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In this study, four drying methods, including hot air drying (HAD), catalytic infrared drying (CIRD), electric infrared drying (EIRD), and electric oven drying (EOD), are used to prepare dried chicken breast. The study systematically compares the drying efficiencies of the different methods and their effects on physico-chemical properties, pet food applications, energy consumption, and costs. The results show that CIRD and EOD resulted in a better color of the final product, while the EIRD treatment resulted in the highest degree of denaturation of the chicken breast jerky proteins. In terms of chemical properties, the higher malondialdehyde content of CIRD and EIRD (2.77±0.18 mg/kg, 2.63±0.07 mg/kg) indicated higher fat oxidation in IR-treated chicken meat, which is also associated with an increase in the content of free fatty acids. This paper also found that arachidonic, linolenic, and oleic acids are positively correlated with the content of important flavor compounds in the jerky. For pet food applications, it was found that pets prefer CIRD and EIRD products, and energy and cost measurements also indicate that CIRD (4258.74 kJ/kg, 0.94 yuan/kg) is more energy and cost-efficient than other drying methods. The results show that CIRD (4258.74 kJ/kg, 0.94 yuan/kg) is a more energy-efficient and less costly drying method.

The effect of the antimicrobial mechanism of ultrasound (US) in combination with heat (T) and potassium sorbate (PS) treatment on Pichia membranifaciens (P. membranifaciens) is investigated in this study. It is found that ultrasound combined with heat (thermoultrasound [TS]) exhibits a synergistic inactivation efficiency, and the combinations of US, T, and TS with PS also improve inactivation efficacy through reductions of 0.32 ± 0.02 log, 0.73 ± 0.04 log, and 4.50 ± 0.04 log in P. membranifaciens achieved using US + PS, T + PS, and TS + PS, respectively. Further, use of the TS + PS treatment leads to cytoplasmic leakage and a decrease in dehydrogenase activity, as well as a significant increase in cell membrane permeability, causing membrane depolarization and the inward flow of extracellular calcium ions. In addition, the cell membrane composition is detected by infrared spectroscopy, demonstrating that TS + PS treatment results in a decrease in lipid and protein content and an increase in phospholipid content in the cell membrane. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy reveals a deformed cell structure and damage to cell membrane integrity after TS + PS treatment. In addition, the expression of heat shock protein (Hsp82 and Hsp70) genes is shown to decrease after TS and TS + PS treatment compared to the T and T + PS treatment groups, indicating cellular homeostasis has been broken and cells are responding to the damage by activating the protective gene expression program.

This study investigated the effect of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) on the extraction efficiency, antioxidant activity, and structural properties of jujube polysaccharide (JPS), with hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) serving as controls. Optimal extraction conditions were determined through a multi-index weighted scoring method that comprehensively accounted for yield, duration, and antioxidant activity. Results demonstrated that the JPS yield obtained by UAEE at 22/33 kHz was 10.5 % to 16.3 % higher than those achieved by the other methods, significantly enhancing antioxidant activity. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that UAEE increased the content of key mono-sugars in JPS. Additionally, assessments of molecular weight distribution, zeta potential, and rheological properties showed that UAEE reduced the molecular weight and apparent viscosity of JPS, resulting in a looser structural configuration. These structural modifications were observed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, which revealed a filamentous branched morphology in JPS obtained through UAEE. Further observations using the atomic force microscope (AFM) indicated that the polysaccharide chains extracted by UAEE were shorter in length, lower in height, and free from aggregation.

β-galactosidase, as a safe and nontoxic enzyme preparation, has been not only widely used in food industry and medical fields, but also has great application potential in biotechnology fields, such as enzyme engineering and protein engineering. Microbial fermentation, as a mainstream production method of β-galactosidase, still has some problems including long fermentation time and low extraction rate. While using the heterologous expression system of engineering bacteria to produce β-galactosidase shows the advantages of high expression quantity and low cost. This paper focuses on the gene source, expression host bacteria, expression methods of β-galactosidase heterologous expression system and its application value, to be aimed at providing scientific basis and theoretical reference for the development and utilization of novel β-galactosidase products.

This paper explored the in vitro inhibitory mechanism of polyphenol-rich rose extracts (REs) from an edible rose flower against α-glucosidase using multispectral and molecular docking techniques. Results showed that REs had an inhibitory effect on α-Glu activity (IC50 of 1.96 μg/mL); specifically, the samples pretreated by tri-frequency ultrasound (20/40/60 kHz) exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) stronger inhibitory effect on α-Glu activity with an IC50 of 1.33 μg/mL. The Lineweaver–Burk assay indicated that REs were mixed-type inhibitors and could statically quench the endogenous fluorescence of α-Glu. REs increased the chance of polypeptide chain misfolding by altering the microenvironment around tryptophan and tyrosine residues and disrupting the natural conformation of the enzyme. Molecular docking results showed that polyhydroxy phenolics had a high fit to the active site of α-Glu, so REs with high polymerization and numerous phenolic hydroxyl groups had a stronger inhibitory effect. Therefore, this study provides new insights into polyphenol-rich REs as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors.

High-concentration soy protein isolate was subjected to ultrasonication for viscosity reduction to assist the process of limited enzymatic hydrolysis. Ultrasonication (20 kHz, 10 min, 160 W/L) effectively reduced the viscosity of soy protein isolate at a comparatively high concentration of 14 % (w/v) and promoted the limited enzymatic hydrolysis (controlled degree of hydrolysis of 12 %) with a higher peptide yield than that of the conventional method. The correlations between substrate viscosity and peptide yield, as well as the viscosities of the resulting hydrolysates, were studied. The findings revealed positive correlations between the viscosities of the substrate and hydrolysate, underscoring the potential impact of altering substrate viscosity on the final product. Furthermore, the utilization of ultrasonic viscosity reduction-assisted proteolysis has shown its capability to improve the functional and physicochemical properties, as well as the protein structure of the hydrolysate, while maintaining the same level of hydrolysis. It is worth noting that there were significant alterations in particle size (decrease), β-sheet content (increase), β-turn content (increase), and random coil content (increase). Interestingly, ultrasonication unexpectedly impeded the degradation of molecular mass in proteins during proteolysis, while increasing the hydrophobic properties of the hydrolysate. These findings aligned with the observed reduction in bitterness and improvement in emulsifying properties and water-holding capacity.

To explore the taste characteristics and potential biological activities of the decapeptides of Stropharia rugosoannulata, two decapeptides (RIEDNLVIIR and SLPIKPRVPF) were selected to predict and validate the taste-presenting properties and ACE inhibitory activity mechanism by using virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular interactions techniques. The results showed that the two decapeptides of S. rugosoannulata all had salty and umami tastes and ACE-inhibited peptide fragments. RIEDNLVIR had a salty taste, and SLPIKPRVPF had an umami taste. Two decapeptides of S. rugosoannulata could strongly bind to ACE receptors to form hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. The in vitro activity validation results showed that the salty decapeptide RIEDNLVIIR inhibited the ACE well with an IC50 value of 0.012 mg/mL. The molecular interaction thermodynamics and kinetics results showed that the binding between RIEDNLVIR and ACE receptor was the specific binding of enthalpy-driven reaction. The results of virtual screening activity prediction, in vitro activity validation, and molecular docking and molecular interactions for ACE inhibition mechanism analysis were consistent. The study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the taste characteristics and ACE inhibition mechanism of S. rugosoannulata decapeptides and lays a foundation for applying the decapeptides with ACE inhibitory activity in healthy condiments and functional products.

This work aimed to explore low-intensity ultrasound-assisted adaptive laboratory evolution (US-ALE) of Bacillus velezensis and fermentation performance of mutant strains were investigated by nitrogen transformation metabolism. Results showed ultrasound accelerated the process of adaptive evolution and enhanced cell dry weight, amylase and protease activity of mutant strains, accompanied with the improved transformation abilities of NO–3-N to NH4+-N. Compared with original strain, the total peptide-N, peptide-N (

Curation meat products involves multiple stages, including pre-curing processing (thawing, cleaning, and cutting), curing itself, and post-curing processing (freezing, and packaging). Ultrasound are nonthermal processing technology widely used in food industry. This technology is preferred because it reduces the damages caused by traditional processing techniques on food, while simultaneously improving the nutritional properties and processing characteristics of food. The utilization of ultrasonic-assisted curing technology has attracted significant attention within the realm of meat product curing, encouraging extensive research efforts. In terms of curing meat products, ultrasonic-assisted curing technology has been widely studied due to its advantages of accelerating the curing speed, reducing nutrient loss, and improving the tenderness of cured meats. Therefore, this article aims to comprehensively review the application and mechanism of ultrasound technology in various stages of meat product curing. Furthermore, it also elaborates the effects of ultrasonic-assisted curing on the tenderness, water retention, and flavor substances of the meat products during the curing process. Besides, the implication of the ultrasound in the processing of meat curation plays a potent role together with other technologies or methods. The use of ultrasound technology in the process of meat curation was analyzed, which might be a theoretical insight for the industrialization prospects of the meat product.

The utilization of peptide-chelated calcium is low due to the influence of factors such as solubility, heat and digestive environmental conditions; therefore, it is crucial to protect, prolong and stabilize this nutrient in order to enhance its efficacy. This study was conducted to prepare corn peptide-chelated calcium microcapsules using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the wall material through an improved ultrasonic-assisted method. The structure, solubility, thermal stability, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of these microcapsules were thoroughly investigated and analyzed. The microcapsules were prepared using the following recommended conditions: a chelate concentration of 5 mg/mL, a mass ratio of chelate to β-CD of 1:8 g/g, and a synchronous dual-frequency ultrasound (20/28 kHz) at a power of 75 W, a duty ratio of 20/5 s/s, and a time of 20 min. These specific parameters were carefully selected to ensure the optimal fabrication of the microcapsules. The results showed that the utilization of dual-frequency ultrasound resulted in a significant increase in both the encapsulation rate and yield, which were enhanced by 15.84 % and 15.68 %, respectively, reaching impressive values of 79.17 % and 90.60 %. Moreover, the results of the structure index analysis provided further confirmation that ultrasonic treatment had a significant impact on the structure of the microcapsules, leading to a noticeable reduction in particle size and transformation into nanoparticles. Furthermore, the microcapsules demonstrated excellent solubility within a wide pH range of 2 to 10, with solubility ranging from 93.54 % to 88.68 %. Additionally, these microcapsules exhibited remarkable thermal stability, retaining a minimum of 84.8 % of their stability when exposed to temperatures ranging from 40 to 80 °C. Moreover, during gastric and intestinal digestion, these microcapsules exhibited a high slow-release rate of 44.66 % and 51.6 %, indicating their ability to gradually release calcium contents. The inclusion of dual-frequency ultrasound in the preparation of high calcium microcapsules yielded promising outcomes. Overall, our work presents a novel method for synthesizing corn peptide-chelated calcium microcapsules with desirable properties such as good solubility, excellent thermal stability, and a significant slow-release effect. These microcapsules have the potential to serve as fortified high calcium supplements.

By devising a novel near-infrared (NIR) in-situ online monitoring system, this study proposed a new process control method for rice protein (RP) enzymatic hydrolysis in order to address the challenge of monitoring certain chemical indices in real-time. The endpoint of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction and the flexible switching point of dual-enzyme hydrolysis were determined through real-time spectrum collection. Correction and prediction models were constructed to predict the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of RP hydrolysis as well as the endpoint and the dual-enzyme flexible switching point at different substrate concentrations in an attempt to establish the new control system. At the RP substrate concentrations of 35, 40, and 45 g/L, the R2 of predicted and measured ACE inhibitory activity values under hydrolysis with a single alcalase were 0.8852, 0.8360, and 0.8613, respectively. In addition, the ACE inhibitory activity of dual-enzyme hydrolysis showed a high growth trend before and after the flexible switching point, and the hydrolysis time was significantly shortened at the same endpoint threshold as that of single alcalase hydrolysis. The results indicated that this method is capable of accurately determining and regulating the endpoint and adaptable transition point of RP hydrolysis. Consequently, this approach holds promise for the regulation of food basic materials during large-scale processing operations.

The increasing focus on health and well-being has sparked a rising interest in bioactive components in the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. These components are gaining popularity due to their potential benefits for overall health. The growing interest has resulted in a continuous rise in demand for bioactive components, leading to the exploration of both edible and non-edible sources to obtain these valuable substances. Traditional extraction methods like solvent extraction, distillation, and pressing have certain drawbacks, including lower extraction efficiency, reduced yield, and the use of significant amounts of solvents or resources. Furthermore, certain extraction methods necessitate high temperatures, which can adversely affect certain bioactive components. Consequently, researchers are exploring non-thermal technologies to develop environmentally friendly and efficient extraction methods.Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) is recognized as an environmentally friendly and highly efficient extraction technology. The UAE has the potential to minimize or eliminate the need for organic solvents, thereby reducing its impact on the environment. Additionally, UAE has been found to significantly enhance the production of target bioactive components, making it an attractive method in the industry. The emergence of ultrasonic assisted extraction equipment (UAEE) has presented novel opportunities for research in chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, food, and other related fields. However, there is still a need for further investigation into the main components and working modes of UAEE, as current understanding in this area remains limited. Therefore, additional research and exploration are necessary to enhance our knowledge and optimize the application of UAEE. The core aim of this review is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the principles, benefits and impact on bioactive components of UAE, explore the different types of equipment used in this technique, examine the various working modes and control parameters employed in UAE, and provide a detailed overview of the blending of UAE with other emerging extraction technologies. In conclusion, the future development of UAEE is envisioned to focus on achieving increased efficiency, reduced costs, enhanced safety, and improved reliability. These key areas of advancement aim to optimize the performance and practicality of UAEE, making it a more efficient, cost-effective, and reliable extraction technology.

To improve the protein dissolution rate and the quality of fresh Lycium barbarum pulp (LBP), we optimized the slit dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted pulping process, explored the dissolution kinetics of Lycium barbarum protein (LBPr), and established a near-infrared spectroscopy in situ real-time monitoring model for LBPr dissolution through spectral information analysis and chemometric methods. The results showed that under optimal conditions (dual-frequency 28–33 kHz, 300 W, 31 min, 40 °C, interval ratio 5:2 s/s), ultrasonic treatment not only significantly increased LBPr dissolution rate (increased by 71.48 %, p

This study aimed to investigate the effect of commercial protease enzymolysis and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the release of ACE inhibitory peptides from the defatted goat milk powder with high digestibility, and to evaluate the necessity and the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis. Neutrase, alcalase, protamex, and flavourzyme were used for the enzymolysis of the defatted Kuishan goat milk powder. The goat milk and its enzymatic hydrolysates were further digested via simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro. The peptide content, ACE inhibitory activity and molecular weight distribution of the enzymatic hydrolysates and the simulated gastrointestinal digests were determined. Results showed that after the simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, the peptide content and ACE inhibitory activity of the goat milk powder digests were 20.81 mg/mL and 62.55%, respectively. However, after moderate enzymatic hydrolysis by alcalase and flavourzyme, the peptide content and ACE inhibitory activity of simulated gastrointestinal digests decreased. After moderate enzymolysis by protamex, the peptide content and ACE inhibitory activity of simulated gastrointestinal digests were increased slightly to 22.67 mg/mL and 69.29%, respectively. After moderate enzymolysis by neutrase, the peptide content and ACE inhibitory activity of simulated gastrointestinal digests were significantly increased to 23.76 mg/mL and 81.10%, respectively. The molecular weight (MW) distribution results showed that after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the amount of the small molecular peptides with MW

The carrot has a high water content, and dehydration is an important means to extend its edible period and reduce storage and transportation costs. In the case of infrared (IR) drying, the porosity of the product is low and the structure is compact; the textural properties of the product are improved by using combined ultrasound and infrared (US-IR) drying; however, there is a lack of reports on the mechanism of this. Pectin has an important influence on the formation of the textural properties of fruit and vegetable tissues. In order to investigate the mechanism of the change in endogenous pectin properties in the carrot cell wall under US-IR drying on the improvement of the textural properties of the product, different fractions of pectins (water-soluble pectin, chelating pectin, alkali-soluble pectin) of the carrot were extracted, separated, and analysed. The thermal stability, component and content changes, Fourier infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), esterification degree, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, Ca ion content, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the pectins were determined. The results showed that the changes in the contents and properties of the carrot pectins under US-IR conditions had a positive effect on the improvement of the textural properties of the carrot tissues.

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on fresh-cut scallion stem (FCS) cleaning. Ultrasonic cleaning parameters (frequency mode, frequency amplitude, and the sample to water ratios) were optimized against cleanliness and microbial biomass as evaluation indexes. Under the optimum conditions, the free chlorine residues and quality attributes of FCS were also investigated. The results showed that the cleanliness of FCS improved significantly (p

Sweeping frequency ultrasound (SFU) was used to assist extraction of amur grape (Vitis amurensis) seed (AGS) oil. Extraction conditions and physicochemical properties were optimized and analyzed under different extraction methods. Meanwhile, frequency and time domains were online monitored during SFU assisted extraction of AGS oil. PVDF piezoelectric sensor was used in time domain, and the hydrophone in frequency domain, so as to obtain the time–voltage waveform, signal power, spectrum distribution and other visual models. Physical models of the spatial peak acoustic intensity, charge quantity and work done by electric field force under different ultrasonic conditions were derived. The mathematical model between the work done by electric field force and the spatial peak acoustic intensity under the working state of PVDF piezoelectric sensor was constructed. Results show that the content of AGS oil by SFU assisted extraction was higher than that by organic extraction. Furthermore, the optimal single-frequency was 40 kHz and dual-frequency was 28/33 kHz, and SFU extraction time of 30 min was suitable with higher oil yield of 16.70 % and 16.94 %, respectively. In addition, the selection and combination of SFU also affected the oil oxidation degree. The peak voltage, spatial peak acoustic intensity, signal power and work of electric field force at 28/33 kHz were all higher than those at 40 kHz.

The effect of low-intensity fixed-frequency continuous ultrasound (LIFFCU) on the growth of Bacillus licheniformis YYC4 was investigated. The changes in morphology and activity of the organism, contributing to the growth were also explored. Compared with the control, a significant increase (48.95%) in the biomass of B. licheniformis YYC4 (at the logarithmic metaphase) was observed following the LIFFCU (28 kHz, 1.5 h and 120 W (equivalent to power density of 40 W/L)) treatment. SEM images showed that ultrasonication caused sonoporation, resulting in increased membrane permeability, evidenced by increase in cellular membrane potential, electrical conductivity of the culture, extracellular protein and nucleic acid, and intracellular Ca2+ content. Furthermore, LIFFCU action remarkably increased the extracellular protease activity, volatile components of the culture medium, microbial metabolic activity, and spore germination of the strain. Therefore, LIFFCU could be used to efficiently promote the growth of targeted microorganisms.

This work evaluated the potential of Camellia pollen extracts as an antioxidant and lipase activity inhibitor from the pollen composition and the extraction solvent. The lipase inhibitory activity, the scavenging radical’s ability (ABTS and DPPH) and the ferric-reducing ability of the seven extracts were examined. The fatty acid profile of the extracts with excellent antioxidant and lipase inhibitory activity was also determined by GC-MS. The ethyl acetate (IC50 = 2.07 ± 0.20 mg/mL) and the acetone extracts (IC50 = 1.19 ± 0.07 mg/mL) showed better lipase inhibitory activity. For the antioxidant activity, the methanol (IC50 = 2.55 ± 0.34 mg/mL), ethanol (IC50 = 2.87 ± 0.23 mg/mL) and the water (IC50 = 2.62 ± 0.05 mg/mL) extracts had superior ABTS radical-scavenging ability. Greater DPPH radical-scavenging ability was seen in the ethanol (IC50 = 2.92 ± 0.04 mg/mL) and acetone extracts (IC50 = 3.09 ± 0.12 mg/mL). The ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts manifested better FRAP. The fatty acid composition of the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts belonged to the unsaturated fatty acids. This study indicated that the lipase inhibitory activity and the antioxidant activity found in Camellia pollen may exert dual benefits for preventing and treating obesity.

Enzyme catalyzed plastein reactions refer to the process of catalyzing concentrated protein hydrolysate into protein analogues by protease under suitable conditions. Enzyme catalyzed plastein reactions can not only make up for the defects of natural protein in the amino acid composition, improve protein functionality and the flavor of protein hydrolysates, and provide new protein sources for scientific research and production, but also the products obtained by this method have high bioavailability, and no side effects, so it has received extensive attention from the scientific community and has been gradually applied to the food industry. This article introduces the mechanism, influencing factors, product characteristics and applications of enzyme catalyzed plastein reactions in the food field, in order to provide new methods for the improvement of food quality and new ways for the development of new foods.

The nutritional value of walnut protein was evaluated based on the amino acid composition, and the effects of walnut protein and walnut protease hydrolysate on disease activity index score, serum inflammatory factors, myeloperoxidase activity and colon tissue morphology were investigated in mice with acute colitis induced by sodium glucan sulfate (DSS). The results showed that walnut protein had a reasonable amino acid composition. The essential amino acid content (26.98%), the predictive value of protein efficacy ratio (PER, 1.55 and 1.58) and the biological value (BV, 87.96%) were high. After digestion in mice, walnut protein and its hydrolysate could retard the onset of colitis, slow down the weight loss of mice caused by colitis, and significantly improve the clinical symptoms. Serum biochemical indexes showed that both walnut protein and its hydrolysate could extremely significantly (P

Abstract Coffee leaves have been processed into a tea‐like beverage; however, how tea processing steps affect the chemical compositions and the bioactivities remain unknown. In the present study, the impacts of tea processing steps on the proximate compositions, phytochemicals, enzyme activities, and the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of coffee leaves were investigated. The results showed that although soluble protein, soluble sugar, and phenolics were increased during withering, they were gradually decreased in the sequential processing steps associated with the decreases in the antioxidant activity and nitric oxide inhibitory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 cells. Coffee leaves treated with the kill‐green process possessed greater phenolics and antioxidant activity compared with the no kill‐green counterparts due to the lower polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities found in the no kill‐green coffee leaves. Coffee leaves significantly inhibited the expressions of proteins (tumor necrosis factor‐alpha [TNF‐α] and prostaglandin E2 [PGE‐2]) proteins and genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] and cyclooxygenase 2 [COX‐2]); however, tea processing steps have lesser effects on the anti‐inflammatory activity. Our study indicated that kill‐green is the crucial processing step to affect the phenolic composition and bioactivity of coffee leaf tea processed with the kill‐green process; however, for the coffee leaves processed without the kill‐green process, rolling and fermentation are the key influencing steps.

This study aimed to investigate the influences of mono-ultrasound assisted thawing on the thawing efficiency, product quality and conformational characteristics of frozen goose meat. The thawing time, thawing loss, muscle quality, and microstructure of frozen goose meat were studied. The results displayed that ultrasonic-assisted thawing effectively reduced the thawing time by 45.37–57.58% compared with non-sonicated group, and significantly decreased the thawing loss. For the quality properties of goose meat tissue, ultrasound-assisted thawing with single-frequency of 50 kHz indicated a lower protein turbidity; meanwhile, hardness values were also significantly increased, and displayed a higher springiness, gumminess and chewiness of goose meat tissue. The microstructure analysis exhibited that the conformation of goose myofibrillar protein (MP) was modified following ultrasonic-assisted thawing, and became closer and more irregular. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted thawing treatments at 50 kHz mono-frequency (temperature 25℃) have a high potential application value in the thawing research of frozen goose meat, and lay a theoretical foundation for use in the meat process industries.

As the main source of energy for human beings, starch is widely present in people's daily diet. However, due to its high content of rapidly digestive starch, it can cause a rapid increase in blood glucose after consumption, which is harmful to the human body. In the current study, the complexes made from edible rose polyphenols (ERPs) and three starches (corn, potato and pea) with different typical crystalline were prepared separately by multi-frequency power ultrasound (MFPU). The MFPU includes single-frequency modes of 40, 60 kHz and dual-frequency of 40 and 60 kHz in sequential and simultaneous mode. The results of the amount of complexes showed that ultrasound could promote the formation of polyphenol-starch complexes for all the three starches and the amount of ERPs in complexes depended on the ultrasonic parameters including treatment power, time and frequency. Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that ERPs with or without ultrasound could interact with the three starches through non-covalent bonds to form non-V-type complexes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the shape of starches changed obviously from round/oval to angular and the surface of the starches were no longer smooth and appeared obvious pits, indicating that the ultrasonic field destroyed the structure of starches. In addition, compared to the control group, the in vitro digestibility study with 40/60 kHz sonication revealed that ultrasonic treatment greatly improved the digestive properties of the polyphenol-starch complexes by significantly increasing the content of resistant starch (20.31%, 17.27% and 14.98%) in the three starches. Furthermore, the viscosity properties of the three starches were all decreased after ERPs addition and the effect was enhanced by ultrasound both for single- and dual-frequency. In conclusion, ultrasound can be used as an effective method for preparing ERPs-starch complexes to develop high value-added products and low glycemic index (GI) foods.

In this study, the slit dual-frequency ultrasound-assisted pulping of fresh Lycium barbarum fruit was optimized to improve the dissolution of polysaccharides. The microscopic mechanism of polysaccharide dissolution was explored through establishing polysaccharides dissolution kinetics model and visualizing the multi-physical fields during ultrasonic process, and an in situ real-time monitoring model was established by the relationship between the chemical value and spectral information collected by near-infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that, under optimal conditions, treatment with ultrasound (28–33 kHz, 250 W, 30 min) not only significantly promoted the dissolution rate of polysaccharides in Lycium barbarum pulp (LBPPs, increased by 43.64 %, p

In this paper, the effects of ultrasound with different frequency modes on the sprouting rate, sprouting vigor, metabolism-related enzyme activity and late nutrient accumulation in soybean were investigated, and the mechanism of dual-frequency ultrasound promoting bean sprout development was explored. The results showed that, compared with control, the sprouting time was shortened by 24 h after dual-frequency ultrasound treatment (20/60 kHz), and the longest shoot was 7.82 cm at 96 h. Meanwhile, ultrasonic treatment significantly enhanced the activities of protease, amylase, lipase and peroxidase (p

In order to develop a cheap and efficient culture system of Lactobacillus rhamnosus, walnut pulp was used to replace the nitrogen source in MRS medium. Taking cell growth as the indicator, the cultivation system was optimized in aspects of walnut pulp particle size, solid-liquid ratio, dosage, lipid removing treatment, and the shaking speed during the cultivation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of cell-free culture supernatant were also tested in all conditions. The obtained cells were also subjected to selenium enrichment treatment and then fed to mice for 3 d before they were exposed to simulated low-pressure hypoxia condition (altitude 5000 m) for 6 h to evaluate their anti-hypoxia potential. As results, complete replacement of the nitrogen source (beef extract and peptone) of MRS medium with the lipid-free walnut pulp filtered by 120 mesh screen at the solid-liquid ratio of 1:10 (g/mL) could reduce the cost of MRS medium by 70% and increase the cell yield by 2.5 times (from 2.6×109 to 7.6×109 CFU/mL), but did not affect the antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity of the fermentation broth (P>0.05). Continuous oral administration of selenium enriched bacteria for 3 days could significantly increase the hemoglobin content of mice when they were exposed to low-pressure hypoxia for 6 h (P

The effects of power ultrasound (US) pretreatment on the preparation of soy protein isolate hydrolysate (SPIH) prepared at the same degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 12 % were measured. Cylindrical power ultrasound was modified into mono-frequency (20, 28, 35, 40, 50 kHz) ultrasonic cup coupled with an agitator to make it applicable for high density SPI (soy protein isolate) solutions (14 %, w/v). A comparative study of the alterations of the hydrolysates molecular weight, hydrophobics, antioxidants and functional properties change as well as their relation were explored. The results showed that under the same DH, ultrasound pretreatment decelerated the degradation of protein molecular mass and the decrease rate of the degradation lessened with the increase of ultrasonic frequency. Meanwhile, the pretreatments improved the hydrophobics and antioxidants properties of SPIH. Both surface hydrophobicity (H0) and relative hydrophobicity (RH) of the pretreated groups increased with the decrease of ultrasonic frequency. Lowest frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound pretreatment had the most improved emulsifying properties and water holding capacities, although decrease in the viscosity and solubility were found. Most of these alterations were correspondence toward the change in hydrophobics properties and molecular mass. In conclusion, the frequency selection of ultrasound pretreatment is essential for the alteration of SPIH functional qualities prepared at the same DH.

Electrospinning nanofibers (NFs) made from natural proteins have drawn increasing attention recently. Rapeseed meal is a by-product that rich in protein but not fully utilized due to poor properties. Therefore, modification of rapeseed protein isolates (RPI) is necessary to expand applications. In this study, pH shift alone or ultrasonic-assisted pH shift treatment was adopted, the solubility of RPI, along with the conductivity and viscosity of the electrospinning solution were detected. Moreover, the microstructure and functional characteristics of the electrospinning NFs, as well as the antibacterial activity of clove essential oil loaded-NFs were investigated. The tested parameters were remarkably improved after different treatments compared with the control, and synergistic effects were observed, especially under alkaline conditions. Hence, pH12.5 + US showed the maximum value of solubility, conductivity, and viscosity, which was more than 7-fold, 3-fold, and almost 1-fold higher than the control respectively. Additionally, SEM and AFM images showed a finer and smoother surface of NFs after treatments, and the finest diameter of 216.7 nm was obtained after pH12.5 + US treatment in comparison with 450.0 nm in control. FTIR spectroscopy of NFs demonstrated spatial structure changes of RPI, and improved thermal stability and mechanical strength of NFs were achieved after different treatments. Furthermore, an inhibition zone with a diameter of 22.8 mm was observed from the composite NFs. This study indicated the effectiveness of ultrasonic-assisted pH shift treatment on the physicochemical properties improvement and functional enhancement of NFs made from RPI, as well as the potential antibacterial application of the composite NFs in the future.

Undecapeptide is the central peptide molecule in the peptide base material of Stropharia rugosoannulata, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a crucial role in hypertension. To fully explore the interaction mechanism and ACE-inhibitory activity of long-chain peptides from Stropharia rugosoannulata, the binding conformations of twenty-seven undecapeptides with the ACE receptor were revealed by molecule docking. The undecapeptide GQEDYDRLRPL with better receptor binding capacity and higher secondary mass spectral abundance was screened. All amino acid residues except proline in GQEDYDRLRPL interacted with the ACE receptor. GQEDYDRLRPL interfered with the receptor’s overall structure, with significant fluctuations in amino acid residues 340–355, including two residues in the receptor’s active pockets. The binding constants of GQEDYDRLRPL to the ACE receptors were at the μM level, with a kinetic binding constant of 9.26 × 10−7 M, which is a strong binding, and a thermodynamic binding constant of 3.06 × 10−6 M. Intermolecular interaction were exothermic, enthalpy-driven, and specific binding reactions. GQEDYDRLRPL had an IC50 value of 164.41 μmol/L in vitro and superior antihypertensive effects at low-gavage administration in vivo. Obtaining information on the interaction mechanism of ACE-inhibitory undecapeptides from S. rugosoannulata with the ACE receptor will help to develop and utilize ACE inhibitors of natural origin.

Corn gluten meal is a major by-product of corn wet-milling process in the starch industry. The low water solubility and deficiency of essential amino acids of corn gluten meal limits its application in the food industry, while corn polypeptides after enzymatic hydrolysis can greatly improve its functions and biological activities, it is one of the high value-added utilization methods. This review encompasses the studies reported to date on the main preparation methods of corn polypeptides, and also describes its bioactivities including antioxidant, antiglycemia, antihypertensive, hepatoprotective, pointing out the existing problems and future development prospects. The paper is of great significance for food enterprises to utilize corn gluten meal efficiently to develop bioactive peptides and improve economic benefits of the industry.

Plant extracts have been widely used to green synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs); however, how the combination of ultrasound and coffee leaf extract (CLE) affects the structure characteristics and the yield of ZnO NPs remains unknown. In this study, we used CLE to green synthesize ZnO NPs with the help of ultrasound. The highest yield (43.59 ± 0.13%) of ZnO NPs was obtained under the optimal processing conditions of pH = 8.0, mass ratio of coffee leaves to C4H6O4Zn•2H2O = 1.71, ultrasound time = 10 min, ultrasound frequency = 28/40 kHz, ultrasound power = 180 W, and synthesis temperature = 30 °C. The as-synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized by UV–Vis, SEM, EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and zeta potential analyses. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that ZnO NPs synthesized using ultrasound-assisted method were spherical with an average particle size of 8.29 ± 1.38 nm, which was smaller than ZnO NPs synthesized without ultrasound treatment (10.48 ± 1.57 nm) and the chemically synthesized ZnO NPs (17.15 ± 2.84 nm). HPLC analysis showed that the phenolic compounds in coffee leaves, especially 5-CQA, were the main reductants and chelating agents for ZnO NPs synthesis. The synthesized ZnO NPs were used to load mangiferin, which was control released under pH 7.4 over 132 h. Our study provides an easy and eco-friendly method using CLE assisted with ultrasound for green synthesis of ZnO NPs which can be used as nanocarriers to control release of mangiferin.

In accordance with specific amino acid (AA) requirements for livestock, consideration must be given to energy intake and expenditures while selecting an efficient and productive flock. In this study to provide balanced nutrition to livestock, two conventional feed ingredients chicken feathers (CFP) and soybean by-products (okara) were mixed and incubated for microbial solid-state fermentation (SSF) using a Bacillus mutant strain (LU11). Individual CFP and okara were treated with LU11, and composite substrates without inoculum (henceforth, CFP11, okara11, and mixed C, respectively) from SSF were also evaluated for comparison purposes. The total essential AA content of mixed11, mixed C, Okara11, and CFP11 was determined to be 28.74%, 23.62%, 7.61%, and 17.48%, respectively. Important AA for feed, methionine was found to increase in CFP11 by 0.62%, okara11 by 0.32%, the control by 0.69%, and mixed11 by 1.09%. Sulfur-containing amino acid (SCAA) cysteine contents in CFP11 and okara11 were 9.26% and 0.13%, respectively, which reduced to 6.14% in mixed C and Mixed11 which showed 7.04%. GC–MS analysis revealed that LU11 effectively reduces malodorous chemicals, demonstrating the removal of hazardous nitrogen from amino acid molecules. AA catabolism to volatile compounds and their correlation were also shown in this study. Consequently, mixed11 demonstrated more persuasive results than the other samples. In summary, with its balanced amino acids and minimal volatile components, the mixed11 might be regarded as a suitable feed for livestock.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of ultrasound curing with various working modes and frequency combinations, including mono-, dual- and tri-frequency, on the content of NaCl and tenderness of pork loins (Longissimus dorsi). The physical qualities, myoglobin, moisture migration, distribution, and microstructure of pork were also evaluated. The results displayed that the NaCl content of samples cured by simultaneous ultrasound (100 W/L) working mode with a frequency combination of 20, 40, and 60 kHz was higher than that of other ultrasound working modes. The effect of ultrasonic brining was significantly better than the static curing when the saline solution was >35 mL. In addition, the samples cured by simultaneous ultrasound had better physical qualities, including more pickling absorptivity, less cooking loss, and lower hardness, tenderness, and chewiness value. The intensity of lightness was reduced, although redness and yellowness remained unaltered compared to static curing. The myoglobin content decreased drastically without changing the oxygenation level, and the relaxation time of T2b and T21 was delayed. The microstructure indicated that the ultrasonic treatment could promote changes in meat texture. Overall, the simultaneous ultrasound at various frequencies could efficiently accelerate NaCl penetration and improve pork quality.

Low-lethality ultrasound technology has received more and more attention in regulating microorganisms of fermentation industry. Herein, two representative Ames tester strains TA97a and TA98 as model organisms were used to explore the effects of ultrasound on insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphisms of microbial DNA and its underlying mechanisms. Results revealed that a promotion was observed in the reversion mutation of TA98 upon sonication. Sequencing results from 1752 TA98 revertants showed that there was a total of 127 InDels, of which the InDels unique to ultrasound were 36 more than that of the control. Compared with the control, ultrasound-mediated InDels of DNA displayed additional −29 bp deletion and +7 ∼ +43 bp insertions of direct repeat sequences. Combined with the analysis of transcriptomics and prediction of secondary structure of single-stranded DNA from InDels core region (No. 832 ∼ 915 bp) in hisD3052 gene of TA98 strain, ultrasound-mediated “thermal breathing” mechanism was proposed based on the formation of DNA hairpin structure with micro-homologous sequence. This finding implied that low-intensity ultrasound is expected to be developed a new low-lethal mutagenic technology for continuous mutagenesis.

A novel food packaging film was developed by incorporating a tea polyphenols-loaded pullulan/trehalose (TP@Pul/Tre) into a composite film with ultrasound-assisted treatment of dual-frequency (20/35 kHz, 40 W/L) for 15 min to assess the physicochemical and mechanical properties of a composite film. The optimized ultrasound-assisted significantly increases elongation at break, tensile strength, and improves the composite film's UV/water/oxygen barrier properties. Structure analysis using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and thermal stability revealed that these improvements were achieved through ultrasound-enhanced H-bonds, more ordered molecular arrangements, and good intermolecular compatibility. Besides, the ultrasound-assisted TP@Pul/Tre film has proven to have good antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with approximately 100 % lethality at 4 h and 8 h, respectively. Moreover, the ultrasound-assisted TP@Pul/Tre film effectively delayed moisture loss, oxidative browning, decay, and deterioration in fresh-cut apples and pears, thereby extending their shelf life. Thus, ultrasound has proved to be an effective tool for improving the quality of food packaging films, with a wide range of applications.

Ultrasonic washing has been proved to be an abiotic elicitor to induce the accumulation of phenolics in some fruit and vegetables. However, the feasibility of ultrasonic washing on the accumulation of phenolics in fresh-cut red cabbages has not yet been reported. Therefore, the effects of ultrasonic washing on the phenolics and related phenolic metabolism enzymes of fresh-cut red cabbages, as well as quality and microbial safety during cold storage, were investigated. Firstly, the single-factor tests were used to optimize the ultrasonic processing parameters, including frequency mode, frequency amplitude, power density, frequency cycle time, and ultrasonic washing. Then the activities of the enzymes related to phenolic metabolisms after optimal ultrasound treatment were investigated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD). Additionally, the quality and microbial safety of fresh-cut red cabbages stored at 4°C under the optimal ultrasound treatment were evaluated. The results showed that the content of soluble phenolics (SPs) in fresh-cut red cabbages increased significantly during storage under the optimal conditions (28 ± 2 kHz, 60 W/L, 400 ms, and 20 min) compared with the control (P < 0.05). The PAL activity was activated and the PPO and POD activities were inhibited after ultrasonic washing, which contributed to the increase in the content of SPs. Meanwhile, the storage quality and microbial safety of fresh-cut red cabbages were improved. Ultrasonic washing reduced the weight loss and respiration rate and improved the color and texture characteristics. Additionally, the fresh-cut red cabbages after ultrasonic washing showed more retention of ascorbic acid (AA), total soluble proteins (TSPs), total soluble sugars (TSSs), and total soluble solids (SSs) compared with the control. Finally, ultrasonic washing effectively inhibited the growth of bacteria, molds and yeasts, which is beneficial to the extension of the shelf-life of fresh-cut red cabbages. Therefore, ultrasonic washing can be used as a tool to increase the content of SPs in fresh-cut red cabbages while retaining quality attributes and microbial safety.

Through virtual screening, electronic tongue verification, and molecular docking technology, the structure-taste activity relationship of 47 kinds of umami peptides (octapeptide - undecapeptide) from Stropharia rugosoannulata prepared by simultaneous ultrasonic-assisted directional enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed. The umami peptides of S.rugosoannulata can form hydrogen bond interaction and electrostatic interaction with umami receptors T1R1/T1R3. The amino acid residues at the peptides' N-terminal and C-terminal play a vital role in binding with the receptors to form a stable complex. D, E, and R are the primary amino acids in the peptides that easily bind to T1R1/T1R3. The basic amino acid in the peptides is more easily bound to T1R1, and the acidic amino acid is more easily bound to T1R3. The active amino acid sites of the receptors to which the peptides bind account for 42%−65% of the total active amino acid residues in the receptors. ASP147 and ASP219 are the critical amino acid residues for T1R1 to recognize the umami peptides, and ARG64, GLU45, and GLU48 are the critical amino acid residues for T1R3 to recognize the umami peptides. The increase in the variety and quantity of umami peptides is the main reason for improving the umami taste of the substrate prepared by synchronous ultrasound-assisted directional enzymatic hydrolysis. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding simultaneous ultrasound-assisted directional enzymatic hydrolysis for preparing umami peptides from S.rugosoannulata, enhancing the flavor of umami, and the relationship between peptide structure and taste activity.

The effects of dual-frequency (40 + 20 kHz) and multi-angle ultrasound (0°, 30°, 45°) on the coagulation state, network structure, flavor and protein conformation of tofu gel were studied. The results showed that the gel flavor of 40 + 20 kHz 0° group was the best and fluorescence intensity was low. The gel flavor in the 40 + 20 kHz 30° group was better than the group without ultrasound, and hydrophobic interaction and disulfide bond content was the largest. Meanwhile, the degree of protein cross-link was increased. The gel in 40 + 20 kHz 45° group had tightly gel state, high thermal stability, but poor flavor. Combined with The Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)-entropy weight method, the 40 + 20 kHz 30° group, was the best ultrasonic treatment of gel. It can change the interaction between proteins, promote protein cross-link, and form a uniform and dense gel network. Finally, the hardness and moisture content of finished tofu were increased significantly, and the quality was improved.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of multi-mode S-type ultrasound treatment on the protein extraction level of walnut dregs. The structural properties of the walnut protein (WP) were characterized, and the correlation between protein structure and extraction level was analyzed. The in situ real-time monitoring model for the ultrasound-assisted WP extraction process was established by a miniature fiber near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. Results showed that the protein yield, purity, and comprehensive extraction index (CEI) of extracted WP were 71.07 %, 72.69 %, and 71.72, respectively, under optimal conditions (dual-frequency 20/28 kHz, ultrasonic treatment duration 30 min, and ultrasound power density 120 W/L). The secondary structure of extracted WP displayed that the proportion of α-helix and β-sheet reduced, while the contents of β-turn and random coil increased after ultrasonic treatment. Besides, sonication decreased the disulfide bond content and increased free sulfhydryl (-SH) and surface hydrophobicity compared to the control. The microstructures of WP confirmed that appropriate sonication could unfold the protein aggregates and reduce the particle size. The extraction level of WP is positively correlated with the -SH content (p

Ultrasound-assisted enzymolysis has been applied to improve conventional enzymolysis, while there are rare reports on the application of ultrasound to high-concentration feather protein enzymolysis. Therefore, the feasibility of dual-frequency slit ultrasound (DFSU) for enzymolysis of high-concentration hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), as well as the biological activities and structural characteristics of hydrolysates were investigated. The single-factor test was used to optimize the ultrasonic processing parameters: substrate concentration, frequency mode, intermittent ratio, power density, and time. The results showed that protein recovery rate and conversion rate increased by 6.08% and 18.63% under the optimal conditions (200 g/L, 28/80 kHz, 5:2 s/s, 600 W/L, and 3 h) compared with conventional enzymolysis, respectively. The macromolecular proteins in hydrolysates were converted into micromolecular peptides (< 500 Da) when treated by DFSU, and antioxidant activity and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of hydrolysates were increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images illustrated the microstructure changes of feather protein particles in the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysates of HFM (UEH), including more porous, smaller, and more uniform. Additionally, the conformation of protein molecules was significantly affected (P

This study has developed, ultrasound-assisted, a novel food packaging film (U-zein/SiO2) for food packaging applications. Incorporating an optimal concentration of 18 mg/mL of nano-SiO2 and subjecting the film to 10 min of ultrasonic treatment resulted in a remarkable increase of 32.89% in elongation at break and 55.86% in tensile strength. In addition, the incorporation of nano-SiO2 effectively reduces the water content and solubility of the composite film, resulting in improved water/oxygen barrier properties. These physiochemical properties were further improved with the application of ultrasound. The analysis of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electronic microscope demonstrated that the ultrasound treatment improved the hydrogen bonds, improved thermal stability, molecular arrangement, structure stability, and intermolecular compatibility of the composite film, resulting in enhanced physio-mechanical properties of the film. In addition, the ultrasound treatment led to a smoother film surface and reduced the pores on the film’s cross-section. Moreover, the U-zein/SiO2 film exhibited excellent mechanical and water/oxygen barrier properties in different storage environments over a period of 30 days. These results offer sound theoretical support for the practical application of the prepared preservative film.

This study evaluates the effect of multimodal ultrasound on the extraction efficiency and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii Walp. (LMP). The separation and purification of maca polysaccharides were investigated by the DEAE-52 cellulose column, and the monosaccharide compositions were identified by HPGPC. Their immune activity was analyzed by the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) from RAW 264.7 macrophage. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were energy aggregation alternation dual-frequency ultrasound (EADU) with frequency combinations of 20/35, extraction time of 15 min, material/water ratio of 1:10 g/mL, ultrasonic power intensity of 150 W/L, intermittent time ratio of 4 s/3 s, and extraction temperature of 50 ℃. The extraction rates of purified polysaccharides (US3) increased by 44.90%. The LMP extracted by EADU contained arabinose, galactose, and glucose in the molar ratios of 2.9:2.72:5.05. In addition, US3 promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW 264.7 better than RS3 (purified polysaccharides extracted by hot water), which indicated that US3 exerted remarkable immune activity. It could be an excellent functional additive in food or medicine.

Diversiform okra dry powders were prepared and controlled-temperature ultrasonic-assisted extraction (CTUAE) was then utilized to obtain okra pectin (OP) from the preparative powders. During processing of hybrid techniques, 6 types of dry powders were prepared through different drying technologies (hot air drying, HD; freeze-drying, FD) and meshes (60, 80, 120 meshes) at first. Next, the extraction yield, physicochemical and function characteristics, and molecular structure of OP were analyzed with or without CTUAE technique. Meanwhile, the time–frequency domains of acoustic fields during extraction process of OP were monitored to analyze the effects of ultrasonic fields. Results showed that OP main chains with less cracking by FD than that by HD; the yield, GalA, esterification degree (DE), Mw and viscosity of OP increased, but its particle size decreased. Water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) of OP by HD were more prominent. Secondly, HD OP had dendritic rigid chains, while FD OP had flexible chains with multiple branches. For HD OP, as meshes of okra dry powders decreased, GalA, viscosity and emulsification ability decreased; while gel strength and thermal stability increased. For FD OP, the reduction of meshes improved thermal stability. Above all, CTUAE technique increased the yield and GalA, and decreased DE, Mw and particle size of OP. In terms of functional characteristics, the technique also improved gel strength, resilience and viscoelasticity, enhanced emulsifying stability, WHC and thermal stability, and reduced viscosity. Finally, the correlation between functional and structural characteristics of OP was quantified, and some suggestions were made for its application in food areas.

To reveal the structural characteristics and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition mechanism of Stropharia rugosoannulata mushroom peptides prepared by multifrequency ultrasound, the peptide distribution, amino acid sequence composition characteristics, formation pathway, and ACE inhibition mechanism of S. rugosoannulata mushroom peptides were studied. It was found that the peptides in S. rugosoannulata mushroom samples treated by multifrequency ultrasound (probe ultrasound and bath ultrasound mode) were mainly octapeptides, nonapeptides, and decapeptides. Hydrophobic amino acids were the primary amino acids in the peptides prepared by ultrasound, and the amino acid dissociation of the peptide bonds at the C-terminal under the action of ultrasound was performed mainly to produce hydrophobic amino acids. Pro and Val (PV), Arg and Pro (RP), Pro and Leu (PL), and Asp (D) combined with hydrophobic amino acids were the characteristic amino acid sequence basis of the active peptides of the S. rugosoannulata mushroom. The docking results of active peptides and ACE showed that hydrogen bond interaction remained the primary mode of interaction between ACE and peptides prepared by ultrasound. The peptides can bind to the amino acid residues in the ACE active pocket, zinc ions, or key amino acids in the domain, and this results in inhibition of ACE activity. Cation–pi interactions also played an important role in the binding of mushroom peptides to ACE. This study explains the structural characteristics and ACE inhibition mechanism used by S. rugosoannulata mushroom peptides prepared by ultrasound, and it will provide a reference for the development and application of S. rugosoannulata mushroom peptides.

This study evaluated the effect of mono-frequency ultrasound (MFU, 20 kHz), dual-frequency ultrasound (DFU, 20/40 kHz), and tri-frequency ultrasound (TFU, 20/40/60 kHz) on mass transfer, drying kinetics, and quality properties of infrared-dried pineapple slices. Pretreatments were conducted in distilled water (US), 35 °Brix sucrose solution (US-OD), and 75% (v/v) ethanol solution (US-ET). Results indicated that ultrasound pretreatments modified the microstructure of slices and shortened drying times. Compared to the control group, ultrasound application reduced drying time by 19.01–28.8% for US, 15.33–24.41% for US-OD, and 38.88–42.76% for US-ET. Tri-frequency ultrasound provoked the largest reductions, which exhibited time reductions of 6.36–11.20% and better product quality compared to MFU. Pretreatments increased color changes and loss of bioactive compounds compared to the control but improved the flavor profile and enzyme inactivation. Among pretreated sample groups, US-OD slices had lower browning and rehydration abilities, higher hardness values, and better retention of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Therefore, the combination of TFU and osmotic dehydration could simultaneously improve ultrasound efficacy, reduce drying time, and produce quality products.

Traditional enzymolysis method for producing bioactive peptides does not consider the utilization of digestive enzymes in the human gastrointestinal tract, leading to the possibility of excessive hydrolysis and higher production cost. Therefore, a two-stage enzymolysis method was established in this study based on in vitro limited enzymolysis and gastrointestinal digestion, and applied it to the research of walnut protein (WP) in exerting antioxidant activity. Results showed that WP could be well-digested by pepsin and pancreatin. WP with limited enzymolysis degree of 0% could achieve high antioxidant activity after the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and reducing power were 66.53% and 8.55 μmoL TE/mL, respectively. In vivo experimental results also exhibited that both WP and WP hydrolysate (WPH) could alleviate the oxidative damage induced by D-galactose in SD rats to some extent. Considering the digestive function of human body, in vitro limited enzymolysis, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion and in vivo validation are necessary processes for the production of bioactive peptides.

Tea saponin (TS) has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the antipruritic and anti-inflammatory effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) are unknown. This study, therefore, evaluated the therapeutic effects of TS from seed pomace of C. oleifera on AD in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-caused BALB/c mice. The major compositions were separated and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The antipruritic efficacy as well as the anti-inflammatory activity of TS were assessed using skin lesions, scratching tendency, and cytokine levels in DNCB-caused BALB/c mice. Twenty-six TS were preliminarily identified, and the dermatitis results revealed that TS could significantly reduce the degree of dermatitis and scratching in AD mice induced by DNCB. TS also normalized the skin barriers and inhibited the generation of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and skin tissue of mice. Overall, TS possesses antipruritic and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential natural resource for dermatitis treatment.