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Pendubot is a popular single input-multi output (SIMO) in laboratories to test control algorithms. In this paper, we focus on a developed model of pendubot – linear triple-linked pendubot (LTLP) and propose LQR to control this model. Through simulation, link 1 is kept balanced, kept following trajectories when link 2, 3 is kept upward under LQR control. Thence, besides balancing well this model at TOP position, our algorithm also makes system tracking sine and pulse trajectories well.

Abstract Inertial electrostatic confinement fusion (IECF) devices often use two concentric spherical electrodes to converge ions in a plasma electrostatically. Using a highly transparent inner cathode, the ions can move through the cathode and collide at the center to undergo fusion reactions. This is a simple method to build a neutron source. Past research has focused chiefly on cathode “grids” manufactured by joining metal wire loops or disc-shaped elements via spot welding. There are two common geometries: “Globe” grids with a distinct latitude-longitude structure and “symmetric” grids with even-sized triangular-shaped apertures. Recent advances in additive manufacturing have opened the way to manufacturing a third class of grids in which the apertures are evenly distributed over the grid surface and have either circular or polygonal shaped apertures - here called “regular” grids. These three types are analyzed and compared based on a set of metrics, including transparency, homogeneity of aperture size, and the regularity of aperture distribution. It is shown that every type of grid comes with different advantages and disadvantages. The analysis focuses on grid geometries with 6 to 120 apertures.

Abstract This work presents experiments about the transmission of electrons with an energy of around 15 keV with beam currents up to 20 µA through macroscopic glass capillaries. A systematic study was conducted to experimentally investigate the transmission of electrons through borosilicate glass capillaries with curve angles of 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° for the first time. The focus of the work was to identify the conditions under which the injected electron current is transmitted through the capillary. It was also shown that the transmission process in the macroscopic capillaries can be optically observed by cathodoluminescence—the interaction of electrons with the capillary surface causes locally a blue glow. Different distinctive “glow states” were observed and are found to correlate with different states of electron transmission.

We aimed to investigate the microbial diversity, mine lignocellulose-degrading enzymes/proteins, and analyze the domain structures of the mined enzymes/proteins in humus samples collected from the Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam. Using a high-throughput Illumina sequencer, 52 Gbs of microbial DNA were assembled in 2,611,883 contigs, from which 4,104,872 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Among the total microbiome analyzed, bacteria occupied 99.69%; the five ubiquitous bacterial phyla included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria, which accounted for 92.59%. Proteobacteria (75.68%), the most dominant, was 5.77 folds higher than the second abundant phylum Bacteroidetes (13.11%). Considering the enzymes/proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation, 22,226 ORFs were obtained from the annotation analysis using a KEGG database. The estimated ratio of Proteobacteria/Bacteroidetes was approximately 1:1 for pretreatment and hemicellulases groups and 2.4:1 for cellulases. Furthermore, analysis of domain structures revealed their diversity in lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. CE and PL were two main families in pretreatment; GH1 and GH3-FN3 were the highest domains in the cellulase group, whereas GH2 and GH43 represented the hemicellulase group. These results validate that natural tropical forest soil could be considered as an important source to explore bacteria and novel enzymes/proteins for the degradation of lignocellulose.

A cubic Bézier-profile plate for multimodal vibration energy harvesting was developed. The design of the plate was based on an optimization procedure in which the profile of the plate was optimized via the parameters of a cubic Bézier curve to meet the requirements. The multimodal energy harvesting of the plate exploited its first bending mode and its first twisting mode. The conversion of vibration energy into electrical energy was by electromagnetic induction with a magnet attached to a corner of the plate. These two closely spaced vibration modes achieved the multi-modal energy harvesting of the device. Prototypes of the device were manufactured using a numerical-control machining process. The experimental results were in good agreement with the design specifications. With the same base lengths, height, and thickness, the maximum von Mises stress of the proposed plate was much lower due to its bell-shaped profile. The cubic Bézier curve chosen for the plate profile was effective for design of the closely-spaced multimodal vibration energy harvester. With the flexibility of its controllable parametric curve, a high design freedom of the energy harvester with specified frequency ratios could be achieved.

In this study, the relationship between heavy metals (HMs) concentrations in soils and several weeds including Cyclosorus parasiticus, Dicranopteris linearis, Pityrogramma calomelanos, and Pteris vittata in three mining sites (Cam Gia (Thai Nguyen city), Tan Long (Dong Hy district), and Ha Thuong (Dai Tu district)) in Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam, have been investigated. The levels of HMs varied among soil origins and showed the contaminations of As, Cu, and Pb in soil samples collected in Dong Hy and Dai Tu districts. In addition, the HM distribution and cocontamination phenomena in different soils significantly affected the HM residues and transportation abilities into different species as well as tissues. Moreover, based on the analysis of bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF), C. parasiticus and D. linearis were found potentially for phytoextraction by roots, while P. calomelanos and P. vittata were suitable for hyperaccumulation in shoots and leaves. Consequently, the strongest antioxidant property by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide anion (SRSA) radical scavenging assays were demonstrated in the methanol root extracts of C. parasiticus and P. vittata, respectively. In conclusion, the correlation among HM in soils and tissues with antioxidant property allows us to hypothesize that the presence of these elements can enhance the antioxidant activity of plant extracts, suggesting to apply the weeds in phytoremediation as well as in phytomedicine.

The smoothing ball-burnishing process has commonly been used as a post-processing method to reduce the irregularities of machined surfaces. However, the mechanism of this process has rarely been examined. In this study, a simulation procedure is proposed to predict the surface roughness of a burnished workpiece under varying burnishing forces. The roughness of the workpiece surface was firstly approximated by parabolic functions. The burnishing process was then numerically simulated through two steps, namely the elastic–plastic indentation of the burnishing ball on the workpiece’s surface, and the sliding movement of the burnishing tool. The results of the simulation were verified by conducting small ball-burnishing experiments on oxygen-free copper (OFC) and Polmax materials using a load cell-embedded small ball-burnishing tool. For the OFC material, the optimal burnishing force was 3 N. The obtained experimental surface roughness was 0.18 μm, and the simulated roughness value was 0.14 μm. For the Polmax material, when the burnishing force was set at its optimal value—12 N, the best experimental and simulated surface roughness were 0.12 μm and 0.10 μm, respectively.

Using polysystem theory, the article examines the conceptions of literary researchers in Vietnam in establishing main standards in the process of literary evaluation. As a result, researchers often choose two basic and common standards: political and humanity. In particular, since the Renew (1986) until now, humanity standards have been considered by some researchers as a valuable category in the literary studies in Vietnam.

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the most diagnosed non-skin cancer amongst the American male population. Treatment for localized prostate cancer consists of androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs), which typically inhibit androgen production and the androgen receptor (AR). Though initially effective, a subset of patients will develop resistance to ADTs and the tumors will transition to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Second generation hormonal therapies such as abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide are typically given to men with CRPC. However, these treatments are not curative and typically prolong survival only by a few months. Several resistance mechanisms contribute to this lack of efficacy such as the emergence of AR mutations, AR amplification, lineage plasticity, AR splice variants (AR-Vs) and increased kinase signaling. Having identified SRC kinase as a key tyrosine kinase enriched in CRPC patient tumors from our previous work, we evaluated whether inhibition of SRC kinase synergizes with enzalutamide or chemotherapy in several prostate cancer cell lines expressing variable AR isoforms. We observed robust synergy between the SRC kinase inhibitor, saracatinib, and enzalutamide, in the AR-FL+/AR-V+ CRPC cell lines, LNCaP95 and 22Rv1. We also observed that saracatinib significantly decreases AR Y534 phosphorylation, a key SRC kinase substrate residue, on AR-FL and AR-Vs, along with the AR regulome, supporting key mechanisms of synergy with enzalutamide. Lastly, we also found that the saracatinib-enzalutamide combination reduced DNA replication compared to the saracatinib-docetaxel combination, resulting in marked increased apoptosis. By elucidating this combination strategy, we provide pre-clinical data that suggests combining SRC kinase inhibitors with enzalutamide in select patients that express both AR-FL and AR-Vs.

Objectives: Memecylon scutellatum (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. (Melastomataceae) is a relatively lesser-known species within this genus. This study aims to explore its chemical structure profile and evaluate its ability to inhibit NO production. Methods: The chemical structures of MS were elucidated by comparing their NMR data, and all compounds were evaluated for NO inhibition using the Griess assay. Results: One new compound namely, memeloside (1) and fourteen known compounds, 1- O -(β -D-glucopyranosyl)-2-[2-methoxy-4-(ω -hydroxypropyl)-phenoxy]-propan-3-ol (2), (2 R)- O -[4′-(3″-hydroxypropyl)-2′,6′dimethoxyphenyl]-3- O - β -D-glucopyranosyl- sn -glycerol (3), schizandriside (4), 2-butanone 4-glucopyranoside 6′- O -gallate (5), epicatechin (6), epigallocatechin (7), epigallocatechin gallate (8), myricitrin (9), benzyl O - α -L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)- β -D-glucopyranoside (10), benzyl glucopyranoside (11), 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl- β -D-glucopyranoside (12), icariside B1 (13), gallic acid (14), and (7 R,8 R)- threo -7,9,9ʹ-trihydroxy-3,3ʹ-dimethoxy-8- O -4ʹ-neolignan 4- O - β -D-glucopyranoside (15) were isolated from the leaves of M. scutellatum. Compounds 4 and 5 significantly exhibited inhibition of NO production, with IC50 values of 88.92 ± 1.42 µM and 17.14 ± 0.98 µM, respectively. Conclusions: One new compound, named memeloside (1) and fourteen known compounds isolated from the leaves of M. scutellatum. Compounds 4 and 5 demonstrated significant inhibition of NO production, with IC50 values of 88.92 ± 1.42 µM and 17.14 ± 0.98 µM, respectively. These results suggested compound 5 could be a promising candidate for further anti-inflammatory research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study investigates whether localization of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) controls inflammatory signaling and DNA damage response in human keratinocytes, the cell of origin for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC is especially metastatic in chronic wounds, burns, and in patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing to knock out HMGB1 in a keratinocyte line, p16INK4a-negative keratinocytes immortalized by ectopic hTERT expression (N/TERT-2G [46,XY]). Following gene editing, clonal keratinocyte populations were screened for knockout by PCR followed by TIDE analysis (Tracking of Indels by Decomposition) to identify indels that would result in a frameshift mutation. Total cell lysates for each clonal population were analyzed by immunoblot and immunofluorescence for HMGB1 protein. These cells will be used to assay for DNA damage sensitivity in the presence of genotoxic agents (etoposide, ultraviolet radiation, γ-irradiation). A lentiviral vector will then be used to express mutant forms of HMGB1 that localize to the nucleus (C23/45S) or cytoplasm (C106S) and DNA damage assays repeated. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We have confirmed by sequencing, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence that HMGB1 is knocked out in a clonal population of N/TERT-2G human keratinocyte cells. We anticipate that cells with a complete absence of HMGB1 will have high sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, but little change in inflammatory signaling. We also expect that cells expressing mutant HMGB1 that localizes exclusively to the cytoplasm will demonstrate an increased sensitivity to DNA damage relative to wild-type controls, while mutant HMGB1 that localizes exclusively to the nucleus will be protected from DNA damage caused by exposure to genotoxic agents. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: HMGB1 is a nuclear protein and damage associated molecular pattern that is elevated systemically in patients with RDEB, many of whom will go on to develop metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The experiments described here investigate whether HMGB1 plays a mechanistic role in skin carcinogenesis via regulation of the DNA damage response.