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Background: Gross anatomy has been taught over the years by cadavers' dissection, plastic models and atlases. This study is aimed to compare conventional teaching methods of anatomy with that of 3D cyber anatomy. Materials & Methods: This longitudinal cross-sectional study with prospective type was conducted in Khyber Girls Medical College Peshawar, having a sample size of 233 from three different colleges, using Open-Source Statistics for Public Health sample size calculator. Using random number generator 80 students were made to attempt a pretest and a post-test consisting of 20 MCQs prior to and after completion of GIT and Renal module respectively. Results: Out of 585 students, 240 (80 from each medical college) students took part in the study with 144 female students. Mean age of the students was 20.7 +/-1.07 years. College 2 had highest post-test mean score. The mean difference of test scores between post-test and pre-test among all colleges were statically significant as calculated by paired sample T-test. There was significant difference in mean score of post-tests among 3 colleges which was find out by One-way ANOVA. Post hoc tests identified that post test scores of college 2 was statically different from college 1 and college 3. Our results also showed a significant difference in post-test scores between gender with female students scoring higher than male students. Conclusion: There was no difference in academic performance between the students taught either by conventional method or 3D cyber anatomy and a better performance of female students as compared to male students was also noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School health remains an ignored domain in Pakistan. This article presents gaps in understanding hygiene promotion efforts in school settings in urban squatter settlements by exploring perspectives of the key stakeholders and undertaking a review of the education curriculum. Using qualitative methodology, 13 in-depth interviews were held with the key informants (teachers, health and education officers) and three focus group discussions were conducted with 36 mothers. The study setting includes three schools located in a semi-urban area in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The semi-structured guide was utilized to obtain perspectives of key stakeholders on factors constraining hygiene promotion efforts in school settings. The primary education curriculum was reviewed using the content analysis approach to assess the integration of hygiene concepts into the curriculum. Analysis of qualitative interviews and curriculum review resulted in five categories under a theme that addressed multiple factors constraining hygiene promotion in the school settings. These include (i) Gaps in the school curriculum, (ii) Poor accountability of the local administration in the upkeep of schools, (iii) Parent's negligence toward children's hygiene, (iv) Inadequate training of school teachers on hygiene concepts, and (v) Lack of interdepartmental coordination between health and education sectors. Hygiene promotion at schools has been deterred by multiple factors at the selected primary schools in Pakistan. Recommended actions include integration of health and hygiene concepts into the education curriculum, capacity building of teachers, reviving water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure, coordination among Education and Health Departments and ownership among the local government to ensure cleanliness at schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]