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Excessive nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) result in serious eutrophication of water. In this study, magnesium modified acid bentonite was prepared by the impregnation method, and nitrogen and phosphorus were simultaneously removed by the magnesium ammonium phosphate method (MAP), which solved the problem of the poor adsorption capacity of bentonite. The morphology and structure of MgO-SBt were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, XPS, BET, etc. The results show that the acidified bentonite can increase the distance between bentonite layers, the layer spacing is expanded to 1.560 nm, and the specific surface area is expanded to 95.433 m

As the environmental issues of organic dyes pollutants are becoming more and more severe, the need to develop emerging technologies to effectively eliminate pollutants is becoming increasingly urgent. In this work, the perovskite-type [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] composites were successfully synthesized by a simple ultrasonic water bath. The obtained composite was characterized by various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM and UV-Vis. The photocatalytic performance of the composite was investigated by degrading rhodamine B under 25 W and 254 nm UV irradiation. Moreover, we investigated the optimum preparation conditions of [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] photocatalyst with a [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] mass ratio of 1:1 and a temperature of [Formula: see text]C for 2 h. In addition, the operating parameters of the photocatalytic reaction were systematically studied such as the initial concentration of solution, catalyst dosage and solution initial pH. The results showed that the photocatalytic decolorization rate of rhodamine B could reach 97.5% by adding 1 g/L [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] photocatalyst to 100 mL of 20 mg/L rhodamine B solution at pH 2 for 2 h. What’s more, the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] catalyst was shown to be reusable and stable by cycling tests, and the use of active species trapping agents determined the predominance of •[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in the reaction system. Finally, the possible mechanism of enhancement of photocatalytic activity was initially discussed.

A variety of podocyte antigens have been identified in human membranous nephropathy (MN), which is divided into various antigen-dominated subtypes, confirming the concept that MN is the common pattern of glomerular injury in multiple autoimmune responses. The detection of autoantibodies has been widely used, which promoted the clinical practice of MN toward personalized precision medicine. However, given the potential risks of immunosuppressive therapy, more autoantibodies and biomarkers need to be identified to predict the prognosis and therapeutic response of MN more accurately. In this review, we attempted to summarize the autoantigens/autoantibodies and autoimmune mechanisms that can predict disease states based on the current understanding of MN pathogenesis, especially the podocyte injury manifestations. In conclusion, both the autoimmune response and podocyte injury require multidimensional attention in the disease course of MN.

Aim This study aims to explore the effect of two commercially available haemostatic agents (i.e., collagen sponge and oxide cellulose) on early healing of the extraction socket. Material and methods In a murine model, bilateral maxillary first molars were extracted and the sockets were filled with or without haemostatic agents. Histology, histomorphometry and immunostaining assays were performed on samples harvested on postextraction day 1, 3, 7 and 14. In vitro studies were also designed to investigate the effect of agents on the dynamics of pH and viability of cells. Results Early socket healing was delayed by both agents but with different patterns. The migration of cells was impeded by oxide cellulose on postextraction day 1 compared with the collagen and the control group. The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of cells were delayed by both materials. Moreover, apoptosis of periodontal ligament cells was present in the haemostatic agent groups. These effects are attributed to the compression to periodontal ligament by both agents, the acidic niche caused by oxide cellulose, and the intense foreign body reaction and inflammatory response caused by the agents. Conclusions The placement of haemostatic agents delay the early extraction socket healing via different biological mechanism.

Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of parathyroid hormone injection on experimental tooth movement in rats. Methods Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Their maxillary right first molars were moved mesially with nickel-titanium closed-coil springs. The experimental group received daily subcutaneous injections of parathyroid hormone at a dose of 4 μg per 100 g of body weight for 12 days, and the control group received vehicle injections. The results were evaluated by intraoral measurements and by hematoxylin and eosin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and immunohistochemistry staining. Results The tooth movement and osteoclast numbers were significantly increased in the parathyroid hormone group compared with the control group. The expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and insulin-like growth factor-I were significantly stimulated in the parathyroid hormone group. Conclusions The data suggest that short-term parathyroid hormone injection might be a potential method for accelerating orthodontic tooth movement by increasing the alveolar bone turnover rate.

Objective The objective of this study was to analyze craniofacial morphologic characteristics at the stage of mixed dentition in Chinese children who had received surgery for unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP) compared with the healthy population. Material and methods Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken for 2 groups of individuals: (1) 48 UCCLP patients who had been operated on before 2 years of age, and (2) 60 noncleft peers as controls. Results The operated UCCLP groups differed from the control group as follows: reduced cranial base length, less maxillary length, more retrognathic maxilla, retusion of the entire maxilla, more incongruous intermaxillary relation, more concave skeletal profile, and more lingually inclined maxillary and mandibular incisors. Conclusions The operated UCCLP children at the mixed dentition stage showed serious craniofacial deformities and the craniofacial growth was influenced (especially in maxilla).

Objective: To compare the anchorage effects of the implants and the headgear for patients with anterior teeth retraction in terms of incisor retraction, anchorage loss, inclination of maxillary incisors, positional change of maxillary basal bone, and treatment duration. Materials and Methods: An electronic search for relative randomized controlled trials (RCTs) prospective and retrospective controlled trials was done through the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, Medline, and CNKI, regardless of language of study. Study selection, methodological quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was performed when possible; otherwise descriptive assessment was done. Results: The search yielded 35 articles, of which eight met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into five groups according to types of intervention. For the midpalatal implant, the anchorage loss was much less than for the headgear group, with insignificant differences in terms of anterior teeth retraction, maxillary incisor inclination, positional change of basal bone, and treatment duration. For the mini-implant, greater anterior teeth retraction and less anchorage loss were demonstrated, with inconsistent results for the other measures. For the onplant, less anchorage loss was noted, with insignificant differences for the other measures. Conclusions: The skeletal anchorage of the midpalatal implant, mini-implant, and onplant offer better alternatives to headgear, with less anchorage loss and more anterior teeth retraction. There were inconsistent results from the included studies in terms of maxillary incisor inclination, positional change of maxillary basal bone, and treatment duration. More qualified RCTs are required to provide clear recommendations.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of chincup therapy for mandibular growth retardation in early orthopedic treatment of Class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: An electronic search for articles reporting randomized clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, and cohort studies testing the efficacy of chincup appliance for Class III malocclusion published up to the present was done through four databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; to March 2010), MEDLINE (1950–March 2010), EMBASE (1980–March 2010), and CBM (1978–March 2010). Study quality assessment and data extraction were done by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was done with the assistance of Revman 5.01. Results: The search resulted in 50 articles. After selection following the established criteria, four cohort studies qualified for the final review analysis. The results showed that chincup therapy decreased SNB angle and increased ANB angle; the total pooled weighted mean difference values (95%...

Reason for Withdrawal Withdrawn due to author circumstances and the fact that this is a non-priority topic. To view the published versions of this article, please click the 'Other versions' tab.

Background Acid etching of tooth surfaces to promote the bonding of orthodontic attachments to the enamel has been a routine procedure in orthodontic treatment since the 1960s. Various types of orthodontic etchants and etching techniques have been introduced in the past five decades. Although a large amount of information on this topic has been published, there is a significant lack of consensus regarding the clinical effects of different dental etchants and etching techniques. Objectives To compare the effects of different dental etchants and different etching techniques for the bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances. Search methods We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 8 March 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 2), MEDLINE via OVID (to 8 March 2013), EMBASE via OVID (to 8 March 2013), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (to 12 March 2011), the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (to 8 March 2013) and the National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry (to 8 March 2013). A handsearching group updated the handsearching of journals, carried out as part of the Cochrane Worldwide Handsearching Programme, to the most current issue. There were no restrictions regarding language or date of publication. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different etching materials, or different etching techniques using the same etchants, for the bonding of fixed orthodontic brackets to incisors, canines and premolars in children and adults. Data collection and analysis Two review authors extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies independently and in duplicate. We resolved disagreements by discussion among the review team. We contacted the corresponding authors of the included studies to obtain additional information, if necessary. Main results We included 13 studies randomizing 417 participants with 7184 teeth/brackets. We assessed two studies (15%) as being at low risk of bias, 10 studies (77%) as being at high risk of bias and one study (8%) as being at unclear risk of bias. Self etching primers (SEPs) versus conventional etchants Eleven studies compared the effects of SEPs with conventional etchants. Only five of these studies (three of split-mouth design and two of parallel design) reported data at the participant level, with the remaining studies reporting at the tooth level, thus ignoring clustering/the paired nature of the data. A meta-analysis of these five studies, with follow-up ranging from 5 to 37 months, provided low-quality evidence that was insufficient to determine whether or not there is a difference in bond failure rate between SEPs and convention etchants (risk ratio 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 1.73; 221 participants). The uncertainty in the CI includes both no effect and appreciable benefit and harm. Subgroup analysis did not show a difference between split-mouth and parallel studies. There were no data available to allow assessment of the outcomes: decalcification, participant satisfaction and cost-effectiveness. One study reported decalcification, but only at the tooth level. SEPs versus SEPs Two studies compared two different SEPs. Both studies reported bond failure rate, with one of the studies also reporting decalcification. However, as both studies reported outcomes only at the tooth level, there were no data available to evaluate the superiority of any of the SEPs over the others investigated with regards to any of the outcomes of this review. We did not find any eligible studies evaluating different etching materials (e.g. phosphoric acid, polyacrylic acid, maleic acid), concentrations or etching times. Authors' conclusions We found low-quality evidence that was insufficient to conclude whether or not there is a difference in bond failure rate between SEPs and conventional etching systems when bonding fixed orthodontic appliances over a 5- to 37-month follow-up. Insufficient data were also available to allow any conclusions to be formed regarding the superiority of SEPs or conventional etching for the outcomes: decalcification, participant satisfaction and cost-effectiveness, or regarding the superiority of different etching materials, concentrations or etching times, or of any one SEP over another. Further well-designed RCTs on this topic are needed to provide more evidence in order to answer these clinical questions.

PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to provide quantitative information about the facial soft-tissue characteristics of operated unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCCLP) children compared with healthy children during mixed dentition. METHODS Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 48 children with UCCLP who had been operated on before the age of 2 years were analyzed and compared with those of a control group of 60 healthy children with the same age, sex, and ethnic characteristics. RESULTS The children with operated UCCLP differed from the control group by having a more concave profile, flatter nasal tip, more retrognathic basis nasi, shorter upper lip, thicker upper and lower lip, reduced upper-lip projection, and increased lower-lip projection. CONCLUSIONS The facial soft-tissue morphology in operated UCCLP patients differed from normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group. It may be necessary for children with UCCLP operated before 2 years of age to have some preventive treatment.

BACKGROUND:Secondary alveolar bone grafting has been widely used to reconstruct alveolar cleft. However, there is still some controversy.OBJECTIVES:To compare the effectiveness and safety of different secondary bone grafting methods.SEARCH STRATEGY:The final electronic and handsearches were carried out on 11 February 2011, and included the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. All the Chinese professional journals in the oral and dental field were handsearched and conference proceedings consulted. There was no language or time restriction.SELECTION CRITERIA:Only randomized clinical trials were selected. Patients with the diagnosis of cleft lip and alveolar process only, unilateral cleft lip and palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate involving the alveolar process and greater than 5 years of age were included.DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:Two review authors extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies independently. Disagreement between the two review authors was resolved by discussion in the review team. The first authors of the included studies were contacted for additional information, if necessary.MAIN RESULTS:Two of 582 potential studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. One trial compared alveolar bone grafting using artificial materials (InFuse bone graft substitute impregnated with BMP-2) with a traditional iliac graft. The other trial investigated the application of fibrin glue to the bone graft. Both trials were small with 21 and 27 patients and were assessed as being at high risk of bias. Any apparent differences between the interventions for outcomes in either study must therefore be treated with great caution and are not highlighted here.AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS:Due to the high level of risk of bias in the two included trials there is insufficient evidence to conclude that one intervention is superior to another.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dental and skeletal maturity.Digital panoramic radiographs and lateral skull cephalograms of 302 patients (134 boys and 168 girls, ranging from 8 to 16 years of age) were examined. Dental maturity was assessed by calcification stages of the mandibular canines, first and second premolars, and second molars, whereas skeletal maturity was estimated by the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between CVM stage and dental calcification stage of individual teeth.The mean chronologic age of girls was significantly lower than that of boys in each CVM stage. The Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients between dental maturity and cervical vertebral maturity ranged from 0.391 to 0.582 for girls and from 0.464 to 0.496 for boys (P0.05). In girls, the mandibular second molar had the highest and the canine the lowest correlation. In boys, the canine had the highest and the first premolar the lowest correlation.Tooth calcification stage was significantly correlated with cervical vertebral maturation stage. The development of the mandibular second molar in females and that of the mandibular canine in males had the strongest correlations with cervical vertebral maturity. Therefore, it is practical to consider the relationship between dental and skeletal maturity when planning orthodontic treatment.