging, photoacoustic imaging, etc.) and therapy (magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal therapy, controlled drug delivery and release, etc.) in vivo. Furthermore, due to considerable variation among tumors and individual patients, it is a requirement to design iron oxide nanoplatforms by the coordination of diverse functionalities for efficient and individualized theranostics. In this article, we will present an up–to–date overview on iron oxide nanoplatforms, including both iron oxide nanomaterials and those that can respond to an externally applied magnetic field, with an emphasis on their applications in cancer theranostics.

Owing to their unique physicochemical properties and comparable size to biomacromolecules, functional nanostructures have served as powerful supports to construct enzyme-nanostructure biocatalysts (nanobiocatalysts). Of particular importance, recent years have witnessed the development of novel nanobiocatalysts with remarkably increased enzyme activities. This review provides a comprehensive description of recent advances in the field of nanobiocatalysts, with systematic elaboration of the underlying mechanisms of activity enhancement, including metal ion activation, electron transfer, morphology effects, mass transfer limitations, and conformation changes. The nanobiocatalysts highlighted here are expected to provide an insight into enzyme−nanostructure interaction, and provide a guideline for future design of high-efficiency nanobiocatalysts in both fundamental research and practical applications.

Novel pH responsive copolymers with tertiary amine groups were prepared by free radical polymerization with 2-(dialkylamino)ethyl methacrylate monomers. These polymers were pH sensitive with the ability to be responsively fine-tuned in aqueous solution, which was proven through titration, transmittance measurements, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The polymers were soluble in water at low pH values, induced by electrostatic repulsion between amine groups, and aggregated above their pKa value due to the hydrophobic effect of the alkyls. The pH responsive values were precisely tuned from 7.4 to 4.8 by increasing the hydrophobic monomer ratio. Our work provides a novel approach for the development of ultrasensitive pH-responsive polymers for application in biomedical materials.

Vinyl Benzoate/Heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate (VBe/HFDA) co-polymers were synthesized and characterized as thickening agents for supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The solubility and thickening capability of the co-polymer samples in SC-CO2 were evaluated by measuring cloud point pressure and relative viscosity. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for all atoms was employed to simulate the microscopic molecular behavior and the intermolecular interaction of co-polymer–CO2 systems. We found that the introduction of VBe group decreased the polymer–CO2 interaction and increased the polymer–polymer interaction, leading to a reduction in solubility of the co-polymers in SC-CO2. However, the co-polymer could generate more effective inter-chain interaction and generate more viscosity enhancement compared to the Poly(Heptadecafluorodecyl) (PHFDA) homopolymer due to the driving force provided by π-π stacking of the VBe groups. The optimum molar ratio value for VBe in co-polymers for the viscosity enhancement of SC-CO2 was found to be 0.33 in this work. The P(HFDA0.67-co-VBe0.33) was able to enhance the viscosity of SC-CO2 by 438 times at 5 wt. %. Less VBe content would result in a lack of intermolecular interaction, although excessive VBe content would generate more intramolecular π-π stacking and less intermolecular π-π stacking. Both conditions reduce the thickening capability of the P(HFDA-co-VBe) co-polymer. This work presented the relationship between structure and performance of the co-polymers in SC-CO2 by combining experiment and molecular simulations.