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Quantum Software (QSW) uses the principles of quantum mechanics, specifically programming quantum bits (qubits) that manipulate quantum gates, to implement quantum computing systems. QSW has become a specialized field of software development, requiring specific notations, languages, patterns, and tools for mapping the behavior of qubits and the structure of quantum gates to components and connectors of QSW architectures. To support declarative modeling of QSW, we aim to enable architecture-driven development, where software engineers can design, program, and evaluate quantum software systems by abstracting complex details through high-level components and connectors. We introduce QADL (Quantum Architecture Description Language), which provides a specification language, design space, and execution environment for architecting QSW. Inspired by classical ADLs, QADL offers (1) a graphical interface to specify and design QSW components, (2) a parser for syntactical correctness, and (3) an execution environment by integrating QADL with IBM Qiskit. The initial evaluation of QADL is based on usability assessments by a team of quantum physicists and software engineers, using quantum algorithms such as Quantum Teleportation and Grover's Search. QADL offers a pioneering specification language and environment for QSW architecture. A demo is available at https://youtu.be/xaplHH_3NtQ., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, conference

Context: The emergence of quantum computing proposes a revolutionary paradigm that can radically transform numerous scientific and industrial application domains. The ability of quantum computers to scale computations beyond what the current computers are capable of implies better performance and efficiency for certain algorithmic tasks. Objective: However, to benefit from such improvement, quantum computers must be integrated with existing software systems, a process that is not straightforward. In this paper, we propose a unified execution model that addresses the challenges that emerge from building hybrid classical-quantum applications at scale. Method: Following the Design Science Research methodology, we proposed a convention for mapping quantum resources and artifacts to Kubernetes concepts. Then, in an experimental Kubernetes cluster, we conducted experiments for scheduling and executing quantum tasks on both quantum simulators and hardware. Results: The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed platform Qubernetes (or Kubernetes for quantum) exposes the quantum computation tasks and hardware capabilities following established cloud-native principles, allowing seamless integration into the larger Kubernetes ecosystem. Conclusion: The quantum computing potential cannot be realised without seamless integration into classical computing. By validating that it is practical to execute quantum tasks in a Kubernetes infrastructure, we pave the way for leveraging the existing Kubernetes ecosystem as an enabler for hybrid classical-quantum computing.

The emergence of quantum computing proposes a revolutionary paradigm that can radically transform numerous scientific and industrial application domains. The ability of quantum computers to scale computations implies better performance and efficiency for certain algorithmic tasks than current computers provide. However, to gain benefit from such improvement, quantum computers must be integrated with existing software systems, a process that is not straightforward. In this paper, we investigate challenges that emerge when building larger hybrid classical-quantum computers and introduce the Quantum Algorithm Card (QAC) concept, an approach that could be employed to facilitate the decision making process around quantum technology.

Early advances in the field of quantum computing have provided new opportunities to tackle intricate problems in areas as diverse as mathematics, physics, or healthcare. However, the technology required to construct such systems where different pieces of quantum and classical software collaborate is currently lacking. For this reason, significant advancements in quantum service-oriented computing are necessary to enable developers to create and operate quantum services and microservices comparable to their classical counterparts. Therefore, the core objective of this work is to establish the necessary technological infrastructure that enables the application of the benefits and lessons learned from service-oriented computing to the domain of quantum software engineering. To this end, we propose a pipeline for the continuous deployment of services. Additionally, we have validated the proposal by making use of a modification of the OpenAPI specification, the GitHub Actions, and AWS., Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure

Despite the increasing interest in quantum computing, the aspect of development to achieve cost-effective and reliable quantum software applications has been slow. One barrier is the software engineering of quantum programs, which can be approached from two directions. On the one hand, many software engineering practices, debugging in particular, are bound to classical computing. On the other hand, quantum programming is closely associated with the phenomena of quantum physics, and consequently, the way we express programs resembles the early days of programming. Moreover, much of the software engineering research today focuses on agile development, where computing cycles are cheap and new software can be rapidly deployed and tested, whereas in the quantum context, executions may consume lots of energy, and test runs may require lots of work to interpret. In this paper, we aim at bridging this gap by starting with the quantum computing workflow and by mapping existing software engineering research to this workflow. Based on the mapping, we then identify directions for software engineering research for quantum computing., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure

The emergence of quantum computing has introduced a revolutionary paradigm capable of transforming numerous scientific and industrial sectors. Nevertheless, realizing the practical utilization of quantum software in real-world applications presents significant challenges. Factors such as variations in hardware implementations, the intricacy of quantum algorithms, the integration of quantum and traditional software, and the absence of standardized software and communication interfaces hinder the development of a skilled workforce in this domain. This paper explores tangible approaches to establishing quantum computing software development process and addresses the concerns of various stakeholders. By addressing these challenges, we aim to pave the way for the effective utilization of quantum computing in diverse fields.

Circuit design based on Quantum-dots Cellular Automata technology offers power-efficiency and nano-size circuits. It is an attractive alternative to CMOS technology. The XOR gate is a widely used building element in arithmetic circuits. An efficient XOR gate in QCA computational circuits can significantly improve efficiency. This paper proposes two different approaches for designing 3-input QCA XOR gates with 10 and 8 cells. They require two clock phases to create output. They have efficient and scalable structures. To demonstrate the functionality of these structures, we design QCA full adders using the suggested gates and compare the results with existing designs. The proposed QCA full adder has only 12 cells and is the best compared to all the existing counterparts. We simulated and verified the proposed structures. We proved the functionality of the proposed QCA full adder and the suggested QCA XOR structures. Additionally, QCAPro is used to estimate the energy dissipation of the proposed XOR and Full-adder. The results demonstrated that the proposed designs have the desired performance based on the number of cells, occupied area, and latency., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures, 15 tables