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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 breakthrough infection in highly vaccinated populations raises study on the effectiveness for inactivated vaccine, including effectiveness of the vaccine dose, the continuance of effectiveness, the effectiveness against severe/critical coronavirus disease 2019 and against secondary attacks. A population of 10 870 close contacts were investigated in a Delta variant's epidemic. The effectiveness of vaccination was estimated in a test-negative case-control study. In addition, serum was used to detect neutralizing antibodies, to explore their correlation to effectiveness. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) values were estimated for populations aged 12 years or older. The overall adjusted VE was 56.2% and a two-dose vaccine was more effective than a one-dose vaccine (56.7% vs. 43.8%). In addition, the population that got the second dose vaccine within 2 months showed higher VE than the population vaccinated for longer than 2 months (61.5% vs. 52.3%). Among the population who vaccinated 2 doses or within 2 months, a higher level of neutralizing antibodies was observed. For infected cases, vaccinated populations showed lower rates of transmission (2.63% vs. 4.36%). Further, those vaccinated cases, who were not found causing transmission, had a higher level of antibodies. The study provided a full view of the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines in a real-world setting. The time-related VE against infection and lower transmission of breakthrough vaccinated cases were observed, which may indicate that a necessity of a booster vaccine to maintain the effectiveness and high level of neutralizing antibody.

Nucleic acid detection represents limitations due to its false-negative rate and technical complexity in the COVID-19 pandemic. Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody tests are widely spread all over the world presently. However, there is no report on the effectiveness of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing methods in China.We gathered 10776 serum samples from close contacts of the SARS-CoV-2 infections in Fujian of China and used 2 chemiluminescence immunoassays (Wantai Bio., Yahuilong Bio.) and 2 lateral flow immunoassays (Lizhu Bio. and Dongfang Bio.) to perform the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests in China.The 4 antibody tests have great diagnostic value for infected or uninfected, especially in the neutralizing antibodies tests, the AUC can reach 0.939 (Wantai Bio.) and 0.916 (Yahuilong Bio.). Furthermore, we used pseudoviruses and euvirus neutralization assay to validate the effectiveness of these antibody test, the results of pseudoviruses neutralization assay or euvirus neutralization assay shows a considerable correlation with the 4 antibody detection respectively, particularly in euvirus neutralization assay, neutralizing antibodies detected by Wantai Bio. or Yahuilong Bio., the correlation can get the level of 0.93 or 0.82.The findings of this study demonstrate that the detections of antibodies have profound value in the diagnosis of COVID-19.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the necessity of Covid-19 vaccination in children aged < 12 y by comparing the clinical characteristics between unvaccinated children aged < 12 y and vaccinated patients aged ≥ 12y during the Delta surge (B.1.617.2) in Putian, Fujian, China.MethodsA total of 226 patients with SARS-Cov-2 Delta variant (B.1.167.2; confirmed by Real-time PCR positivity and sequencing) were enrolled from Sep 10th to Oct 20th, 2021, including 77 unvaccinated children (aged < 12y) and 149 people aged ≥ 12y, mostly vaccinated. The transmission route was explored and the clinical data of two groups were compared; The effect factors for the time of the nucleic acid negativization (NAN) were examined by R statistical analysis.ResultsThe Delta surge in Putian spread from children in schools to factories, mostly through family contact. Compared with those aged ≥ 12y, patients aged < 12y accounted for 34.07% of the total and showed milder fever, less cough and fatigue; they reported higher peripheral blood lymphocyte counts [1.84 (1.32, 2.71)×10^9/L vs. 1.31 (0.94, 1.85)×10^9/L; pppppp=0.13).ConclusionUnvaccinated children may be an important link in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 delta variant (B1.617.2), which indicated an urgent need of vaccination for this particular population.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the necessity of Covid-19 vaccination in children aged < 12 y by comparing the clinical characteristics in unvaccinated children aged < 12 y with vaccinated patients aged ≥ 12y during the Delta surge (B.1.617.2) in Putian, Fujian, China.MethodsA total of 226 patients with SARS-Cov-2 Delta variant (B.1.167.2; confirmed by Realtime PCR positive and sequencing) were enrolled from Sep 10th to Oct 20th, 2021, including 77 unvaccinated children (aged < 12y) and 149 people aged ≥ 12y, mostly vaccinated. The transmission route was explored and the clinical data of two groups were compared; the effect factors for the time of the nucleic acid negativization (NAN) were examined by R statistical analysis.ResultsThe Delta surge in Putian spread from children in schools to factories, mostly through family contact. Compared with those aged ≥ 12y, patients aged < 12y accounted for 34.07% of the total and showed milder fever, less cough and fatigue; they reported higher peripheral blood lymphocyte counts [1.84(1.32,2.71)×10^9/L vs. 1.31(0.94,1.85)×10^9/L; pp< 0.05]. Upon admission, their COVID19 antibodies (IgM and IgG) and IgG in convalescence were lower [0.13(0.00,0.09) vs. 0.12(0.03,0.41), pp pp=0.13).ConclusionChildren aged < 12y may be critical hidden spreaders, which indicates an urgent need of vaccination for this particular population.

Objective The association between computed tomography (CT) and clinical severity of COVID‐19 has been demonstrated. However, there are few studies on CT and laboratory indicators in patients in COVID‐19. Our aim was to explore the correlation between chest CT images and laboratory indicators of patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with COVID‐19 diagnosed and treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University from 24 January 2020 to 6 March 2020. The correlation test between first chest CT score and blood cell analysis, C‐reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), blood biochemistry and T lymphocyte subsets (T‐Ls) was investigated. Results Among the 56 patients, there were 36 (64.3%) males and 20 (35.7%) females. The mean age of the patients was 46.54 ± 15.82 (range, 15‐86) years. The CT score in the moderate group was higher than in the mild group (5.06 ± 0.77 vs 1.87 ± 0.88, P .05). The CT scores of all patients correlated positively with CRP, LDH and ESR (all P

It is unclear whether individuals with enormous diversity in B cell receptor repertoires are consistently able to mount effective antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed antibody responses in a cohort of 55 convalescent patients and isolated 54 potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). While most of the mAbs target the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding surface on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, mAb 47D1 binds only to one side of the receptor binding surface on the RBD. Neutralization by 47D1 is achieved independent of interfering RBD-ACE2 binding. A crystal structure of the mAb-RBD complex shows that the IF motif at the tip of 47D1 CDR H2 interacts with a hydrophobic pocket in the RBD. Diverse immunoglobulin gene usage and convergent epitope targeting characterize neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that vaccines that effectively present the receptor binding site on the RBD will likely elicit neutralizing antibody responses in a large fraction of the population., Graphical abstract, Zhou et al. isolate 54 potent neutralizing antibodies from convalescent COVID-19 patients, revealing diverse immunoglobulin gene usage and convergent epitope targeting of neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines that effectively present the RBD receptor binding site will likely elicit neutralizing antibody responses in a large fraction of the population.

Background Chromosomal diseases with chromosomal abnormalities are one of the most common genetic diseases in humans, including abnormal numbers and structural abnormalities. Patau syndrome (also known as trisomy 13), Edward syndrome (also called trisomy 18), and Down syndrome (also known as trisomy 21) are all clinically fatal diseases caused by abnormal numbers of autosomes. However, there is no reliable and effective cure for chromosomal diseases, mainly relying on fast and accurate prenatal diagnosis technology to reduce the rate of birth defects. Methods Fluorescent-labeled primers were designed and then used in fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) composite amplification, capillary electrophoresis typing, and gene fragment analysis technology to detect 64 amniotic fluid samples, which were indicated high risks of trisomy 18 and 21 by non-invasive prenatal diagnostic technology (NIPT). The results are compared with the results of karyotype analysis and chromo-some copy variations (CNVs). Results Sixty-four samples were determined by FQ-PCR technology with the help of short tandem repeat (STR) regarded as molecular marker (STR-FQ-PCR), the result showed 61 cases of chromosomal aneuploidy were positive, including 14 cases of Edward syndrome and 47 cases of Down syndrome. A total of 460 STR locus genotypes were detected, containing 84 STR locus genotypes of Edward syndrome and 376 STR locus genotypes of Down syndrome. Chromosome karyotype analysis showed that the detected samples were all chromosomal aneuploidy. Among them were 15 cases of trisomy 18, including 14 cases of homozygous type and 1 case of chimeric type, 49 cases of trisomy 21, consisting of 47 cases homozygous type and 2 cases chimeric type. Sixty-two cases of chromosomal aneuploidy were detected by CNVs with 14 cases of trisomy 18 and 48 cases of trisomy 21. Conclusions The detectable rate of STR-FQ-PCR technology is 95.31% while the karyotype analysis is the highest with 100%. For non-chimera and non-structural abnormal samples, the coincidence rate of results between STR-FQ-PCR technology and karyotype analysis was 100%. All above manifested the application of multiple STR loci for rapid diagnosis of Down syndrome and Edward syndrome has high clinical value.

A digital detection strategy based on a portable personal glucometer (PGM) was developed for the simple, rapid, and sensitive detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA, involving the release of glucose-loaded nanoliposomes due to coupling-site-specific cleavage by the endonuclease BamHI. The glucose-loaded nanoliposomes were synthesized using a reversed-phase evaporation method and provided an amplified signal at the PGM in the presence of HCV RNA. Initially, a 21-mer oligonucleotide complementary to HCV RNA was covalently conjugated to a magnetic bead through the amino group at the 5′ end of the oligonucleotide, and then bound to a glucose-loaded liposome by typical carbodiimide coupling at its 3′ end. In the presence of the target HCV RNA, the target hybridized with the oligonucleotide to form double-stranded DNA. The symmetrical duplex sequence 5′-GGATCC-3′ between guanines was then catalytically cleaved by BamHI, which detached the glucose-loaded liposome from the magnetic bead. Following magnetic separation of the bead, the detached glucose-loaded liposome was lysed using Triton X-100 to release the glucose molecules within it, which were then detected as an amplified signal at the digital PGM. Under optimal conditions, the PGM signal increased with increasing HCV RNA, and displayed a strongly linear dependence on the level of HCV RNA for concentrations ranging from 10 pM to 1.0 μM. The detection limit (LOD) of the system was 1.9 pM. Good reproducibility and favorable specificity were achieved in the analysis of the target HCV RNA. Human serum samples containing HCV RNA were analyzed using this strategy, and the developed sensing platform was observed to yield satisfactory results based on a comparison with the corresponding results from a Cobas® Amplicor HCV Test Analyzer.

Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) with citric acid and ethylenediamine as raw materials were synthesized by an efficient one-step strategy. The N-CQDs showed a special property that the fluorescence was quenched by Fe3+. The quenched fluorescence of N-CQDs could be recovered by glutathione (GSH). Therefore, a "signal-on" fluorescent sensor was developed to detect GSH. The fluorescent sensor could favorably avoid the interference of ascorbic acid, dopamine, glucose, oxidized glutathione, and other amino acids in the detecting process of GSH. The proposed sensor showed a great feature that GSH can be accurately detected in the range from 0.001 to 0.1 mol/L and can be applied to detect GSH in the human serum. Therefore, the proposed method has a promising application for monitoring the blood drug concentration of GSH in clinical studies.

Background Complex chromosome rearrangement (CCR) often results in patients with mental retardation, stunted growth, and multiple abnormalities. CCR carriers are at high risk of adverse pregnancy, and prenatal diagnosis should be made even in normal pregnancy. The incidence of spermatogenesis disorder is high in male CCR carriers, and the chromosome involved with CCR has an impact on the fertility of male carriers. Methods We report a case of complex chromosome translocation: 46, XY, t(4; 10; 13) (q31; q23; q12). The lymphocytes in peripheral blood were cultured to examine the patient's karyotype. Results The patient's karyotype was detected and identified as 46, XY, t(4;10;13) (4pter→4q31::13q12→13qter; 10pter→10q23::4q31→4qter; 13pter→13q12::10q23→10qter). Complex chromosome translocations occurred on chromosomes 4, 10, and 13. When combined with normal gamete, one or two derived chromosomes may be obtained in the offspring, resulting in the increase or decrease of the translocation segments of a chromosome (part of trisomy or part of monomers), thus resulting in fetal abortion, stillbirth or deformed children, etc. Conclusions: Fertility and pregnancy outcome cannot be completely determined according to the complexity of karyotype. For patients with such chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal diagnosis should be strictly carried out to prevent the birth of children with chromosomal diseases if they want to have healthy children.

Background Sex reversal syndrome (SRS) is a human chromosomal abnormality disease with gender dysplasia, which is characterized by inconsistency between social sexuality and genetic sexuality. Methods We report a case of sex reversal syndrome with 46, XX. Chemiluminescence was used to detect serum sex hormones, including testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicular stimulation (FSH), and 15 karyotype analysis. Results The levels of FSH and LH in serum were high, and the level of T in serum was low. The karyotype analysis showed that the nuclear type of the patient was 46, XX. The examination of the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene showed positive results. Conclusions The main principle of diagnosing the 46, XX male SRS is early determination of chromosome, gonad, and genitalia gender. When the prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of pregnant women is inconsistent with the results of cytogenetics, caution should be taken to avoid the birth of children with 46, XX male SRS.